激波管与冲击波防护

冲击波防护的重要性与问题核武器的防护问题,在各个领域内展开了广泛的研究.众所周知,核武器有四种杀伤因素:光辐射、冲击波,早期核辐射、放射性沾染.实际上,人们还发现,电磁脉冲的破坏也是不能忽视的.这些破坏杀伤因素中,冲击波的破坏杀伤威力最大.在核武器防护研究中,冲击波的防护研究占 ...     

激光产生激波破碎膀胱结石

<正> 今天最常用的破碎膀胱结石和肾结石的方法是激波碎石法。此法是在体外通过火花放电产生激波,对准要粉碎的结石,因此不必手术摘除。当然这种方法不可避免有副作用,例如在肾区观察到血肿。西德马克斯-普朗克量子光学研究所(慕尼黑)的物理学家和激光医学中心(吕贝克)的科学家正在研究的一种新方法,将使病人受到的痛苦较少面且价格相当便宜。医务工作者和物理学家希望将来用短激光脉冲来击碎肾结石和胆结石。该法是用一根可      

冲击波技术在医学领域的应用

冲击波研究长期以来用于解决超音速飞行、宇宙飞船重返大气层等相关的高速气体动力学问题.近30年来,冲击波技术成功地应用于医学领域.本文从阐述体外冲击波碎石机的工作原理开始,对体外冲击波碎除肾结石和尿道结石的作用机制(如应力作用、空化效应)进行评述;在此基础上,重点介绍了冲击波治疗骨不连、假关节、肩周炎、网球肘及其他骨科疾病的临床疗效.通过认识气泡崩裂产生的微型水喷射的特点,综述了水中微爆炸、激光聚焦产生的微型水喷射和微型冲击波进行血运重建的理论和方法;通过认识基于冲击波的DNA/药物的定向转运技术,综述了液态DNA转运、粉末状药物转运、分子转移入胞的实验装置和实验结果.此外,还介绍了冲击波在兽医学中用于治疗马、犬等动物的跟腱、韧带和骨的损伤的疗效.最后,展望了今后值得研究的几个领域:冲击波的新波源、冲击波治疗的新设备、冲击波技术在脑血栓血运重建和癌症治疗中的应用.      

近固壁微米尺度空泡溃灭的数值研究

考虑空泡表面张力、液体黏性和气体可压缩性,采用VOF多相流模型对近固壁微米尺度空泡在静止流场溃灭过程进行了数值研究.获得了近固壁空泡溃灭过程的流场细节,分析了空泡与固壁的无量纲距离γ对空泡溃灭过程动力特性的影响,并揭示了不同γ条件下的固壁空蚀破坏机理.计算结果表明:随着γ的减小,泡心向固壁移动的趋势明显,射流形成前空泡上部高压区内压力减小,空泡溃灭时间延长,最大射流速度减小.模拟结果验证了空泡溃灭将产生冲击波和高速微射流,二者均会在固壁面产生脉冲压力,其是造成壁面损伤的两种主要原因.参数γ对固壁的空蚀破坏机理有重要影响.与微射流机制相比,以冲击波机制为主的空蚀破坏更显著.微射流冲击固壁的作用半径为10μm左右,将引起固壁"点"蚀坑的出现.当γ=2.0时,冲击波扫掠壁面的范围相对较广,有效作用半径约为1 mm,其导致固壁产生较大圆形蚀坑,且中心空蚀严重.     

热障涂层材料性能和失效机理研究进展

热障涂层材料破坏由大尺度屈曲和层离机制产生, 而这些机制又是微裂纹形核、扩展及相互连通结果的积累.由于特殊制备工艺和使用环境, 材料性能涉及到许多特殊机制.近半个世纪的研究,人们对其性能有了充分认识.综述 近几年的研究结果,内容包括:热生长氧化现象及其热力学描述;热生长应力与材料失效的联系;材料破坏机理与性能 控制参数和材料微组织的联系;微缺陷演化产生的材料屈曲和层离所需的能量释放率;破坏 准则、服役寿命预计模型和评价标准等.     

接触爆炸作用下高聚物复合板毁伤特性分析

高聚物材料具有成型快和膨胀性能好的特点，该材料与碎石和钢筋的复合结构应用于地基处理和城市道路脱空除险加固，具有明显优势。本文中，设计并制作了高聚物碎石板和钢筋高聚物板，开展了接触爆炸冲击下的试验研究，通过毁伤尺寸和所测冲击波数据探讨了2种板的毁伤特性。基于ANSYS/AUTODYN非线性显式有限元程序，建立了试验中毁伤更严重的钢筋高聚物板的接触爆炸全耦合模型，并通过与试验结果的对比，验证了所建耦合模型的准确性和适用性。参数化分析了钢筋高聚物板对炸药量和板厚的敏感性，并利用多参数非线性回归分析方法，提出了钢筋高聚物板迎爆面和背爆面破坏直径的预测公式。结果表明：接触爆炸作用下，高聚物碎石板的毁伤模式以接触部位的局部震塌冲切破坏为主，除此之还有一些毁伤裂纹；钢筋高聚物板的破坏模式主要是迎爆面爆坑毁伤、背爆面剥落损伤和中心冲切贯穿破坏。高聚物碎石板和钢筋高聚物板对爆炸冲击波都具有良好的衰减作用，有望应用到抗爆炸冲击防护领域。     

准球面冲击波高压回收装置的研究

研究了以硝基甲烷液体炸药作为冲击波发生源的准球面汇聚冲击波超高压回收装置。在该装置上 ,利用冲击波由金属球体表面向中心汇聚形成的高压 ,对样品进行了冲击处理 ;分析了回收的金属球体内、外破坏情况及金相组织变化。结果表明 :该装置产生的球面冲击波对称性较好 ,样品回收可靠性较高 ;金属球体中心附近压力超过 2 0 7GPa ;对进行超高压冲击条件下的材料回收实验有较高的实用价值。     

内部爆炸作用下20钢柱壳的变形及相变

研究冲击波作用下金属微观组织变化对于理解柱壳结构在高应变率下的变形及破坏极为重要。实验通过对20钢金属柱壳在内部爆炸载荷作用下的爆炸回收碎片截面进行微观分析,探讨冲击波作用下材料的组织演化、相变特征,同时使用有限元方法对柱壳膨胀断裂过程中的热力学特征进行分析。研究发现:20钢柱壳近内表面满足α→ε相变热力学条件的有限深度区域内,α晶粒内可见明显的平行滑移线分布特征;电子背散射衍射揭示了平行滑移线区域内组织碎化,且存在{112}<111>和{332}<113>两种孪晶,同时平行滑移线的碎化组织区域中存在密排六方晶格(HCP)的ε相结构,而试样原始组织及爆炸后除试样壁厚内部(0～3.0 mm)区域外均未见ε相结构残留。分析认为:冲击过程中发生了α→ε相变;相变引发的材料性能改变将可能影响断裂破坏过程;考虑冲击波作用下金属材料动态相变对结构变形与破坏的影响,对这类柱壳变形及破坏的精密物理模拟具有重要意义,有必要开展进一步研究。     

复杂冲击波的非听力损伤评估研究进展

介绍了国外学者在复杂冲击波造成的非听力损伤评估研究中的一些新进展,并对几种不同评估技术的优缺点以及适用范围进行了分析。最大向内胸壁速度损伤评估法、有效峰值损伤评估法和injury软件损伤评估法是目前复杂冲击波对生物损伤评估中使用最广泛的方法。用有限元方法对复杂冲击波作用下的胸腔和腹腔器官响应机制和作用机理进行研究是今后研究的深入发展方向。     

多层钢管在冲击波作用下的动力压扁研究

1 引言随着碰撞事故和爆炸灾难的增加,人们对钢管的大变形行为和吸能特性给予极大的关注.横向静载作用下位于两刚性平板间钢管的大变形规律研究已经有了令人满意的成果,在高速撞击作用下的情况也有报道,但是在冲击波作用下钢管的动力压扁问题还未见到有关文献.由于冲击波既具有高速、高强的特点,又不象撞击那样仅是瞬时作用,所以相应的研究是必要的.本文通过实验和理论分析对多层钢管在空气冲击波作用下动力压扁的主要规律进行了研究.重点报道实验结果,并给出了问题的模态近似解.2 实验研究     

Cavitation phenomena in extracorporeal microexplosion lithotripsy

An experimental investigation was made of cavitation phenomena induced by underwater shock wave focusing applied to the extracorporeal microexplosion lithotripsy (microexplosion ESWL). Firstly an underwater microexplosion generated by detonation of a 10 mg silver azide pellet was studied and secondly underwater shock focusing and its induced cavitation phenomena were investgated. Underwater shock wave was focused by using a semi-ellipsoidal reflector in which a shock wave generated at the first focal point of the reflector was reflected and focused at the second focal point. It is found that an explosion product gas bubble did not produce any distinct rebound shocks. Meantime cavitation appeared after shock focusing at the second focal point where expansion waves originated at the exit of the reflector were simultaneously collected. A shock/bubble interaction is found to contribute not only to urinary tract stone disintegration but also tissue damage. The cavitation effect associated with the microexplosion ESWL was weaker in comparison with a spark discharge ESWL. The microexplosion ESWL is an effective method which can minimize the number of shock exposures hence decreasing tissue damage by conducting precise positioning of urinary tract stones.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Anti-miss-shot control device for selective stone disintegration in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A new device to prevent erroneously focused shock waves to the renal parenchyma during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been developed; an anti-miss-shot control device (AMCD) and experiments have been conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. For shock wave generation and stone localization, piezoceramic elements (PSE) and ultrasound localization, respectively were used. After stone localization, probing ultrasounds (PU) were emmitted from the PSE towards the focal region and the reflected sound levels (RSL) were monitored by the PSE which also functioned as a microphone. A direct hit by the PU to the stone or a miss was judged from the RSL, i.e. a high RSL indicates a direct hit and a low RSL indicates a miss. Shock waves were generated only when the RSL exceeded the level which indicated a direct hit. The experimental results showed that the injury to the renal parenchyma was decreased by using the AMCD. Clinical application of the AMCD is expected to increase the safety of ESWL.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

Medical applications and bioeffects of extracorporeal shock waves

Lithotripter shock waves are pressure pulses of microsecond duration with peak pressures of 35–120 MPa followed by a tensile wave. They are an established treatment modality for kidney and gallstone disease. Further applications are pancreatic and salivary stones, as well as delayed fracture healing. The latter are either on their way to become established treatments or are currently under investigation. Shock waves generate tissue damage as a side effect which has been extensively investigated in the kidney, the liver, and the gallbladder. The primary adverse effects are local destruction of blood vessels, bleedings, and formation of blood clots in vessels. Investigations on the mechanism of shock wave action revealed that lithotripters generate cavitation both in vitro and in vivo. An increase in tissue damage at higher pulse administration rates, and also at shock wave application with concomitant gas bubble injection suggested that cavitation is a major mechanism of tissue damage. Disturbances of the heart rhythm and excitation of nerves are further biological effects of shock waves; both are probably also mediated by cavitation. On the cellular level, shock waves induce damage to cell organelles; its extent is related to their energy density. They also cause a transient increase in membrane permeability which does not lead to cell death. Administered either alone or in combination with drugs, shock waves have been shown to delay the growth of small animal tumors and even induce tumor remissions. While the role of cavitation in biological effects is widely accepted, the mechanism of stone fragmentation by shock waves is still controversial. Cavitation is detected around the stone and hyperbaric pressure suppresses fragmentation; yet major cracks are formed early before cavitation bubble collapse is observed. The latter has been regarded as evidence for a direct shock wave effect.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

激波的传播与干扰

激波的传播特性既取决于激波的产生条件,也与所处的传播环境密切相关。驱动条件、几何边界、介质的物理化学属性等发生变化时,都会引起激波传播特性的改变,而激波的变化反过来又会对其波及的流场产生影响。尽管激波传播及其干扰现象广泛存在于自然界和人类科技活动之中,其复杂机理的认识、规律的描述乃至应用潜力的挖掘仍有漫长的路要走。本文根据气体中激波传播和干扰现象以及与之相关的理论描述特征,在对激波传播以及反射、折射等基本现象进行简要阐述的基础上,重点围绕目前的热点问题,包括激波/激波干扰、激波/边界层干扰、激波与湍流作用、激波的聚焦与点火以及激波作用下气体界面不稳定性等研究进行了介绍和讨论,旨在对近年来该领域的进展及获得的成果做一个概述和归纳,期望对将来的深入研究有一个鉴借意义。     

Shock wave propagation and interactions

激波的传播特性既取决于激波的产生条件,也与所处的传播环境密切相关.驱动条件、几何边界、介质的物理化学属性等发生变化时,都会引起激波传播特性的改变,而激波的变化反过来又会对其波及的流场产生影响.尽管激波传播及其干扰现象广泛存在于自然界和人类科技活动之中,其复杂机理的认识、规律的描述乃至应用潜力的挖掘仍有漫长的路要走.本文根据气体中激波传播和干扰现象以及与之相关的理论描述特征,在对激波传播以及反射、折射等基本现象进行简要阐述的基础上,重点围绕目前的热点问题,包括激波/激波干扰、激波/边界层干扰、激波与湍流作用、激波的聚焦与点火以及激波作用下气体界面不稳定性等研究进行了介绍和讨论,旨在对近年来该领域的进展及获得的成果做一个概述和归纳,期望对将来的深入研究有一个鉴借意义.     

The influence of single-pulse and tandem shock waves on bacteria

Tandem shock waves have shown to enhance kidney stone fragmentation during in vitro and in vivo extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). The purpose of this research was to study the influence of shock waves on the viability of two strains of bacteria in solution, and to verify if tandem shock waves increase microorganism death. A piezoelectric shock wave generator was modified to generate either standard (single-pulse) or tandem (dual-pulse) shock waves. E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes were exposed in vitro to thousands of standard shock waves. Another group was subjected to the same number of tandem shock waves with a delay of 450 μs. A third group was exposed to tandem shock waves having a 900-μs delay. No inactivation was observed for both microorganisms at up to 8,000 standard shock waves. About 40% of L. monocytogenes and 50% of E. coli were inactivated after treatment with tandem waves at a delay of 900 μs. Inactivation was less efficient for a delay of 400 μs. Our results could be useful in medicine, because infection stones are still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after SWL. The use of tandem shock waves to treat persistent localized infections or as a novel non-thermal food-preservation method also might be possible.      

Extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy for ischemic heart disease

Prognosis of severe ischemic heart disease with no indication of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting still remains poor. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy was introduced for medical therapy more than 20 years ago to break up kidney stones. We have demonstrated that extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy at a low level of ~10% of energy density that used for urinary lithotripsy treatment, effectively induces coronary angiogenesis and improves myocardial ischemia in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia in vivo. On the basis of the promising results in animal studies, we have recently developed a new, non-invasive angiogenic therapy with low-energy shock waves for ischemic heart disease. Our extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy improved symptoms and myocardial ischemia in patients with severe coronary artery disease. These beneficial effects of the shock wave therapy persisted for at least 12 months. Importantly, no procedural complications or adverse effects were noted. These results indicate that our extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy is an effective and non-invasive treatment for ischemic heart disease. To further confirm the usefulness and safety of our SW therapy, we are currently conducting the second clinical trial in a randomized and placebo-controlled manner.      

弹体超高速侵彻石灰岩靶体地冲击的数值模拟研究

为探究超高速动能武器的对地破坏效应及其影响因素,采用数值模拟方法对弹体超高速侵彻的地冲击规律进行了研究。首先,基于石灰岩静动态力学性能实验数据对材料模型参数进行了标定,并对已有弹体大范围着速侵彻石灰岩靶体进行了模拟,验证了所采用材料模型和数值模拟方法的合理性。随后,开展了钨合金长杆弹超高速侵彻石灰岩靶体的数值模拟,细致分析了地冲击传播的现象和机理:弹体超高速侵彻靶体时,弹靶交界面处会产生瞬时高压,并以应力波的形式在靶体中传播,对靶体内部造成破坏,且当弹体初速度高于3.0 km/s时,地冲击显著增强。最后,进一步研究了不同弹靶参数对地冲击的影响,发现从相对深度来看,弹体参数（弹体长径比、密度）对地冲击规律影响不大;而靶体特征特别是孔隙率对地冲击传播具有较大影响。     

Development of a PVDF low-cost shock-wave hydrophone

During a few past years a series of shock-wave generators for lithotripsy and/or tissue destruction studies have been developed in our laboratory. Based on the experiences in shock wave measurements and the drawbacks in existing hydrophones, we have developed a very low-cost, wideband, reproducible shock-wave hydrophone. The key element of this device is the rapidly mounting, disposable PVDF membrane. This is a commercially available PVDF shock gauge which is poled by a patented cyclic poling technique. To obtain the widest possible bandwidth, we have adopted a special coplanar membrane design. The PVDF film is sandwiched between the surfaces of a P.V.C. and a metallic plate of brass which the latter is in contact with the surrounding medium. On the other hand, the active lead is isolated from medium and it is in contact with an isolating liquid (degassed petroleum) held in a cylindrical chamber over the membrane. By the incorporation of this design, the hydrophone can be used for shock wave measurements even in conductive media like different physiological liquids, with a negligible change of sensitivity.