Nb3Sn超导线圈力学性能精确分析的双向均质化方法

Nb₃Sn超导磁体运行时产生很高磁场, Nb₃Sn超导线圈会受到很强电磁体力的作用, 从而会产生很大的力学应变. 由于Nb₃Sn超导材料的应变敏感性, 会使得Nb₃Sn磁体线圈的临界性能退化, 这对磁体的安全稳定运行造成极大影响, 所以精确计算超导磁体在电磁体力下的力学行为具有重要的科学意义. Nb₃Sn超导磁体主要是由超导线绕制成线圈结构再经过环氧树脂固化而成, Nb₃Sn超导线是主要由多根微米级的超导芯丝、铜形成的复合结构, 所以从超导芯丝到超导磁体其尺寸跨越了几个数量级, 从而给精确分析超导线圈力学变形带来挑战. 本文首先采用代表性单元均质化方法分析了整体线圈的等效力学参数, 通过对比等效均质化模型与线圈真实结构的计算结果, 发现等效均质化模型存在很大的误差. 因此, 提出一种高精度而且计算代价低的双向均质化分析方法, 研究超导线圈内各组分材料(Nb₃Sn芯丝、铜和环氧树脂)应力-应变分布. 该方法不需要进行大规模的数值建模, 并且与真实复合线圈下的结果对比吻合很好, 由此验证了该方法的有效性和准确性. 最后基于提出的双向均质化分析方法, 详细讨论了Nb₃Sn超导线圈各层材料在电磁力作用下应力-应变随匝数和层数的变化规律.      

Nb3Sn高场复合超导体临界性能力学变形效应的多尺度模拟

A15型Nb₃Sn超导体是制造高场( > 10 T)超导磁体线圈的主要材料, 被广泛应用于磁约束可控核聚变、高能物理等强磁场超导磁体装备制造领域. 力学变形诱导的Nb₃Sn超导临界性能退化给高场超导磁体装备的电磁性能指标和安全稳定运行造成了极其不利的影响. 鉴于Nb₃Sn超导体具有复杂的多尺度结构特征, 不同尺度下变形与超导电性能耦合行为是相互关联的, 本文建立了考虑微/细/宏观关联的非线性力电磁耦合本构模型, 提出了从原子尺度A15晶体结构到超导体微结构到宏观非均质Nb₃Sn复合超导体的多尺度模拟模型. 基于多晶体有限元方法, 对静水压加载条件下Nb₃Sn多晶体超导临界温度衰退和单轴拉压加载条件下Nb₃Sn复合多晶体临界性能衰退行为进行了模拟预测, 预测结果与实验观测结果定性吻合. 该模型揭示了Nb₃Sn复合超导体变形-超导电性能多尺度耦合机理, 实现对高场超导体力、电、磁、热耦合行为的预测, 有助于提高对A15型金属间化合物高场超导复合材料力、电、磁、热多尺度耦合行为的认识和描述能力, 为强磁场超导磁体的设计与制造提供有力的理论支撑.      

单向增强玻璃钢复合材料静/动态拉伸实验研究

本文针对单向增强玻璃钢复合材料，进行了一系列静/动态拉伸试验，利用高速摄影与DIC相结合的方法，获得了材料不同方向、不同应变率的应力-应变曲线以及材料在不同方向上的动态失效应变，精确地描述了材料的静/动态拉伸及失效行为。实验结果表明，纤维增强方向在不同应变率（10?3、10、102 s?1）拉伸应力-应变曲线均存在一个刚度减小的刚度变化点N，变化后的E_changed分别为初始弹性模量E_initial的67.5%、39.0%、21.4%。此材料在不同应变率（10?3、10、102 s?1）拉伸情况下，纤维增强的方向1上强度最高（分别为608、967、1 123 MPa），方向2强度最低（分别为75、67、58 MPa），方向3强度较低（分别为90、151、221 MPa）。利用高速摄影与DIC相结合的方法，获得了100 s?1应变率下，不同铺层方向破坏时刻的动态失效参数（方向1～3的动态失效应变分别为0.267、0.078、0.099），可以更加精确地描述此单向增强玻璃钢复合材料的动态失效行为。     

2D-C/SiC复合材料的单轴拉伸力学行为及其强度

通过单调拉伸和循环加卸载试验, 研究了平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的损伤演化过程及其应力-应变行为. 结果表明, 残余应变、卸载模量和外加应力的关系曲线与拉伸应力-应变曲线具有类似的形状. 基于剪滞理论和混合率建立了材料的损伤本构关系和强度模型, 分析计算表明, 残余应变主要由裂纹张开位移和裂纹间距决定, 而卸载模量主要由界面脱粘率决定; 材料的单轴拉伸行为主要由纵向纤维束决定, 横向纤维对材料的整体模量和强度贡献较小. 理论模拟结果与试验值吻合较好.      

纤维复合材料界面横向拉伸分析

以单纤维十字型横向拉伸试验为研究对象,对纤维/基体界面采用弹性-软化双线性内聚力模型,建立了纤维复合材料在横向拉伸作用下界面法向失效过程的解析模型。得到了沿纤维/基体圆周界面的法向应力分布,纤维/基体界面的状态与界面承载力和单纤维复合材料承载力的关系,以及内聚力参数和试件几何尺寸对它们的影响。结果表明:纤维/基体圆周界面在脱粘前经历全部弹性及弹性+软化两种状态;当界面为弹性状态时,界面法向应力随界面强度线性增加;当界面为弹性+软化状态时,界面软化范围随界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增大;界面初始脱粘位置与拉伸荷载方向重合;界面初始脱粘时的界面承载力随界面强度及界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增加,随界面裂纹生成位移的增加而降低;单纤维复合材料的脱粘荷载受基体截面尺寸的影响,当纤维体积含量相同时,沿荷载方向截面尺寸的增大对提高脱粘荷载更显著。     

复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的CDM模型

基于连续介质损伤力学,提出了一个预测复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的模型,它包括损伤表征、损伤判定和损伤演化3 部分. 模型能够区分纤维拉伸断裂、纤维压缩断裂、纤维间拉伸损伤和纤维间压缩损伤4 种损伤模式,定义了与4 个损伤模式对应的损伤状态变量,导出了材料主轴系下损伤前后材料本构之间的关系. 损伤起始采用Puck 准则判定,损伤演化由特征长度内应变能释放密度控制. 假定材料服从线性应变软化行为,建立了损伤状态变量关于断裂面上等效应变的渐进损伤演化法则. 模型涵盖了复合材料面内损伤起始、演化直至最终失效的全过程. 完成了含孔[45/0/-45/90]_2S 层合板在拉伸和压缩载荷下失效分析,结果表明该模型能合理进行层合板的强度预测和损伤失效分析.      

复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的CDM模型简

基于连续介质损伤力学,提出了一个预测复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的模型,它包括损伤表征、损伤判定和损伤演化3 部分. 模型能够区分纤维拉伸断裂、纤维压缩断裂、纤维间拉伸损伤和纤维间压缩损伤4 种损伤模式,定义了与4 个损伤模式对应的损伤状态变量,导出了材料主轴系下损伤前后材料本构之间的关系. 损伤起始采用Puck 准则判定,损伤演化由特征长度内应变能释放密度控制. 假定材料服从线性应变软化行为,建立了损伤状态变量关于断裂面上等效应变的渐进损伤演化法则. 模型涵盖了复合材料面内损伤起始、演化直至最终失效的全过程. 完成了含孔[45/0/-45/90]_2S 层合板在拉伸和压缩载荷下失效分析,结果表明该模型能合理进行层合板的强度预测和损伤失效分析.     

帘线/橡胶复合材料各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型

帘线/橡胶复合材料广泛应用于轮胎等重要工程领域,为了描述其在服役条件下的大变形、非线性、各向异性和高应变率等材料力学行为,基于纤维增强复合材料连续介质力学理论,提出了一种考虑应变率效应的帘线/橡胶复合材料各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型. 该模型中单位体积的应变能被解耦为便于参数识别的基体等容变形能、帘线拉伸变形能、剪切应变能和黏性应变能四部分. 给出了模型参数的确定方法,并通过拟合文献中单轴拉伸、偏轴拉伸实验数据,得到了模型参数. 利用该模型预测了不同加载和变形条件下的力学行为,并将预测结果与实验结果对比分析. 结果表明, 考虑黏性模型和不考虑黏性模型对不同应变率变形条件下的预测结果相差很大,且考虑黏性模型的预测结果与实验结果吻合很好. 因此,与不考虑黏性模型相比,所提出的各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型能更好地表征帘线/橡胶复合材料在大变形、高应变率条件下的力学特性.      

SiC/SiC复合编织管的抗热冲击性能与失效机理研究

以二维二轴编织的SiC/SiC复合编织管为研究对象,研究其抗热冲击性能及失效机理。自主搭建了基于石英灯辐照加热的循环热冲击试验平台,基于该平台开展了SiC/SiC复合编织管的循环热冲击试验考核,并对循环热冲击后的复合编织管进行了径向压缩测试,探究了复合编织管力学性能与破坏机理,拟合得到了热冲击强度退化经验公式。研究结果表明,搭建的循环热冲击试验平台能够模拟快速升降温的实际服役环境,最高升温、降温速率在试验过程中分别可达约40、60℃/s。随着热冲击循环次数的增加,SiC/SiC复合编织管环向拉伸强度下降,且降幅随之增大。热冲击产生的热应力导致纤维周围的基体产生微裂纹,弱化了纤维束与基体之间的连接,这是复合编织管强度降低的原因之一。拟合的强度退化经验公式能够准确描述强度退化规律,可以满足工程应用需求。     

考虑股线接触与摩擦行为的710 mm2碳纤维复合芯导线(ACCC)股线损伤分析

利用扫描电镜观察710 mm~2碳纤维复合芯导线(ACCC)过滑车试验后股线的磨损形貌,分析滑车底径对股线损伤的影响及股线损伤机制.同时,考虑股线间的接触与摩擦行为,建立导线全尺寸模型进行导线过滑车非线性动力学有限元分析.试验结果表明:导线过滑车后股线出现塑性变形与磨损,在股线表面初始磨损处以黏着磨损的形式扩展,且股线损伤随滑车底径的增大有所改善;数值分析表明:股线等效塑性应变与摩擦能量损耗开始于导线过滑车时的弯曲过程,且随滑车底径增大而减小,股线损伤的模拟结果与试验情况吻合.在此基础上,研究股线间摩擦系数对股线损伤影响,得到股线损伤随摩擦系数的减小而减小.研究初步认为滑车底径为30倍导线直径时股线损伤在可接受范围内.     

Tensile behaviors of pre-twisted composite strands

In this paper, we address the tensile behaviors of pre-twisted composite strands, which consists of a pre-twisted single core filament surrounded by n-helical side filaments. Based on the extensible rod with zero bending and small twisting moduli for the core filament and inextensible rod for the side filaments, we develop the analytical method of the tensile behaviors of pre-twisted composite strands. Using a numerical continuation scheme, we elucidate the effects of microscopic factors such as initial helical angle, pre-twist of core filament, ratio of elastic modulus of core to that of side filament, and the number of the side filaments on the macroscopic tensile behavior of the strand as a whole structure. As a result, we show that the behavior is not trivial, even though the filament is a linear elastic due to the interplay of both geometrical constraint and finite deformation of the strand.     

Strength probability of unidirectional hybrid composites

A probability strength analysis of an unidirectional three-component hybrid composite (HC) is carried out for the cases of high modulus (HM) fibres and low modulus (LM) elastic fibers regularly embedded in a low elastic modulus matrix. Both single layer intraply and multilayer HC are considered. The fiber strength is assumed to be a random variable with a Weibull distribution. Breaking of the HM fibers are accumulated initially while probability of LM fiber failure is low. Failure modes tend to be covered by the two extreme cases of alternative failure of HM and LM fibers only. These modes can be categorized by using graph technique. Developed are the algorithm for finding the most probable pattern of fiber breaking and method for estimating the strength and fiber damage of a HC. The stress level at which the LM fibers are found to break represents a lower bound of the HC strength. Damage of HM fibers in a three-component HC is much higher than in a two-component HM fibre composite. Negative ‘hybrid effect’ for strength is obtained.     

Particle fracture in high-volume-fraction ceramic-reinforced metals: Governing parameters and implications for composite failure

Weibull parameters of angular alumina particles are determined from experimental tensile test data on high-ceramic-content metal matrix composites using a micromechanical model that accounts for internal damage in the form of particle cracking, the dominant damage mode in these composites. The fraction of broken particles is assessed from the drop of Young's modulus and particle fracture is assumed to be stress controlled. Two extreme load-sharing modes, namely a purely local and a global load-sharing mode, are considered to account for the load redistribution due to particle fracture. Consistent powder strength parameters can be thus “back-calculated” for particles that are embedded in different Al-Cu matrices. On the other hand, this calculation fails for pure Al matrix composites, which exhibit a much larger strain to failure than Al-Cu matrix composites. It is shown that for Al matrix composites, the role of plastic (composite) strain on particle fracture constitutes a second parameter governing particle damage. This finding is rationalized by particle-particle interactions in these tightly packed ceramic particle-reinforced composites, and by the increase of matrix stress heterogeneity that is brought with increasing plastic strain. Failure of the alloyed matrix composites is well described by the (lower bound) local load-sharing micromechanical model, which predicts a catastrophic failure due to an avalanche of damage. The same model predicts failure of pure aluminium matrix composites to occur at the onset of tensile instability, also in agreement with experimental results once the role of plastic strain on damage accumulation is accounted for.     

Ductile-to-brittle transition in tensile failure of particle-reinforced metals

We present an analytical micromechanical model designed to simulate the tensile stress-strain behaviour and failure of damaging composites containing a high volume fraction of reinforcing particles. One internal damage micromechanism is considered, namely particle fracture, which is assumed to obey a Weibull distribution. Final composite tensile failure occurs when one of two possible failure criteria is reached, given by (i) the onset of tensile instability, or (ii) an “avalanche-like” propagation of particle breaks to neighbouring particles. We show that an experimentally observed transition from failure by tensile instability to abrupt failure resulting from an increase of matrix strength can be mimicked by the model because local load-sharing (i.e. load transfer from a broken particle to its immediate neighbours) is accounted for.     

岩石射孔开裂的初步数值模拟

岩石射孔作业后孔眼周围裂缝分布规律对后续压裂有不可忽视的影响。选取射孔围岩的横切面为研究对象，将三维射孔侵彻过程简化为二维扩孔过程。考虑岩石细观非均匀性，设细观强度参数服从韦布尔分布。应用拉伸破坏准则和Mohr-Coulomb压剪破坏准则，并用模量折减法处理单元开裂，从而用FEPG软件实现了有限元数值模拟。模拟结果表明:射孔后的岩石可根据裂缝产生原因及分布由内而外划分为四个区域:压剪破坏区、拉伸破坏集中区、拉伸破坏扩展区和未破坏区。分析了不同射孔弹规格及围压条件下裂纹分布变化规律。与室内模拟实验结果进行对比分析，初步验证了模型的有效性。     

静水压作用下Nb3Sn多晶体超导临界温度退化的耦合模型

Nb3Sn超导材料主要用于强磁场超导磁体的制造。力学变形诱导的其超导临界性能退化给强磁场超导磁体装置的电磁性能指标和安全运行造成了极其不利的影响。针对静水压作用下，Nb3Sn单晶体和多晶体表现出的不同退化行为，本文基于Maki De Gennes（MDG）关系式，建立了描述Nb3Sn单晶体变形-超导临界温度耦合响应的本构关系，并借助于多晶体有限元方法，对静水压作用下Nb3Sn多晶体超导临界温度退化响应进行了预测，预测结果与实验结果定性吻合。模型实现了从Nb3Sn单晶体到Nb3Sn多晶体变形-超导临界温度退化响应曲线的一致性预测。研究结果有助于提高对Nb3Sn高场超导材料变形-超导电性能耦合行为的认识，为发展描述运行工况下Nb3Sn超导材料力-电磁-热多物理场多尺度耦合行为的建模与数值计算方法提供了一定的基础；同时，相关结果对于特殊工况下高场超导磁体性能的评估和高应变耐受性超导材料的制备也具有一定的指导作用。     

静水压作用下Nb3Sn多晶体超导临界温度退化的耦合模型

Nb3Sn超导材料主要用于强磁场超导磁体的制造。力学变形诱导的其超导临界性能退化给强磁场超导磁体装置的电磁性能指标和安全运行造成了极其不利的影响。针对静水压作用下,Nb3Sn单晶体和多晶体表现出的不同退化行为,本文基于Maki De Gennes（MDG）关系式,建立了描述Nb3Sn单晶体变形-超导临界温度耦合响应的本构关系,并借助于多晶体有限元方法,对静水压作用下Nb3Sn多晶体超导临界温度退化响应进行了预测,预测结果与实验结果定性吻合。模型实现了从Nb3Sn单晶体到Nb3Sn多晶体变形-超导临界温度退化响应曲线的一致性预测。研究结果有助于提高对Nb3Sn高场超导材料变形-超导电性能耦合行为的认识,为发展描述运行工况下Nb3Sn超导材料力-电磁-热多物理场多尺度耦合行为的建模与数值计算方法提供了一定的基础;同时,相关结果对于特殊工况下高场超导磁体性能的评估和高应变耐受性超导材料的制备也具有一定的指导作用。     

Size Effect on The Bending And Tensile Strength of Micromachined Polysilicon Films for MEMS

I. INTRODUCTION Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have achieved impressive progress and become a very area of research. But long-term durability of various MEMS devices requires a fundamental understaof the fatigue and fracture characteristics of su…     

Effects of non-uniform strains on tensile fracture of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

Effects of non-uniform strains on tensile fracture of fiber-reinforced ceramic–matrix composites have not been satisfactorily explained by existing mechanics-based models. In this paper, we use an exact model of fiber fragmentation under global load sharing conditions to predict fracture in three model problems in which non-uniform strains occur: (i) an end-constrained plate subject to a linear transverse temperature gradient; (ii) an internally-pressurized cylindrical tube with a linear through-thickness temperature gradient; and (iii) a rectangular beam under combined bending and tension. Fracture is assumed to occur when the global load reaches a maximum value. Approximations to the exact fragmentation model are also assessed, with the goal of decoupling the effects of two important parts of the computed stress–strain response: the rate of post-peak strain softening and the magnitude of the plateau “flow” stress once fiber fragmentation is complete. We find that for cases in which the fiber Weibull modulus is low and hence its plateau strength is high relative to its peak and the loading yields a sufficiently high strain gradient, the failure strain lies in the plateau regime. Consequently, the results can be predicted with good accuracy using a perfectly-plastic representation of the post-peak response. In contrast, for cases in which the fiber Weibull modulus is high, the failure strain lies in the softening portion of the curve. Here a linear-softening model is found to yield accurate results. A preliminary assessment of the model has been made by comparing predicted and measured bending/tension strength and failure strain ratios for one specific composite. The correlations appear good, though additional experiments are required in order to critically assess the model predictions over a range of loading scenarios.