Stress state of a hollow round cylinder with side holes under different pressure and temperature impact

The stress–strain state of a hollow cylinder (pipe) with lateral holes is considered. The pipe is under the action of internal and external hydrostatic pressures P₁ and P₂ and also a temperature effect. Such a pipe is used in oil–gas recovery, rocket engineering, chemical machinery industry and etc. There is no detailed analytic solution of this problem in literature to date. The number of holes through which a liquid or gas can flow into the pipe interior (and vice versa) depends on the loads, the size of the cross-section and the material of the pipe. The proper selection of the arrangement of holes and their diameters is determined from an analytic solution. In addition, the maximum boundary loads (of pressures) at which the pipe cracks is also found.     

Axisymmetric wrinkling of snug-fit lined pipe

An analytical bifurcation solution is presented for axisymmetric wrinkling on a lined pipe under axial compression without internal pressure. The internal liner consists of corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA), it is not metallurgically bonded to the carbon steel backing pipe, and it is assumed to be in a snug fit condition: i.e. there is no gap between the liner and the backing pipe, but also no prestress that would lead to a positive contact or gripping pressure between the liner and the backing. The backing is assumed to be much thicker than the liner, so that wrinkling-related deformations of the backing pipe can be neglected.The solution indicates that the incipient wrinkling strain for the snug-fit pipe without any imperfections is the same as the incipient wrinkling strain for a single pipe with (5/3) times the wall thickness of the liner, and the same midsurface diameter, as determined by the solution of Batterman (1965) for the case of small strains, or Peek (2000a) for the case of finite strains. For the case when the liner-pipe friction is included the factor (5/3) increases slightly.A positive contact pressure due to prestress or internal pressure raises the wrinkling strain, whereas imperfections (e.g. at seam or girth welds) reduces it. The snug-fit solution accounts for neither, but nevertheless provides a useful reference wrinkling strain, and can be used to validate numerical solutions, and it gives a bifurcation modeshape and wrinkle length that can be used in numerical models to investigate post-bifurcation behaviour.     

不耦合装药爆破孔壁压力峰值的实验研究

不耦合装药爆破孔壁压力峰值是控制岩体轮廓成形质量及进行非流固耦合爆破振动响应数值模拟分析的重要参数,本文采用实验方法研究了不耦合装药爆破的孔壁压力峰值:利用材质为20钢的无缝薄壁钢管模拟不耦合装药爆破炮孔,以高灵敏度、高精度的应变片为传感器,选用超动态应变仪采集钢管内置柱状炸药卷爆炸过程中钢管外壁产生的环向应变,应用动荷载作用下薄壁圆筒的动力响应计算方法,反演分析采集的钢管外壁环向应变数据,得到了爆破过程中空气冲击波作用于钢管内壁的冲击荷载压力峰值,间接测量了不耦合装药爆炸后的孔壁压力峰值。实验获得了6种不耦合装药工况下的爆破孔壁压力峰值测试数据,并计算了相应工况下实验值较准静态爆生气体压力的增大倍数,拟合结果表明压力增大倍数随不耦合系数的增大近似呈线性增长。同时也分析了部分试验工况下爆炸测试结果不理想的原因,研究成果可为轮廓爆破孔壁压力峰值的测试与计算提供参考。     

A method of three-dimensional strain measurement on non-ideal objects using holographic interferometry

Holographic interferometry has been applied to determine the components of tensile, compressive and shear strain in the surface layer of a non-ideal object subjected to high values of stress. The method consists of determining the three components of the vector displacement at a sufficient number of discrete points on the surface of the object. Functions in the form of truncated power series are fitted to the fringe order-distance data using the method of least squares. Interpolation of these functions is then carried out to obtain the fringe-order numbers at closely spaced equal intervals. The displacement in each interval is calculated and the displacement-distance relationship is then numerically differentiated to obtain strain. Components of stress at a particular point are then estimated by multiplying the strain value by the appropriate modulus. These stresses result from the application of considerable forces that are likely to cause large rigid-body displacements unless the object can be satisfactorily restrained. The difficulty of providing the required restraining forces has been avoided by mounting the object on a kinematic mount from which it can be removed before stressing and replaced afterwards. The accuracy of relocation of the object is sufficient to ensure the satisfactory formation of holographic interference fringes. As the use of the two-exposure holographic method results in a direction ambiguity of the displacement vector at any point of the surface, this method is complemented by electrical strain measurement. The strain is sampled in two convenient orthogonal directions at some part of the surface. The application of the uniqueness theorem of elasticity then permits the direction of displacement to be uniquely specified at any point of the surface. The electrical strain measurement also provides a check of the strain values determined by interferometry at various positions on the surface. This check is necessary since precise knowledge of the surface geometry of a non-ideal object may be lacking. Incorrect assumptions made about the geometry are shown to result in serious errors in the evaluation of strain. The method described has been used to estimate the stresses in the vicinity of a threaded hole in a sample of pipe for representative values of torque applied in screwing a connecting member into the pipe. Possible reasons for failure of the pipe in service are then deduced.     

Reflection and radiation of a wave system at the open end of a submerged elastic pipe

The reflection and radiation of a wave system at the open end of a submerged semi-infinite elastic pipe are studied. This wave system consists of a flexural wave in the pipe, an acoustic surface wave in the fluid exterior to the pipe and an acoustic wave in the pipe’s interior. Fourier transform techniques are used to formulate this semi-infinite geometry problem rigorously as a Wiener-Hopf type equation. An approximate solution is obtained by using a perturbation method in which the ratio of the massdensities of the fluid and the pipe material is regarded as a small parameter. The calculation of the reflection coefficient is emphasized, and the polar plots of the radiation coefficient are also presented.     

横观各向同性介质中椭圆夹杂受非弹性剪切变形引起的弹性场的确定

本文求解了横观各向同性介质中椭圆夹杂内受非弹性剪切变形引起的弹性场。采用各向异性弹性力学平面问题的复变函数解法,结合保角变换,获得夹杂内应变能和基体内边界的应力分布和相应的应变能的表达式。进一步,根据最小应变能原理,获得表征夹杂平衡边界的两个特征剪切应变,从而得到了弹性场的解析解。通过应力转换关系,验证了应力解满足夹杂边界上法向正应力和剪应力的连续条件,表明了该解的正确性。本文解可用于复合材料断裂强度的分析中。     

全尺寸隔水管在复杂应力状态下的力学特性试验研究

为对隔水管在复杂应力状态下的力学特性进行试验研究,研制了能够模拟高液压环境下管柱力学行为的特殊试验装置——深水管柱力学模拟试验系统,并借助该系统对全尺寸隔水管在受内外压条件下进行了力学特性模拟试验。结果表明:试验系统运行良好,能够有效地按照要求进行加载、卸载。试验中通过对隔水管试件进行内外压加载,同时对系统两端的轴向活塞加压,消除了由于内外压产生的轴向力,实现了在内外压条件下的隔水管力学特性模拟试验。通过在管柱外壁粘贴电阻应变片,得到了其真实径向应变与环向应变随内外压变化的关系曲线,并通过分析计算得到了试件的真实应力状态。由于隔水管加工制造等方面的误差,真实的应变数据、应力状态与理论推导结果并不重合。为了提高深水作业的安全性与经济性,可以借用试验结果对理论推导值进行修正,也说明了用试验方法进行隔水管力学特性研究的重要性。该试验系统为深水作业管柱等的模拟试验提供了一个良好的平台,能够有效降低深水钻采作业的风险,提高深水钻采作业的经济性与安全性,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

高饱和黏土中爆炸波作用下直埋聚乙烯管的动力响应

为了解决爆破作业对近距离埋地管道的安全评估问题，对高饱和粘土中爆炸波作用下聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)管道进行了一系列管道动态响应的原型实验，得到了不同药量下管道动应变、动压力的实验数据和管体及地面的振速数据。实验结果表明:PE管动应变峰值同比例距离具有良好的幂函数衰减关系，在6～11 m/kg1/3比例距离范围内，PE管的环向峰值应变衰减指数（绝对值）比轴向峰值应变衰减指数大；管道动态响应的主振频率略高于土体的主振频率，两者在同一量级，管道合成速度衰减指数大体和管道轴向应变衰减指数相当；压电陶瓷片所测得的电压信号和同测点的应变变化率信号具有较强的相关性。高饱和黏性土由于含水量较高，近距离柔性PE管因受到局部冲击会产生较大的环向应变，管道安全计算时应充分考虑这一因素；随着比例距离的增大，环向应变水平降低，轴向应变水平相对增强；压电陶瓷片因为具有良好可靠的动态性能，作为埋地管道现场监测的技术手段值得采用和推广。     

内衬涂塑预应力钢筒混凝土管应力分析

传统预应力钢筒混凝土管(prestressed concrete cylinder pipe,PCCP)容易开裂、预应力丝锈蚀而爆管失效.提出了耐腐蚀内衬涂塑钢筒预应力混凝土管(prestressed concrete cylinder pipe with plastic,PCCP-P),建立了PCCP-P线弹性轴对称分层圆筒平面应变模型,考虑预应力引起的内部径向压力,针对喷射砂浆保护层在管道预制阶段不受力以及缠丝、运行阶段混凝土弹性模量不同的特点,对PCCP-P分阶段进行分析,得到各结构层的应力解析解,并建立有限元模型进行验证.本研究可为PCCP-P和传统PCCP设计提供依据.     

Rotation effects on a fully-developed turbulent pipe flow

A fully-developed turbulent pipe flow is allowed to pass through a rotating pipe section, whose axis of rotation coincides with the pipe axis. At the exit end of the rotating section, the flow passes into a stationary pipe. As a result of the relaxation of surface rotation, the turbulent flow near the pipe wall is affected by extra turbulence production created by the large circumferential shear strain set up by the rapid decrease of the rotational velocity to zero at the wall. However, the flow in the most part of the pipe is absent of this extra turbulence production because the circumferential strain is zero as a result of the solid-body rotation imparted to the flow by the rotating pipe section. The combined effect of these two phenomena on the flow is investigated in detail using hot-wire anemometry techniques. Both mean and turbulence fields are measured, together with the wall shear and the turbulent burst behavior at the wall. A number of experiments at different rotational speeds are carried out. Therefore, the effects of rotation on the behavior of wall shear, turbulent burst at the wall, turbulence production and the near-wall flow can be documented and analysed in detail.     

Localized viscoelastoplastic strain in mesovolume of heterogeneous medium under different loading types

The localized viscoelastoplastic strain in the mesovolume of heterogeneous media under quasi-static and dynamic loading is investigated. The generalized Bingham–Shwedov model is used; it consists of a combination of Dragon–Mroz's for elastoplasticity and Maxwell's model of viscoelasticity. Any variational finite-difference scheme for solving the quasi-static problem of elastoplastic yielding of a heterogeneous solid can be taken into account. A modified Lagrange's variance equation for analyzing the stress–strain state can be described by the non-symmetric stress tensor. Approximation of spatial derivatives is made by using the twofold partition of spatial domain in tetrahedronal or three-angular (in two-dimensional space) unit cell of mesh-work. Finite difference for deformation is made use of in two or three space dimensions and time. Results for heterogeneous medium with complex form and large number of interior surfaces are obtained for quasi-static and dynamics problems.     

An inertial two-phase model of wax transport in a pipeline during pigging operations

Pig in pipelines performs operations for cleaning the pipe interior and internal inspection. In the past few years many 1D models have been developed to simulate the process because of their reduced computational cost; however, they rely on simplifications which are not always valid. In this paper, the results of a three-dimensional (3D) numerical investigation of the interaction between a waxy-oil and a dynamic sealing pig in a pipeline are presented. The results are obtained at a reduced computational cost by using a moving frame of reference, and an “injection” boundary condition for the wax deposited on the wall. The effect of the temperature and the wax particles’ size has been investigated. The 3D results show the structure assumed by the debris field in front of the pig. In particular, a lubrication region at the bottom of the pipe, whose dimensions are temperature dependent, is shown. This information cannot be deduced from 1D modeling. The influence of the oil on the mixture viscosity and the internal bed dynamics are discussed. This work provides insights into the interaction between the debris field in front of the pig and pipeline hydraulics.     

Random uncertainty modeling and vibration analysis of a straight pipe conveying fluid

A new procedure on random uncertainty modeling is presented for vibration analysis of a straight pipe conveying fluid when the pipe is fixed at both ends. Taking real conveying condition into account, several randomly uncertain loads and a motion constraint are imposed on the pipe and its corresponding equations of motion, which are established from the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the nonlinear Lagrange strain theory previously. Based on the stochastically nonlinear dynamic theory and the Galerkin method, the equations of motion are reduced to the finite discretized ones with randomly uncertain excitations, from which the vibration characteristics of the pipe are investigated in more detail by some previously developed numerical methods and a specific Poincaré map. It is shown that, the vibration modes change not only with the frequency of the harmonic excitation but also with the strength and spectrum width of the randomly uncertain excitations, quasi-periodic-dominant responses can be observed clearly from the point sets in the Poincaré’s cross-section. Moreover, the nonlinear elastic coefficient and location of the motion constraint can be adjusted properly to reduce the transverse vibration amplitude of the pipe.     

高应变率下计及损伤演化的材料动态本构行为

材料在高速变形过程中常常伴有不同形式的内部缺陷或微损伤的演化。大量的实验观察表明,损伤演化同时依赖于应变、应变率和温度,而且高应变率和低温之间有某种等价性。由此基于热激活机制,提出了同时依赖于应变率和应变的微损伤演化律,及相应的计及损伤弱化效应的率型本构关系。以聚丙烯/尼龙（PP/PA）共混高聚物为例,具体研究了其计及损伤演化的ZWT本构关系,并区分其率相关的本构响应及率相关的损伤演化响应。     

点火能对预混气体爆炸过程及管道薄壁加载响应的影响

在两端封闭的无缝不锈钢管道中,利用压力传感器、应变片以及数据采集系统实验测试了不同点火能作用下,管道内甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸波发展规律及由此造成的管道外壁的动态响应。结果表明,点火能量越大,爆炸反应程度越剧烈,管道内最大爆炸压力就越大,管道薄壁的最大动态应变也越大,爆炸波发展就越迅速,并且管壁动态应变信号和压力波信号出现较好的一致性。本文结果可为油气长输管道的爆炸破坏效应研究提供一种新的思路和方法。     

波纹管式抛撒系统能量转换装置动态响应分析

摘要：采用LS-DYNA非线性动力学有限元程序,对某抛撒机构中的能量转换核心装置—波纹管在均布内压作用下的动态膨胀过程进行了数值分析,获得了波纹管动态响应规律;系统的考察了各种因素对波纹管的变形模式及其应力应变变化规律的影响;模拟了波纹管在内部压力和外围子弹群等共同作用下的耦合变形运动过程,对内弹道抛撒全过程进行了模拟,获得了波纹管耦合变形规律和子弹抛撒特性。模拟计算结果与试验现象基本一致。     

Measurement of three-dimensional Mode-I stress intensity factor using multiple embedded grid moire technique

Multiple embedded grid moire and strain gage techniques are used to calculate the variation in Mode-I stress intensity factor throughout the thickness of ASTM E-399 standard compact tension specimens of Merlon polycarbonate. The specimen grids near the crack tip on the surface and in the interior were recorded for the unloaded condition and for various loaded states using high resolution photographic techniques. Optical processing produced moire patterns from which the change in the crack opening displacement could be determined. From the information about the crack opening displacement in the region of the crack tip, the Mode-I stress intensity factor was calculated for various interior planes and on the surface of the specimen. The stress intensity factor was found to be higher in the midplane than on the surface, and it causes crack initiation to start at the midplane.     

Fluid–structure interaction in water-filled thin pipes of anisotropic composite materials

The effects of elastic anisotropy in piping materials on fluid–structure interaction are studied for water-filled carbon-fiber reinforced thin plastic pipes. When an impact is introduced to water in a pipe, there are two waves traveling at different speeds. A primary wave corresponding to a breathing mode of pipe travels slowly and a precursor wave corresponding to a longitudinal mode of pipe travels fast. An anisotropic stress–strain relationship of piping materials has been taken into account to describe the propagation of primary and precursor waves in the carbon-fiber reinforced thin plastic pipes. The wave speeds and strains in the axial and hoop directions are calculated as a function of carbon-fiber winding angles and compared with the experimental data. As the winding angle increases, the primary wave speed increases due to the increased stiffness in the hoop direction, while the precursor wave speed decreases. The magnitudes of precursor waves are much smaller than those of primary waves so that the effect of precursor waves on the deformation of pipe is not significant. The primary wave generates the hoop strain accompanying the opposite-signed axial strain through the coupling compliance of pipe. The magnitude of hoop strain induced by the primary waves decreases with increasing the winding angle due to the increased hoop stiffness of pipe. The magnitude of axial strain is small at low and high winding angles where the coupling compliance is small.     

Thermal tests of a steam-turbine nozzle-chamber model

This paper describes the measurement of thermal strains and temperatures in a 0.25-scale aluminum-filled epoxy model of a double-flow large-steam-turbine nozzle chamber. A temperature gradient was induced by circulating chilled methyl alcohol through the interior. Strain gages and thermocouples were used to determine surface strains and temperatures at various locations for comparison with a finite-element analysis under development. A uniform cylinder was included on the inlet section of the model for calibration. The maximum measured tensile strain on the interior surface was 0.96 αΔT _n , where ΔT _n was the average temperature difference between the interior surface and the initial temperature. A maximum compressive strain of 0.50 αΔT _n was measured on the outside surface of the nozzle-bowl sidewall.