炭黑增强橡胶复合材料力学行为的三维数值模拟

本文基于炭黑填充橡胶复合材料具有周期性细观结构的假设,采用一种新的、改进的随机序列吸附算法建立了三维多球颗粒随机分布式代表性体积单元,并通过细观力学有限元方法对炭黑颗粒填充橡胶复合材料的力学行为进行了模拟仿真。研究结果表明：采用改进的随机序列吸附算法所建立的模型更加便于有限元离散化;模拟中周期性边界条件的约束,使其更加符合实际约束的真实情况;炭黑填充橡胶复合材料的有效模量明显高于未填充橡胶材料,并随着炭黑颗粒所占体积分数的增加而增大;通过比较发现,本文提出的多球颗粒随机分布式三维数值模型对复合材料的应力-应变行为和有效弹性模量的预测结果与实验结果吻合良好,证实了该模型能够用于炭黑颗粒增强橡胶基复合材料有效性能的模拟分析。     

Magneto-elastic modeling of composites containing chain-structured magnetostrictive particles

Magneto-elastic behavior is investigated for two-phase composites containing chain-structured magnetostrictive particles under both magnetic and mechanical loading. To derive the local magnetic and elastic fields, three modified Green's functions are derived and explicitly integrated for the infinite domain containing a spherical inclusion with a prescribed magnetization, body force, and eigenstrain. A representative volume element containing a chain of infinite particles is introduced to solve averaged magnetic and elastic fields in the particles and the matrix. Effective magnetostriction of composites is derived by considering the particle's magnetostriction and the magnetic interaction force. It is shown that there exists an optimal choice of the Young's modulus of the matrix and the volume fraction of the particles to achieve the maximum effective magnetostriction. A transversely isotropic effective elasticity is derived at the infinitesimal deformation. Disregarding the interaction term, this model provides the same effective elasticity as Mori-Tanaka's model. Comparisons of model results with the experimental data and other models show the efficacy of the model and suggest that the particle interactions have a considerable effect on the effective magneto-elastic properties of composites even for a low particle volume fraction.     

冲击荷载作用下混凝土材料的细观本构模型

将混凝土材料看成是水泥砂浆基体和粗骨料颗粒组成的2相复合材料,假设水泥砂浆基体和粗骨料颗粒均为弹性、均匀、各向同性的,粗骨料颗粒为球形。基于Mori-Tanaka理论和Eshelby 等效夹杂理论推出了混凝土材料弹性模量的计算公式。在Horii和Nemat-Nasser提出的脆性材料在双轴向压应力作用下破坏的滑移裂纹模型基础上,运用细观力学方法推导了微裂纹对材料弹性模量的弱化作用以及微裂纹的损伤演化方程。建立了混凝土材料在冲击荷载作用下的一维动态本构模型,模拟曲线与实验曲线符合良好,因而可以用该模型模拟混凝土材料在冲击荷载下的动态特性。     

改性石墨烯增强聚四氟乙烯摩擦学性能的分子模拟研究

采用分子动力学模拟研究了接枝改性氧化石墨烯对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的增强作用与摩擦学性能的影响,首先选用KH550、KH560和KH570三种硅烷偶联剂接枝氧化石墨烯(GO),在填入纯聚四氟乙烯后计算其机械性能与摩擦性能. 对比得出KH560的增强效果最好,杨氏模量和剪切模量分别提高了205%和116%,摩擦系数提高了39.6%. 然后选用聚酰亚胺(PI)接枝氧化石墨烯,对比了接枝改性与物理共混两种方式对增强效果的影响,结果表明接枝改性的增强效果优于物理共混. 最后通过分析界面间相互作用力、结合能、原子相对浓度和原子运动速度等方式揭示了接枝氧化石墨烯对聚四氟乙烯基体的增强机理.      

A quest for a model of non-colloidal suspensions with Newtonian matrices

It would be convenient to have a model, albeit approximate, of particle-laden materials (suspensions) that would not need large amounts of computing and/or experimentation to implement for design purposes. There are now adequate models of the pure matrix fluid behaviour, but there are no such models for suspensions with large particles (non-colloidal suspensions). One of the obstacles has been the single-minded devotion to shearing motions of suspensions; experience with the matrix modelling has shown that it is not possible to formulate widely usable models if only shear is considered. Here some new results of axially symmetric elongational tests on suspensions are compared with shearing data. Some suggestions for modelling these and other observations based on using strain rate and strain in a modified Reiner-Rivlin constitutive equation are presented. The model generally works quite well, but it does not predict the positive storage modulus seen in small and medium amplitude oscillatory shear flows.     

Bounds of the expansion coefficients of composites reinforced by spherically isotropic particles

I.IntroductionProblemsconcerningrigorousboundsofeffectivepropertiesofheterogeneousmediahaveattractedgreatattentionforalongtime.HashinandShtrikmannlllgavethebestpossiblelowerandupperboundsoftheeffectiveelasticmoduliofcompositesconsistingoftwoisotropicphase…     

Determination of elastic moduli of composite medium containing bimaterial matrix and non-uniform inclusion concentrations

Reservoir porous rocks usually consist of more than two types of matrix materials,forming a randomly heterogeneous material.The determination of the bulk modulus of such a medium is critical to the elastic wave dispersion and attenuation.The elastic moduli for a simple matrix-inclusion model are theoretically analyzed.Most of the efforts assume a uniform inclusion concentration throughout the whole single-material matrix.However,the assumption is too strict in real-world rocks.A model is developed to estimate the moduli of a heterogeneous bimaterial skeleton,i.e.,the host matrix and the patchy matrix.The elastic moduli,density,and permeability of the patchy matrix differ from those of the surrounding host matrix material.Both the matrices contain dispersed particle inclusions with different concentrations.By setting the elastic constant and density of the particles to be zero,a double-porosity medium is obtained.The bulk moduli for the whole system are derived with a multi-level effective modulus method based on Hashin's work.The proposed model improves the elastic modulus calculation of reservoir rocks,and is used to predict the kerogen content based on the wave velocity measured in laboratory.The results show pretty good consistency between the inversed total organic carbon and the measured total organic carbon for two sets of rock samples.     

Multiple scattering of elastic waves in metal-matrix composite materials with high volume concentration of particles

A new approach is proposed to investigate the propagation of compressional (P) and shear (SV) waves in metal-matrix composite materials with high volume concentration of particles. The theory of quasicrystalline approximation and Waterman's T matrix formalism are employed to treat the multiple scattering resulting from the particles in composites. The addition theorem for spherical Bessel functions is used to accomplish the translation between different coordinate systems. The analytical expression of the Percus–Yevick correlation function is also given. Closed form solutions for the effective propagation constants and the dynamic effective elastic modulus of materials are obtained in the low frequency limit. At higher frequencies, only numerical results of them are presented. Numerical examples show that the phase velocities of P and SV waves in the composite materials with low volume concentration in the low frequency are in good agreement with the results in previous literatures. The effects of the incident wave number, the volume fraction of particles and the material properties of the particles and matrix on the dynamic effective elastic modulus are also examined.     

一种高效率弹塑性有限元分析新方法：增量杂交／混合修正弦线模量法

本文在文献[1]给出的放松应力增量平衡约束的修正余能广义变分原理基础上,提出一种高效率的弹塑性有限元分析的新方法——增量杂交/混合修正弦线模量法。该法保持了文[1]方法的全部优点,而在迭代过程中,依据材料的单向拉伸应力—应变关系,不断改变过渡区和塑性区单元柔度矩阵和塑性矩阵中的弹性模量;并在体积压缩模量不变假设下,相应地改变过渡区单元矩阵中的泊松系数。从而大大降低了迭代收敛次数和单刚计算量,提高了多类变量弹塑性有限元分析的计算效率和收敛精度。     

Effect of aminomethoxy silane and olefin block copolymer on rheomechanical and morphological behavior of fly ash-filled polypropylene composites

The design of new composites based on a polypropylene (PP) matrix and filler fly ash particles leads to changes in processability, morphology, and physical properties of the raw thermoplastic. The new materials should combine the processability of common thermoplastics with improved toughness. We have designed more environmentally friendly composites filled with residual ash. To improve composite toughness (one of the principal drawbacks of these PP/ash composites), a new olefin block copolymer (OBC) was included in the filler–matrix interface, and to modify the ash surface, an organosilane was used to enhance interface strength. The present work analyzes the influence of composite formulation on the morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of the new composites. In terms of rheological properties, modulus and viscosity were enhanced as a function of the amount of filler added. The incorporation of a silane coupling agent into composites brought about beneficial changes in morphology and rheology, related with improved dispersion of ash particles and increased filler–matrix interactions. Finally, when OBC was added to the filler–matrix interface, composite morphology was more homogenous. The best rheological and mechanical properties were obtained when the ratio of OBC to fly ash particles was 1:2.     

Rheological behavior of PS-melts containing surface modified PMMA-particles

The rheological properties of polystyrene (PS) compounds containing cross-linked PMMA particles are characterized by oscillatory shear experiments, while the amount of covalently grafted carboxylic-acid terminated polystyrene (CT-PS) on their surface is varied. All samples show an additional relaxation process with a long relaxation time in the frequency range where the matrix flows. The strength of this process depends strongly on the amount of particles, i.e., on the degree of filling and, to the same extent, on the different “coverage” of the particles surface, i.e., the degree of grafting. For the highest degrees of filling and in dependence on the degree of grafting a particle network is formed which is characterized by an evolving equilibrium modulus. Moreover, compatibilization by grafting CT-PS onto the PMMA particles' surface reduces the strength of the additional relaxation process remarkably. This surprising effect is related qualitatively to the balance of the interaction between particles and the interaction between the particles and the matrix due to PS grafts. Some of these results can be understood quantitatively on the basis of the sticky hard-sphere model. Received: 3 January 2000 Accepted: 14 August 2000     

Microstructure and magnetorheology of graphite-based MR elastomers

This study focuses on the magnetorheology of graphite-based magnetorheological elastomers (Gr MREs). By introducing graphite to conventional MREs, the Gr MREs with various graphite weight fractions are fabricated. Both steady-state and dynamic tests were conducted to study rheological properties of the samples. For dynamic tests, the effects of magnetic field, strain amplitude and frequency on both storage modulus and loss modulus were measured. The influence of graphite weight fraction on mechanical performances of these samples was summarized. Also, the microstructures of isotropic and anisotropic Gr MREs were observed. In anisotropic MREs, the graphite powders disperse in matrix randomly. The graphite particles lead to an increment of initial mechanical properties and a decrement of the MR effect.     

Effective mechanical properties of unidirectional composites in the presence of imperfect interface

In this paper, the equivalent inclusion method is implemented to estimate the effective mechanical properties of unidirectional composites in the presence of an imperfect interface. For this purpose, a representative volume element containing three constituents, a matrix, and interface layer, and a fiber component, is considered. A periodic eigenstrain defined in terms of Fourier series is then employed to homogenize non-dilute multi-phase composites. In order to take into account the interphase imperfection effects on mechanical properties of composites, a stiffness parameter in terms of a matrix and interphase elastic modulus is introduced. Consistency conditions are also modified accordingly in such a way that only the part of the fiber lateral stiffness is to be effective in estimating the equivalent composite mechanical properties. Employing the modified consistency equations together with the energy equivalence relation leads to a set of linear equations that are consequently used to estimate the average values of eigenstrain in non-homogeneous phases. It is shown that for composites with both soft and hard reinforcements, largest stiffness parameter that indicates complete fiber–matrix interfacial debonding causes the same equivalent lateral properties.     

颗粒填充复合材料强韧化效应的力学分析

颗粒填充复合材料中基体微损伤形式对材料韧性产生决定性影响。本文通过二相或三相材料中基体应力分布的分析计算，结合损伤萌生的力学条件，对颗粒填充的强韧化效应作出定性分析。计算结果表明，若颗粒刚度高于基体，随着颗粒模量的提高，开裂与银纹趋势逐步增强，由此可知单纯使用硬粒子填充难以实现增韧，但若粒子与基体间有柔性界面相存在，基体屈服趋势将随界面厚度迅速增长，它将在损伤引发机制的竞争中占据优势，成为损伤的主导形式，并由此可成功地实现材料的强韧化。     

Particle fracture in high-volume-fraction ceramic-reinforced metals: Governing parameters and implications for composite failure

Weibull parameters of angular alumina particles are determined from experimental tensile test data on high-ceramic-content metal matrix composites using a micromechanical model that accounts for internal damage in the form of particle cracking, the dominant damage mode in these composites. The fraction of broken particles is assessed from the drop of Young's modulus and particle fracture is assumed to be stress controlled. Two extreme load-sharing modes, namely a purely local and a global load-sharing mode, are considered to account for the load redistribution due to particle fracture. Consistent powder strength parameters can be thus “back-calculated” for particles that are embedded in different Al-Cu matrices. On the other hand, this calculation fails for pure Al matrix composites, which exhibit a much larger strain to failure than Al-Cu matrix composites. It is shown that for Al matrix composites, the role of plastic (composite) strain on particle fracture constitutes a second parameter governing particle damage. This finding is rationalized by particle-particle interactions in these tightly packed ceramic particle-reinforced composites, and by the increase of matrix stress heterogeneity that is brought with increasing plastic strain. Failure of the alloyed matrix composites is well described by the (lower bound) local load-sharing micromechanical model, which predicts a catastrophic failure due to an avalanche of damage. The same model predicts failure of pure aluminium matrix composites to occur at the onset of tensile instability, also in agreement with experimental results once the role of plastic strain on damage accumulation is accounted for.     

Magnetostrictive composites in the dilute limit

We calculate the effective properties of a magnetostrictive composite in the dilute limit. The composite consists of well separated identical ellipsoidal particles of magnetostrictive material, surrounded by an elastic matrix. The free energy of the magnetostrictive particles is computed using the constrained theory of DeSimone and James [2002. A constrained theory of magnetoelasticity with applications to magnetic shape memory materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50, 283-320], where application of an external field causes rearrangement of variants rather than rotation of the magnetization or elastic strain in a variant. The free energy of the composite has an elastic energy term associated with the deformation of the surrounding matrix and demagnetization terms. By using results from the constrained theory and from the Eshelby inclusion problem in linear elasticity, we show that the energy minimization problem for the composite can be cast as a quadratic programming problem. The solution of the quadratic programming problem yields the effective properties of Ni₂MnGa and Terfenol-D composite systems. Numerical results show that the average strain of the composite depends strongly on the particle shape, the applied stress, and the elastic modulus of the matrix.     

沙水润滑下纳米改性NBR材料的摩擦学性能

丁腈橡胶(NBR)是一种优异的水润滑减摩耐磨材料,但硬质颗粒的介入对其产生较大的材料损失. 利用硅烷偶联剂TESPT改性纳米SiO₂颗粒,并填充至NBR基体,获得改性纳米SiO₂/NBR标记为NBR-1. 改性后的纳米SiO₂颗粒在NBR基体中均匀分散. 将纳米SiO₂颗粒、微米SiO₂颗粒填充至NBR基体标记为NBR-2、NBR-3作为对照组. 三种复合材料在武汉理工大学自制的SSB-100型摩擦磨损试验机上进行沙水润滑工况下的摩擦磨损试验. 结果表明:三种复合材料在沙水工况下摩擦系数均随载荷和转速的增加而下降. 在相同的载荷和转速条件下,NBR-1的摩擦性能最为优异. 对比三种材料的耐沙磨损性能,沙粒对NBR表面的磨损主要为犁沟磨损,NBR-2和NBR-3材料磨损量远远大于NBR-1,NBR-1材料更适用于含沙水区域.      

The cohesive law for the particle/matrix interfaces in high explosives

The debonding of particle/matrix interfaces has an important effect on the macroscopic behavior of composite materials. There are extensive analytical and numerical studies on interface debonding in composite materials based on cohesive zone models which assume a phenomenological relation between the normal (and shear) traction(s) and opening (and sliding) displacement(s) across the particle/matrix interface. However, there are little or no experiments to determine the cohesive law for particle/matrix interfaces in composite materials. In this paper, we develop a method to determine the cohesive law for particle/matrix interfaces in the high explosive PBX 9501. We use the digital image correlation technique to obtain the stress and displacement around a macroscopic crack tip in the modified compact tension experiment of PBX 9501. We use the extended Mori-Tanaka method (which accounts for the effect of interface debonding) and the equivalence of cohesive energy on the macroscale and microscale to link the macroscale compact tension experiment to the microscale cohesive law for particle/matrix interfaces. Such an approach enables us to quantitatively determine key parameters in the microscale cohesive law, namely the linear modulus, cohesive strength, and softening modulus of particle/matrix interfaces in the high explosive PBX 9501. The present study shows that Ferrante et al.'s [1982 Universal binding energy relations in metallic adhesion. In: J.M. Georges (Ed.), Microscopic Aspects of Adhesion and Lubrication, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 19-30.] cohesive law, which is established primarily for bimetallic interfaces, is not suitable to the high explosive PBX 9501.     

On transient layers as new phase domains in composite materials

A model describing the development of transient layers as new phase domains in compositematerials is constructed under the assumption that the transient layers around (nano)particles are layers of the matrix material changed by the phase transformation and increase the effective volume of inclusions which become compound and consist of the nucleus (original particle) and the shell (transient layer of the new phase). As a result, the inclusion volume fraction increases, which, in turn, increases the particle influence efficiency. An example of spherical particles is used to consider the new phase development around an isolated particle and then, in the effective field approximation, around interacting particles in the composite material. The dependence of the compound inclusion radius on the external (averaged) strain is obtained for isotropic phases. Stability of the interphase boundaries depending on the parameters of the original inclusion material and the matrix phase materials is studied. The energy variations and the stress redistribution owing to the development of the new phase domains are considered in detail. It is shown that, in the case of an isolated inclusion, the development of a new phase may lead to a local energy decrease near the inclusions and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the stress concentration. At the same time, the formation of transient layers due to the phase transformation can result in an increase in the bulk modulus of elasticity as the effective shear modulus decreases.     

Dependence of nonlinear elasticity on filler size in composite polymer systems

Nanosized filler particles enhance the mechanical properties of polymer composites in a size-dependent fashion. This is puzzling, because classical elasticity is inherently scale-free, and models for the elasticity of composite systems never predict a filler-size dependence. Here, we study the industrially important system of silica-filled rubbers, together with a well-characterized model-filled crosslinked gel and show that at high filler content both the linear and nonlinear elastic properties of these systems exhibit a unique scaling proportional to the cube of the volume fraction divided by the particle size. This remarkable behavior makes it possible to predict the full mechanical response of particle-filled rubbers for small but finite deformations based solely on the rheology of the matrix and the size and modulus of the filler particles.