近固壁微米尺度空泡溃灭的数值研究

考虑空泡表面张力、液体黏性和气体可压缩性,采用VOF多相流模型对近固壁微米尺度空泡在静止流场溃灭过程进行了数值研究.获得了近固壁空泡溃灭过程的流场细节,分析了空泡与固壁的无量纲距离γ对空泡溃灭过程动力特性的影响,并揭示了不同γ条件下的固壁空蚀破坏机理.计算结果表明:随着γ的减小,泡心向固壁移动的趋势明显,射流形成前空泡上部高压区内压力减小,空泡溃灭时间延长,最大射流速度减小.模拟结果验证了空泡溃灭将产生冲击波和高速微射流,二者均会在固壁面产生脉冲压力,其是造成壁面损伤的两种主要原因.参数γ对固壁的空蚀破坏机理有重要影响.与微射流机制相比,以冲击波机制为主的空蚀破坏更显著.微射流冲击固壁的作用半径为10μm左右,将引起固壁"点"蚀坑的出现.当γ=2.0时,冲击波扫掠壁面的范围相对较广,有效作用半径约为1 mm,其导致固壁产生较大圆形蚀坑,且中心空蚀严重.     

N表面张力对近固壁二空化泡影响的数值研究

在忽略浮力下，用边界积分方法数值模拟了表面张力对固壁之上且靠近固壁的二轴对称空化泡生长和溃灭的影响，发现在下空泡最大等效半径为上空泡一半情形，若固壁对下空泡的Bjerknes力大于上空泡对下空泡的Bjerknes力，则表面张力的作用将使下空泡溃灭加速，使其向下的液体射流变强变宽；若固壁对下空泡的Bjerknes力小于上空泡对下空泡的Bjerknes力，则表面张力的作用将使下空泡溃灭变慢，使其向上射流变弱变细长；若这两个Bjerknes力近于相等，则表面张力将会对下空泡溃灭有重大作用，如改变下空泡射流的方向甚至形式(如由环状变向下或由向上变环状)，当上空泡等于或小于下空泡时，表面张力将不会对这两个空泡的行为产生显著影响，定性地分析了表面张力作用的机理。     

Fluent环境中近壁面微空泡溃灭的仿真计算

基于FLUENT软件环境,采用VOF模型和非稳态方法求解Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了近壁面的空泡溃灭过程,同时计算了空泡溃灭处与壁面的距离对射流强度的影响.结果表明：在近壁面,空泡将形成非对称溃灭,因水锤作用,引发高速水射流在壁面产生高压而形成空蚀破坏;基于FLUENT环境的计算结果与已有的实验和计算结果相符,为研究空泡溃灭和空蚀机制提供了类比的数值计算方法.     

泡内气体热力学性质对空泡溃灭的影响

数值研究固壁附近轴对称空泡溃灭问题. 忽略泡内气体与周围流体之间的质量和热交换, 假设气体瞬时处于热平衡状态, 通过引入不同的热力学模型, 考察泡内气体在空泡溃灭过程中的作用. 采用原始变量的Navier-Stokes方程作为流场的控制方程, 用流体体积方法跟踪运动空泡壁. 数值结果显示空泡溃灭过程中, 伴随空泡变形, 空泡发出多个高压脉冲和高速射流. 对于不同的热力学模型, 等温, 绝热和准绝热过程, 绝热过程能够最大程度抑制空泡溃灭, 从而减弱空泡溃灭对固壁造成的空蚀破坏. 在绝热及其类似过程中, 出现空泡回弹现象.     

自由场空泡溃灭过程能量转化机制研究

综合应用实验与数值模拟方法, 深入讨论了自由场空泡溃灭过程中的能量转化机制. 在实验研究中, 应用纹影法记录了空泡溃灭的演变过程, 提取了空泡在溃灭过程中的半径, 溃灭速度等数据, 结合空泡势能和动能方程, 描述了空泡能量的转化过程. 在开展数值模拟分析时, 运用弱可压缩流体质量守恒方程和动量方程, 建立了三维数值模型用以模拟空泡在自由场中的溃灭过程, 并且由结果中获取了空泡溃灭过程中的压力及速度变化规律, 揭示了空泡在溃灭过程中能量转化机制. 研究结果表明: (1) 自由场空泡在溃灭过程中, 空泡势能与空泡半径具有相同的演化趋势, 空泡动能与势能变化趋势相反; 当空泡达到最大半径处时, 空泡势能最大, 流场动能为零. (2) 溃灭后期在空泡周围会形成高压区域, 该区域的压力梯度与速度梯度较高, 随着空泡收缩, 高压区域面积逐渐减小. (3) 空泡在自由场中发生溃灭时, 空泡势能不断转化为流场动能, 在溃灭时刻可以明显观察到冲击波现象, 空泡的大部分能量会在此时转化为冲击波的波能.      

淹没磨料射流的空泡运动分析

通过对淹没条件下磨料射流的空泡运动分析研究,建立了淹没磨料射流的空泡运动方程,揭示了淹没磨料射流中空泡的溃灭特性,数值模拟了淹没磨料射流的磨料体积浓度以及空泡所处流场压力对空泡运动及溃灭的影响规律.分析表明:淹没磨料射流中磨料的存在增大流体的粘性系数,增大空泡溃灭历时,减弱射流的空蚀破坏能力;流场压力的改变对空泡溃灭过程影响显著,压力越高,空泡溃灭历时越短.     

固壁空蚀数值研究

空蚀是空泡在固壁附近溃灭对固壁材料产生破坏的现象。本文将空泡界面假设为自由面，并由VOF(Volume of Fluid)中界面构造精度较高的Youngs方法求解，通过直接计算原始变量的Navier-Stokes方程，数值模拟了空泡距固壁不同位置时溃灭对固壁造成的空蚀破坏。计算发现空泡溃灭产生高压脉冲相对于高速射流对空蚀形成起主导作用；空泡在流场中位置不同，高压脉冲对固壁上的空蚀破坏结果不同，并给出了距离界限。     

壁面处气泡在静止流场和高速水流中溃灭过程的计算仿真

通过数值仿真计算,模拟近壁面以及附壁面气泡在静止流场和高速水流中的溃灭过程,研究气蚀作用机理.结果表明:气泡与壁面的距离和水流的速度影响其溃灭时间;附壁面气泡在高速水流中完全溃灭的时间最短,而在静止流场中最长,远离壁面将增加气泡的不稳定性;当气泡距离壁面一定距离溃灭时,射流不能直接作用于壁面,壁面承受冲击波的最大压力远小于气泡溃灭中心的压力;当气泡溃灭中心在壁面时,射流直接作用于壁面产生微小而严重的点破坏,而冲击波则使材料产生交变应力,造成环形破坏;当气泡在高速水流中溃灭时将产生逆流斜向射流,这可能是水力机械过流部件产生鱼鳞坑和波纹状破坏的主要原因.     

单液滴内空化气泡的生长及溃灭研究

超空化燃油射流使得喷雾中部分燃油分裂液滴内含有空化气泡;空化气泡的生长及溃灭对液滴的分裂与雾化具有重要影响. 基于VOF 方法首次对超空化条件下燃油液滴内空化气泡的生长及溃灭过程进行了数值模拟. 通过研究发现,单液滴内空化气泡的生长过程可以按控制机理划分为表面张力控制阶段、综合竞争阶段和惯性力控制阶段;在第I 阶段,空泡的生长主要受表面张力的控制作用,惯性力对空泡生长的促进作用及黏性力对空泡生长的抑制作用可以忽略;在第II 阶段,空泡的生长受表面张力、惯性力及黏性力三者的综合作用,空泡的生长速率是促进空泡生长的惯性力和抑制空泡生长的表面张力及黏性力相互竞争、共同作用的结果;在第III 阶段,空泡的生长主要受惯性力的控制作用,抑制空泡生长的表面张力及黏性力的作用基本可以忽略. 单液滴内空化气泡的溃灭过程由多个溃灭阶段和反弹阶段构成,类似于有阻尼弹簧振子的振动过程;根据每个溃灭周期结束时空泡半径随时间的变化历程,可以将空泡的溃灭分为快速溃灭期、缓慢溃灭期以及稳定期;溃灭初期空泡溃灭压力的变化非常剧烈,但空泡溃灭体积的变化则要相对平缓得多;空泡反弹压力随时间的变化与空泡反弹体积随时间的变化基本对应.      

球形颗粒对固体壁面附近激光诱导空化泡射流行为影响的实验研究

依托高速摄影系统,本文探析了固体壁面和单个球形颗粒附近激光诱导空化泡溃灭过程中的射流行为。在实验过程中,主要对空化泡与颗粒间的无量纲距离以及空化泡与固体壁面间的无量纲距离进行了精确控制。基于高速相机所捕捉到空化泡完整动力学过程的图片和数据,发现无量纲数α(空化泡-颗粒无量纲距离与空化泡-固体壁面无量纲距离间的比值,表征空化泡在固体壁面与颗粒附近的相对位置)对实验结果有着较为显著的影响,并基于此对实验结果进行了定性和定量分析。分析结果表明:(1)与无颗粒的情况进行对比,颗粒的存在使空化泡溃灭时的射流方向产生偏移,且α越小,其所对应的射流方向的偏移程度越大。(2)当α较小时,空化泡沿颗粒表面向壁面方向发生显著移动。     

A calculation of the parameters of the high-speed jet formed in the collapse of a bubble

As is known, the collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid can cause the intensive destruction of solid boundary surfaces. Experimental and theoretical investigations of bubble collapse have led to the conclusion that the surface of a bubble can deform and a liquid jet directed toward the solid surface can form in the process [1, 2]. In the theoretical reports [3, 4] too low jet velocities were obtained, inadequate to explain the destruction of the surface in a single impact. In [5] it was found as a result of numerical calculations that the formation of jets possessing enormous velocities is possible. It was also found that two fundamentally different schemes of jet formation are possible in the collapse of a bubble near a wall. The transition from one scheme to the other occurs upon a relatively small change in the initial shape of the bubble. In the present report we investigate the case of sufficiently small initial deformations of a bubble when the region occupied by the bubble remains simply connected during the formation of the jet; i.e., the separation of a small bubble from the bubble does not occur. In the case of the second scheme of bubble collapse near a wall the connectedness of the free boundary is disrupted and a small bubble separates off during the formation of the jet.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 94–99, May–June, 1979.     

瞬态空化泡演变过程的数值模拟

采用边界积分方程方法，对无粘流体中三个空化泡以及自由面附近二个空化泡相互作用的演变过程进行了数值模拟。计算中边界用二阶有限元离散，影响系数矩阵非对角线元素用六点高斯数值积分方法计算，对第一类、第二类完全椭圆积分用高次多项式近似，对计算系数矩阵对角线元素中遇到的奇异积分进行了特殊处理。结果表明，在不同的给定参数下，空化泡的溃灭形态各异，柱状射流和环形射流都有可能发生，使空化泡演变成双泡或环形泡。     

Motion and filling of cavities in a boundless liquid and close to a plane

The motion of bubbles in liquids has been studied in many earlier papers [1–8]. In this paper methods of the projection type are applied to the problem of a cavity in an ideal, incompressible liquid in the absence of vortices. The collapse of a bubble having a finite initial velocity in a boundless liquid is considered; also considered is the collapse of a stationary bubble close to a solid wall. Using the small-parameter method the generation of a jet is examined analytically. A numerical computing method not involving small parameters is developed; it is based on calculating the projection by numerical computation of the corresponding integrals. The method combines economy and simplicity of application with a high accuracy in the region in which the representation of the velocity potential by a series of spherical functions remains effective.     

Multiscale tow-phase flow modeling of sheet and cloud cavitation

A multiscale two-phase flow model based on a coupled Eulerian/Lagrangian approach is applied to capture the sheet cavitation formation, development, unsteady breakup, and bubble cloud shedding on a hydrofoil. No assumptions are needed on mass transfer. Instead natural free field nuclei and solid boundary nucleation are modelled and enable capture of the sheet and cloud dynamics. The multiscale model includes a micro-scale model for tracking the bubbles, a macro-scale model for describing large cavity dynamics, and a transition scheme to bridge the micro and macro scales. With this multiscale model small nuclei are seen to grow into large bubbles, which eventually merge to form a large scale sheet cavity. A reentrant jet forms under the sheet cavity, travels upstream, and breaks the cavity, resulting in the emission of high pressure peaks as the broken pockets shrink and collapse while travelling downstream. The method is validated on a 2D NACA0015 foil and is shown to be in good agreement with published experimental measurements in terms of sheet cavity lengths and shedding frequencies. Sensitivity assessment of the model parameters and 3D effects on the predicted major cavity dynamics are also discussed.     

A novel numerical scheme for the investigation of surface tension effects on growth and collapse stages of cavitation bubbles

In the present study the effects of surface tension on the growth and collapse stages of cavitation bubbles are studied individually for both spherical and nonspherical bubbles. The Gilmore equation is used to simulate the spherical bubble dynamics by considering mass diffusion and heat transfer. For the collapse stage near a rigid boundary, the Navier–Stokes and energy equations are used to simulate the flow domain, and the VOF method is adopted to track the interface between the gas and the liquid phases. Simulations are divided into two cases. In the first case, the collapse stage alone is considered in both spherical and nonspherical situations with different conditions of bubble radius and surface tension. According to the results, surface tension has no significant effects on the flow pattern and collapse rate. In the second case, both the growth and collapse stages of bubbles with different initial radii and surface tensions are considered. In this case surface tension affects the growth stage considerably and, as a result, the jet velocity and collapse time decrease with increasing surface tension coefficient. This effect is more significant for bubbles with smaller radii.     

Experimental and asymptotic study of nonspherical bubble collapse

Observations of the behavior of spark-generated bubbles in the vicinity of solid and free boundaries are described. In all cases, the formation of a reentering region (microjet or constriction) occurs on the part of the bubble which has the most freedom of motion. Drag-reducing polymer additives are seen to significantly affect bubble departure from sphericity. Their presence weakens the influence of nearby solid boundaries, and seems to enhance that of a free surface. The relative importance of the acoustic pulses emitted during successive implosions and rebounds of the bubble is seen to be modified by the proximity of a solid wall. When the radius of the bubble is small compared to its distance from the closest boundary, a theoretical approach, using matched asymptotic expansion, is applied successfully to describe the nonspherical bubble behavior and the pressure field. This method is extended to the case of a multi-bubble system. It is very useful in determining the limiting distances of interaction. In the case of a free surface this distance is less than two bubble diameters. When applied to a solid wall covered with an elastic coating of finite thickness, or to a two-liquid interface this technique shows a selection process: bubbles closer than a limiting distance to the boundary are repelled during their collapse. The collapse is toward the boundary only for bubbles beyond this distance and is therefore less damaging.     

水下爆炸气泡射流载荷计算的新方法研究

由于存在强冲击、多相界面复杂运动等强非线性效应,目前对于水下爆炸气泡运动的计算方法无法给出较为可信的水射流运动特征及其载荷形式.本文基于多相可压缩流体的five-equation计算模型,引入界面函数和界面密度压缩技术,采用5阶WENO重构与HLLC近似Riemann求解器进行空间离散,时间离散采用3阶TVD Runge-Kutta法.通过上述方法来提高水下爆炸气泡溃灭过程中气-液界面的计算精度,捕捉水射流的产生、发展以及水锤冲击等典型演化过程.计算结果表明,新的计算方法能够对水下近壁面爆炸气泡的溃灭过程进行有效的模拟,初步揭示了水射流直接载荷的特征,为水射流的产生机理及其损伤效应的研究提供技术支撑.     

水下爆炸近壁面流场局部空化形成机理

为深入认识水下爆炸近壁面流场局部空化的形成机理，采用自行研制的转镜式分幅相机，获得了炸药水下爆炸近壁面流场局部空化效应的光学图像，结合数值模拟和Taylor平面波理论、空泡动力学理论，分析了近壁面空化效应的形成过程。结果表明：界面反射的稀疏波作用和水中空化核的膨胀发展是水下爆炸近壁面流场空化效应形成的原因；外界流场压力对空泡初期膨胀运动影响较小，对空泡后期运动行为影响较大；低压环境下不同尺度空泡的运动行为存在较大差异，小尺度空泡（半径小于10μm）在低压环境下处于快速膨胀、溃灭状态，对流场空化影响较小；大尺度空泡（半径大于10μm）可失去稳定性，半径持续增大，对流场空化区的形成影响较大；水中不同尺寸空泡空间分布的随机性可导致空化区成长过程中呈现非规则形状。     

Pulsating,buoyant bubbles close to a rigid boundary and near the null final Kelvin impulse state

This theoretical and computational study provides insight into the behaviour of large bubbles generated by underwater explosions near the seabed and airguns close to supporting structures when at least two opposing forces influence bubble behaviour. A null final Kelvin impulse occurs when these forces are in balance over a pulsation. Likewise for smaller bubbles such as occur in levitation phenomena for bubbles in a sound field, an ‘equilibrium’ bubble position is achieved. In both cases, energy dissipation mechanisms near minimum volume are important in determining subsequent bubble behaviour. Two cases typify the jetting behaviour near the null final Kelvin impulse state: (i) formation of an inward-flowing circular radial jet leading to bubble splitting, and (ii) formation of two opposite high-speed axial jets directed towards the bubble centre. The complex behaviour is attributed to a slight difference between the strength of the opposing forces acting on the bubble during growth and collapse. The present results indicate that the jetting behaviour in the neighbourhood of the neutral bubble collapse can be adequately described by the Kelvin impulse itself, but evaluated during the collapse phase of the bubble. Its direction determines the position of the radial jet in the initial phase of the collapse while its magnitude indicates the degree of asymmetry of the bubble-split and the intensity of the radial jet. Both factors are essential in estimating the final fate of the bubble at the neutral collapse state. Away from this null-state, the final Kelvin impulse is a valuable tool in predicting the migratory characteristics of the bubble and the direction of the axial jet developed during bubble collapse.     

Single cavitation bubble generation and observation of the bubble collapse flow induced by a pressure wave

This study utilizes a U-shape platform device to generate a single cavitation bubble for a detailed analysis of the flow field characteristics and the cause of the counter jet during the process of bubble collapse caused by sending a pressure wave. A high speed camera is used to record the flow field of the bubble collapse at different distances from a solid boundary. It is found that a Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex is formed when a liquid jet penetrates the bubble surface after the bubble is compressed and deformed. If the bubble center to the solid boundary is within one to three times the bubble’s radius, a stagnation ring will form on the boundary when impinged by the liquid jet. The fluid inside the stagnation ring will be squeezed toward the center of the ring to form a counter jet after the bubble collapses. At the critical position, where the bubble center from the solid boundary is about three times the bubble’s radius, the bubble collapse flow will vary. Depending on the strengths of the pressure waves applied, the collapse can produce a Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex, the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, or the generation of a counter jet flow. If the bubble surface is in contact with the solid boundary, the liquid jet can only move inside-out without producing the stagnation ring and the counter jet; thus, the bubble collapses along the radial direction. The complex phenomenon of cavitation bubble collapse flows is clearly manifested in this study.