疲劳剩余强度的可靠性研究

利用断裂力学，疲劳和可靠性分析方法，对疲劳过程中的剩余强度进行了研究，．通过七组试样的试验，得到了发动机连杆材料１８ＣｒＮｉＷＡ钢的Ｐ Ｒ Ｓ Ｎ曲线（即失效概率 剩余强度 疲劳应力 循环寿命曲线）．本文的分析方法对其他承受疲劳载荷的零部件和材料，具有重要的推广应用价值．     

海洋平台K型管节点的疲劳裂纹扩展分析I:试验测试

对承受疲劳载荷的海洋平台K型管节点首先进行了静力测试,确定了沿着焊缝的热应力区的应力分布及热应力区最大应力点的位置,从而判断裂纹产生的位置;然后通过专用测试设备提供循环疲劳载荷,用ACPD(Alternating Current Potential Drop,即交流电流势能落差法)技术检测裂纹的产生和增长过程,得到裂纹最深点,用S-N曲线估算其疲劳寿命.对已有裂纹的K型管节点,用应力强度因子估计其剩余寿命.同时用测试的结果验证了S-N的准确性和可靠性.     

海洋平台K型管节点的疲劳裂纹扩展分析Ⅰ:试验测试

对承受疲劳载荷的海洋平台K型管节点首先进行了静力测试,确定了沿着焊缝的热应力区的应力分布及热应力区最大应力点的位置,从而判断裂纹产生的位置;然后通过专用测试设备提供循环疲劳载荷,用ACPD(Alternating Current Potential Drop,即交流电流势能落差法)技术检测裂纹的产生和增长过程,得到裂纹最深点,用S-N曲线估算其疲劳寿命。对已有裂纹的K型管节点,用应力强度因子估计其剩余寿命。同时用测试的结果验证了S-N的准确性和可靠性。     

高低周复合载荷下球墨铸铁的P—da／dN—△K曲线

分别在恒幅载荷和高低周复合载荷作用下。对球墨铸铁进行了疲劳裂纹扩展速率的对比试验研究。并对试验结果进行了统计分析。提出了α-N和P-da/dN-△K曲线，采用Paris公式拟合P-da/dN-△K曲线，得到了恒幅载荷和高低周复合载荷下球墨铸铁的裂纹扩展速率估算公式。     

正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝疲劳分析

基于焊缝的局部三维断裂力学模型和超重多轴货车的载荷谱,进行正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹的疲劳寿命分析。采用Schwartz-Neuman交替法计算肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的应力强度因子,基于裂尖反向塑性区模型考虑循环载荷中压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的作用。正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝的应力计算结果表明:超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处的横向应力峰值和应力幅都有明显增加;相比于标准疲劳荷载车,超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的裂纹扩展率增大了6.1倍;对应于正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝处的拉-压循环应力,平面应变状态下的裂尖反向塑性区使裂纹扩展率增加了3.7倍;基于所得裂纹扩展速率,本研究给出仅在严重超载的五轴和六轴货车作用下正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝疲劳寿命不足20年,远远低于桥梁的设计寿命。因此,考虑超载多轴货车的载荷谱和循环载荷中的压应力对肋-面板焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展的影响十分重要。     

微机辅助直流电位法腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试研究

本文所给微机辅助直流电位法腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试系统,采用峰值采样技术,消除了裂纹闭合影响。系统可同时给出 da/dN～△K 的波动曲线、光滑曲线及分段拟合后的曲线,有利于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机制分析与寿命估算。系统用于GC-4钢研究表明,GC-4钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展属于包含平台阶段的应力腐蚀型,符合过程竞争模型,但要对 Austen 模型进行修正。     

裂纹闭合和循环塑性预应变及循环载荷压缩部分对裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文针对三种国产材料 Ｌｙ１１ｃｚ、 Ｌｙ１２ｃｚ 铝合金和 １８ Ｍｎ Ｈ Ｐ钢,通过实验初步考察了循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响;采用电测法,测定了两种铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的张开应力和有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ。结果表明：（１）材料循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分,都使疲劳裂纹扩展速率提高;（２）常幅载荷下,在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ 与应力比 Ｒ 有关,与裂纹长度ａ 无关,并依赖于材料的力学性能。     

服役后API 5L X56钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究

为研究服役后X56双层海底管道钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率，对外层管上截取的标准紧凑拉伸试样分别在空气和海水环境下进行不同最大疲劳载荷(P_max=9 kN,10 kN,12 kN)的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。与空气环境中CT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率相比，裂纹生长至15.38 mm时，9、10、12 kN载荷下海水环境中CT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率分别提高了1.82倍、1.54倍、1.43倍；随着裂纹扩展长度增大，外界载荷起主导作用，海水腐蚀的影响越来越小。综合分析最大疲劳载荷对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响，结果发现相同裂纹长度的前提下，疲劳载荷增加，应力强度因子幅值(ΔK)和疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)增加，海水腐蚀影响逐渐减小。疲劳裂纹扩展试验中所施加的最大疲劳载荷对CT试样的疲劳寿命具有较大影响，对Paris常数的影响较小。扫描电镜下CT试样的疲劳断口均为穿晶型断裂。海水环境中CT试样的疲劳断口表现出更多的二次裂纹和更高的撕裂脊。随着最大疲劳载荷增加，解理断裂形成的解理台阶晶面面积和高度差逐渐增大，疲劳断口越粗糙，解理特征越明显。     

疲劳裂纹塑性闭合特性的数值分析方法

塑性诱导裂纹闭合是导致裂纹闭合发生的主要机理之一.利用弹塑性有限元法模拟含中心裂纹矩形板试件的疲劳裂纹扩展,并确定疲劳裂纹张开、闭合应力水平.通过计算,考察应力比R、裂纹长度、最大应力强度因子Kmax等对疲劳裂纹张开闭合应力的影响规律.论文阐述了所采用的裂纹扩展模拟方法及确定裂纹张开和闭合应力的原理.采用了等K加载方式,即在裂纹扩展中裂尖应力强度因子的最大值Kmax保持不变(给定R比,最大应力σmax随裂纹长度变化).分析了两种Kmax水平下R比分别为0.3,0,-0.5和-1.0共8种载荷工况.结果表明,对各个载荷工况,用瞬时最大应力σmax正则化的裂纹张开、闭合应力水平σop/σmax和σcl/σmax与裂纹长度无关.等K循环加载比等幅循环加载更有利于分析影响裂纹闭合水平的因素和闭合效应对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响规律,为建立基于裂纹闭合效应的疲劳裂纹扩展规律模型提供了一种新的思路.     

CTS试件中复合型疲劳裂纹扩展

针对复合型循环载荷作用下的金属构件中的裂纹扩展问题进行了实验分析和理论建模. 首先 采用紧凑拉剪试件(CTS)和 Richard研制的复合型载荷加载装置，对承受复合型循环载荷的裂纹进行了实验研究. 实验选择了两种金属材料试件，分别承受3种形式的复合型循环载荷的作用，在裂纹尖端具 有相同的初始应力场强度的条件下考察复合型循环载荷对裂纹扩展规律的影响. 实验结果表明，疲劳裂纹的扩展速率与加载角度有关. 对于同样金属材料的试件，当裂尖处 初始应力场强度相等时，载荷越接近于II型，裂纹增长速率越快. 采用等效应力强度 因子(I型和II型应力强度因子的组合)、裂纹扩展速率及复合强度等参数，以实验数据为 基础，建立了一个疲劳裂纹扩展模型，用来预测裂纹在不同模式疲劳载荷作用下的扩展速率. 为验证其有效性，该模型被应用于钢制试件的数值模拟计算中. 实验结果与模拟计算曲线保 持一致，表明该模型可以用来估算带裂纹金属构件的寿命.     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

正~~     

人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.