石英纤维布氰酸酯树脂基复合材料的环境试验性能研究

对石英纤维布增强氰酸酯树脂基复合材料进行了常温、低温和湿热三种环境下的拉伸、压缩、面内剪切、层间剪切和钉孔挤压等试验研究,得到了该复合材料的拉伸压缩面内剪切的强度和弹性模量以及层间剪切强度和钉孔挤压强度等力学性能参数。结果表明:石英纤维布增强氰酸酯树脂基复合材料的力学性能参数具有温度相关性。在低温环境下,力学性能参数不同程度地增强,最大增长量达40%;而在高温环境下,力学性能参数则明显下降,最高下降量达到56%。另外,由于复合材料的层间性能主要由基体决定,所以湿热环境对复合材料层间性能的影响很大,在工程实际中应特别关注。     

复合材料层合板的率模可靠度研究

传统的结构可靠性分析是基于二值状态假设的,即结构要么处于失效状态,要么处于安全状态,但在许多工程实际中,在失效和安全之间有一系列中间状态,因此判断结构是否失效,引用模糊状态的概念更为合理．该文将失效（或安全）的模糊状态假设引入到复合材料层合板的可靠度分析和计算中,建立了复合材料层合板的率模可靠度模型和相应的计算模型．在该模型中,考虑了单层复合材料强度指标的随机性,以及极限状态的模糊性．由层合板结构可靠性分析的具体算例,说明了该文模型和计算方法的合理性及有效性．同时,对参数的影响也进行了分析和讨论．结果表明,强度参数的均值以及失效准则的选取对可靠度有较大的影响．     

考虑内部损伤影响的层合板最终强度预测

层合板强度分析若只考虑面内失效而忽略自由边界处的分层失效,往往会高估强度值,得不到合理的预测结果.该文提出了一种层合板强度的数值分析方法,综合考虑了层合板的面内失效(基体失效和纤维断裂)以及层间分层失效.采用有限元方法对层合板进行结构分析得到板的应力响应,结合面内失效判据和分层失效判据对层合板各个单层进行失效判断,采用刚度退化和逐步失效方法求得层合板的最终失效强度.与以往方法相比,该文模型和方法考虑的因素更全面.数值算例表明该方法预测得到的最终失效载荷和分层起始载荷和已有文献实验结果一致.     

基于代理模型的箭体连接结构极值响应分析与优化

螺栓法兰连接结构在航空航天等工程领域中广泛应用，其力学性能在不同工况和装配情况下十分复杂。由于拉压刚度差异，含连接结构的箭体动力学响应呈现明显的非线性特征。因此，考虑不同连接参数及工况下的连接非线性动力学响应，对结构优化设计有着重要意义。本文针对以双线性弹簧表征螺栓法兰连接非线性的箭体等效动力学模型，基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络和响应面法分别建立其连接面处的极值响应代理模型，对比发现RBF神经网络模型在较高精度上可以实现对动响应极值的预测及分析；同时分析了不同载荷参数及刚度变化对连接结构动响应极值的影响；最后，利用RBF神经网络代理模型，开展了连接面加速度极值响应与螺栓弹簧力最小化为目标的连接结构参数优化。     

含材料非线性的复合材料单钉接头累积损伤分析

发展了静拉伸复合材料接头层合板三维逐渐损伤模型,考虑了单层复合材料在材料1-2面及3-1面上具有明显非线性剪切应力-应变关系的叠层非线性效应,结合有限元技术即应力分析、失效判定准则及损伤过程中材料性能退化等,对接头层合板损伤扩展进行了模拟,结果表明考虑材料非线性的影响与实验结果吻合更好.     

复合材料螺栓连接性能的分散性和可靠性分析

本文通过对35个复合材料层合板螺栓连接试验件进行钉孔挤压试验,得到各个试件的挤压强度,然后采用统计分析的方法,研究复合材料层合板螺栓连接挤压强度的分散性规律。研究表明,复合材料层合板螺栓连接挤压强度的分散性模型可以用正态分布、对数正态分布以及威布尔分布三种模型模拟,其中以威布尔分布拟合效果最好,其次是正态分布。另外,本文采用极大似然估计方法给出了三个模型的分布参数。最后,利用蒙特卡洛法和雷-菲法计算了三种分布模型下的失效概率。结果表明,威布尔分布的失效概率最大,而对数正态分布的失效概率最小。     

复合材料-金属毛化接头的失效预测模型

针对复合材料与金属连接的一种新型连接形式－毛化接头,建立了其在拉伸载荷作用下的失效模式与破坏载荷的宏－细观预测模型。首先根据毛刺的分布选择合适的代表体积元,建立毛刺层单胞模型,施加周期性边界条件,通过有限元分析得到毛刺层的平均刚度参数。其次,基于累积损伤理论预测毛刺层的单胞强度,分析毛刺层的失效机理。最后,将毛刺层的等效材料参数赋予接头整体模型,预测接头的抗拉强度及失效模式。预测结果与试验值吻合良好。分析结果表明,毛化接头的承载能力和失效模式与毛刺的密度高度、搭接面积等因素密切相关,通过参数设计可获得较高的承载能力。     

基于渐进均匀化的平纹编织复合材料低速冲击多尺度方法

针对平纹编织复合材料低速冲击响应和损伤问题,提出了一种多尺度分析方法. 首先, 建立微观尺度单胞模型,引入周期性边界条件,采用最大主应力失效准则和直接刚度退化模型表征纤维丝和基体的损伤起始与演化,预测了纤维束的弹性性能和强度性能. 其次,将这些性能参数代入介观尺度单胞模型,基于Hashin和Hou的混合失效准则以及连续介质损伤模型对介观尺度单胞进行6种边界条件下的渐进损伤模拟.然后采用渐进均匀化方法,以介观尺度单胞为媒介预测了0$^\circ$和90$^\circ$子胞的性能参数,并建立平纹编织复合材料的子胞模型,进而扩展成为材料的宏观尺度低速冲击模型. 在此基础上,研究了平纹编织复合材料低速冲击下的力学响应与损伤特征.结果表明:宏观冲击仿真和试验吻合较好, 验证了多尺度方法的正确性;最大接触力、材料吸能和分层面积均随冲击能量的增大而增大,分层损伤轮廓逐渐从椭圆形向圆形转化;基体拉伸和压缩损伤的长轴方向分别与子胞材料主方向正交和一致,损伤面积前者远大于后者.      

开孔复合材料层合板强度不确定性分析

以拉伸载荷作用下AS4/3501-6开孔复合材料层合板为研究对象，采用考虑复合材料层合板就地强度效应的有限断裂力学模型和基于方差的敏感性测度分析模型相结合的方法，研究单层板宏观力学性能不确定性对具有不同孔径和铺层顺序的开孔复合材料层合板破坏强度的影响．研究结果表明：单层板力学性能对开孔板强度影响程度的大小与孔径相关，但敏感性排序与孔径无关．同时，单层板力学性能敏感性测度与层合板铺层顺序有关，层合板各向异性比越大，开孔板拉伸破坏受单层板纤维方向拉伸强度的影响越大，而且开孔板拉伸强度与单层板纤维方向拉伸强度呈正相关，与横向弹性模量呈负相关，与面内剪切模量和纵向弹性模量不具有单调关系．     

干湿循环导致粉砂质泥岩力学特性变化规律研究

受亲水矿物成分影响，水侵作用下粉砂质泥岩力学特性易劣化．开展多种干湿条件下粉砂质泥岩的单/三轴压缩试验，研究试样在饱水作用下的强度和刚度弱化，分析干湿循环对试样力学特性的影响规律．试验结果表明，粉砂质泥岩强度和刚度均随饱和度增加而明显降低，在中期变形阶段刚度下降程度明显大于早期变形阶段．粉砂质泥岩强度随围压增大而线性提高，其强度特性可采用Drucker-Prager准则描述，且试样开裂角符合剪切滑移破坏特征．干湿循环试验结果表明，粉砂质泥岩单轴抗压强度和割线模量随循环次数增大而近似线性衰减，并且其刚度衰减快于强度衰减．     

Progressive damage modelling of bonded composite repairs

Presented is a three-dimensional progressive damage model that can assess the mechanical behaviour of bonded composite repairs of cracked metallic plates. The model is able to assess the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip, patch debonding and damage accumulation in the composite patch as functions of the applied load. Considered are the stress analysis, failure analysis and material property degradation. Stress analysis is performed using a three-dimensional detailed parametric finite element (FE) model developed using the ANSYS FE code. Failure analysis is performed using a set of stress-based polynomial failure criteria. Material property degradation of the failed material (patch and adhesive) is performed using appropriate degradation rules. The three model components have been programmed in the ANSYS FE code creating a user-friendly parametric macro-routine, which can be easily applied to bonded repairs of different materials and configuration.     

Reliability assessment of post-buckling compressive strength of laminated composite plates and stiffened panels under axial compression

A method for reliability assessment of the post-buckling compressive strength of laminated composite plates and stiffened panels under axial compression is presented in the paper. The prediction of the post-buckling compressive strength is performed by a progressive failure analysis which was developed based on a progressive stiffness degradation model and a nonlinear finite element analysis with a new explicit through-thickness integration scheme. A method coupled with the finite element analysis is proposed for reliability assessment where a finite difference method combined with an improved first-order reliability algorithm that omits the non-important random variables but retains sufficient accuracy was developed for reliability estimation. Two numerical examples are described demonstrating the capabilities of the method developed.     

Three-dimensional size effects in composite pin joints

Mechanical fastening is commonly used in joining composite laminates. It is especially superior to adhesive bonding in joining thick composite laminates. The significant effects of composite thickness on the efficiency of pin joining have been reported in a previous study. The present study further investigated the three-dimensional (thickness as well as in-plane dimensions) size effects on pin joining. A glass-fabric/phenolic composite material was used as the studied material while double-lap-single-pin joints were used as the experimental models. Based on four different thicknesses and seven different hole diameters, in total nine composite joint configurations were prepared. The nine configurations were organized into three groups with differentH/D ratios (thickness versus hole diameter). Experimental results revealed that the load-displacement curves of the groups withH/D=0.4 and 0.75 were brittle-type while those of the group withH/D=1.5 were ductile-type. The microscopic damage modes of the joints with brittle-type curves were due to outward buckling for 8-ply cases and kink bands for 24-ply and 40-ply cases. The bearing strengths of the pin joints decreased monotonically in the group withH/D=0.4 but increased then decreased in the groups withH/D=0.75 and 1.5 as the joint size increased. It was found that both the material properties and the geometry parameters were responsible for the three-dimensional size effects.     

Investigation of the Effects of Environmental Fatigue on the Mechanical Properties of GFRP Composite Constituents Using Nanoindentation

Background

Fatigue failure criteria for fibre reinforced polymer composites used in the design of marine structures are based on the micromechanical behaviour (e.g. stiffness properties) of their constituents. In the literature, there is a lack of information regarding the stiffness degradation of fibres, polymer matrix and fibre/matrix interface regions affected by environmental fatigue.

Objective

The aim of present study is to characterize the stiffness properties of composite constituents using the nanoindentation technique when fatigue failure of composites is due to the combined effect of sea water exposure and cyclic mechanical loads.

Methods

In the present study, the nanoindentation technique was used to characterize the stiffness properties of composite constituents where the effects of neighbouring phases, material pile up and viscoplasticity properties of the polymer matrix are corrected by finite element simulation.

Results

The use of finite element simulation in conjunction with nanoindentation test data, results in more accurate estimation of projected indented area which is required for measuring the properties of composite constituents. In addition, finite element simulation provides a greater understanding of the stress transfer between composite constituents during the nanoindentation process.

Conclusions

Results of nanoindentation testing on the composite microstructure of environmentally fatigue failed composite test coupons establish a strong link to the stiffness degradation of the fiber/matrix interface regions, verifying the degradation of composite constituents identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis.

     

Behavior of Pin-loaded Laminated Composites

In this study, an investigation was carried out to determine the effects of joint geometry and fiber orientation on the failure strength and failure mode in a pinned joint laminated composite plate. Behavior of pin-loaded laminated composites with different stacking sequence and different dimensions has been observed experimentally. E/glass–epoxy composites were manufactured to fabricate the specimens. Mechanical properties of the composites were characterized under tension, compression and in-plane shear in static loading conditions. Laminated composites were loaded through pins. Single-hole pin-loaded specimens were tested for their tensile response and width-to-hole diameter (W/D) and edge distance-to-hole diameter (E/D) ratios evaluated. A series of experiments was performed with six different material configurations ([0/±45]_s–[90/±45]_s, [0/90/0]_s–[90/0/90]_s and [90/0]_2s–[±45]_2s), in all, over 120 specimens. E/D ratios and W/D ratios of plates were changed from 1 to 5 and 2 to 5, respectively. Failure propagation and failure type were observed on the specimens. The influence of the joint geometry on the strength of the pin-loaded composites was assessed. When laminated composite plates were loaded to final failure, three basic failure modes consisting of net-tension, shear out and bearing failure were observed for the different geometric dimensions. All the connections tested showed that the fiber orientations have a definite influence on the position around hole circumference at which failure initiated. Net-tension failure occurred for specimens that had small width and large end distance. When the width was increased, the specimens which had small end distances failed in the shear-out modes. When the end distance was increased, bearing failure developed in addition to shear-out failure. The experimental results showed that the ultimate load capacities of E/glass–epoxy laminate plates with pin connection were increased by increasing W and E. However, increasing the E/D and W/D ratios beyond a critical value has an insignificant effect on the ultimate load capacity of the connection.     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Floors Based on the Optimum Structural Design

A study is carried out on the structural design of wood-plastic composite floors. The geometric parameters of the cavities, the structure, and the means to optimize the performance of these light boards are investigated. Various structural parameters of the boards, such as size,shape, and the pattern of cavities are also studied. The optimal structure can be determined by calculation and analysis of the strength, stiffness, weight and cost of the material. A finite element model for the mechanical analysis of wood-plastic composite floors is established; and the results are used to verify the strength criteria under bending deformation, which is the most common loading condition of flooring board.     

水平荷载下型钢再生混凝土柱-钢梁组合框架受力性能非线性数值分析

在型钢再生混凝土柱-钢梁组合框架拟静力试验的基础上,采用Abaqus软件建立该组合框架有限元模型并进行非线性数值分析,获取组合框架的变形图、应力云图及荷载-位移骨架曲线,分析组合框架的受力破坏特征,验证了有限元模型的合理性,并对组合框架进行了参数分析。结果表明,数值模拟计算值和试验值对比误差较小,数值计算模型能够较好地模拟该组合框架的受力性能;组合框架符合强柱弱梁的破坏机制;另外,提高型钢强度或再生混凝土强度对组合框架承载力和刚度有利,但对其变形能力不利;框架承载力和刚度随着梁柱线刚度的增加而提高;增大轴压比对于组合框架的抗震性能和延性不利。研究结论可为该类绿色组合框架的工程应用提供参考。     

Materially and geometrically non-linear woven composite micro-mechanical model with failure for finite element simulations

A computational micro-mechanical material model of woven fabric composite material is developed to simulate failure. The material model is based on repeated unit cell approach. The fiber reorientation is accounted for in the effective stiffness calculation. Material non-linearity due to the shear stresses in the impregnated yarns and the matrix material is included in the model. Micro-mechanical failure criteria determine the stiffness degradation for the constituent materials. The developed material model with failure is programmed as user-defined sub-routine in the LS-DYNA finite element code with explicit time integration. The code is used to simulate the failure behavior of woven composite structures. The results of finite element simulations are compared with available test results. The model shows good agreement with the experimental results and good computational efficiency required for finite element simulations of woven composite structures.     

杆系结构静强度和疲劳失效机理及可靠性分析

根据疲劳载荷造成的疲劳累积损伤对结构极限承载力的影响情况，讨论了结构系统承载能力的可靠度计算方法，分析了结构系统中每一个单元在静载和疲劳载荷作用下的两种失效模式，并考虑了二者之间的相关性对该单元可靠性的影响，具体分析了结构系统在这两种载荷作用下的失效机理，给出了在这两种载荷作用下结构系统的可靠性分析方法. 算例表明，在不同的使用年限内，静载和疲劳载荷对结构系统可靠性的影响是不同的；在结构系统主要失效路径中既有单元静强度失效又有单元疲劳失效，这是符合结构系统使用真实情况的.     

Necessary and Sufficient Fracture Criteria for a Composite with a Brittle Matrix. Part 2. High-Strength Reinforcement

Experimental results on fracture of composite specimens with a brittle matrix are given. A modification is proposed for the shear model that describes deformation of a composite with failed matrix. A three-parameter sufficient criterion of quasibrittle strength of the composite is constructed, based on the equations of an orthotropic medium. Simple analytical expressions that relate the macrocrack length to the loading, structural, stiffness, and strength parameters of the composite medium are obtained. An approach for constructing multi-parameter criteria that take into account special features of deformation of the materials of the composite components is discussed.