高速电弧喷涂Fe-Al涂层的高温磨损特性

采用滑动磨损试验方法考察了高速电弧喷涂Fe-Al金属间化合物涂层与Si3N4陶瓷球配副在室温～650 ℃下的摩擦磨损特性,并探讨了涂层的高温摩擦磨损机理.结果表明,随着试验温度的升高,Fe-Al涂层的摩擦系数降低,耐磨性明显提高.在高温下涂层滑动摩擦系数降低的主要原因在于磨损表面发生摩擦氧化反应,从而形成具有固体润滑作用的氧化物保护层,涂层在高温下主要呈现剥层磨损特征,涂层组分Fe3Al和FeAl金属间化合物的高温强度和硬度较高,能有效地阻碍裂纹的产生、扩展及扁平颗粒的断裂,从而使得Fe-Al涂层表现出优异的高温耐磨性.     

等离子喷涂纳米和常规喂料WC—Co涂层在干摩擦和水环境中的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用大气等离子喷涂法分别以纳米和常规喂料制备出2种WC—Co涂层，在SRV摩擦磨损试验机上考察了2种涂层在干摩擦和水环境中的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：在干摩擦和水环境中，纳米WC—Co涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均小于常规WC—Co涂层；纳米和常规WC—Co涂层的磨损机制差异不大，在干摩擦下其磨损机制主要以粘着磨损、剥落和磨粒磨损为主；在水环境中，WC—Co涂层与Si3N4配副时的摩擦系数和磨损量较与不锈钢球配副时高，2种摩擦副的磨损机理有所不同，前者主要以剥落和疲劳磨损为主，后者主要以粘着磨损为主，伴有轻微的磨粒磨损．     

均匀设计研究火焰喷涂尼龙1010涂层干摩擦磨损性能

利用均匀试验设计方法考察了火焰喷涂尼龙1010涂层在干摩擦条件下同GCr15钢配副时的摩擦磨损性能；利用SPSS统计软件对试验结果进行了回归分析，建立了涂层摩擦系数和磨损质量损失同pv值相关性的数学模型；采用扫描电子显微镜分析了涂层磨损表面形貌，进而探讨了涂层的磨损机理．结果表明，所建立的回归模型可信、可行，具有显著性和统计意义；火焰喷涂尼龙1010涂层在不同试验条件下的摩擦磨损性能同pv值密切相关；这是由于尼龙1010涂层的粘弹性因摩擦表面温度不同而明显不同所致；当pv值较低时，涂层摩擦表面温度相对较低，涂层仅发生弹性变形，相应的摩擦系数较小；随着pv值的增加，涂层摩擦表面温度升高、破坏加剧，故摩擦系数和磨损质量损失增大；当pv值足够大时，涂层摩擦表面温度进一步升高，部分涂层发生熔融并形成润滑膜，相应的摩擦系数和磨损质量损失降低．涂层的主要磨损机理为塑性变形、疲劳磨损和粘着磨损。     

载电条件下铬青铜／纯铜摩擦副摩擦磨损性能研究

考察了纯铜销试样和铬青铜QCr0．5盘试样摩擦副在载电条件下的滑动摩擦磨损性能，并初步探讨了摩擦磨损机制．结果表明，电流对铬青铜／纯铜摩擦副的滑动干摩擦行为具有显著影响，随着电流增加，销试样的磨损率增加，摩擦系数增大，摩擦表面塑性流动和粘着加剧．     

三种粘结固体润滑涂层微动磨损性能比较研究

采用Deltalab-Nene型微动摩擦磨损试验机和UMT-2型通用摩擦磨损试验仪对比考察了42CrMo钢基体表面MoS2基、石墨基、PTFE基粘结固体润滑涂层的微动磨损性能及其同涂层划痕临界载荷的相关性；基于微动损伤表面和截面扫描电子显微分析以及涂层原始表面和微动磨损表面X射线衍射分析，探讨了几种涂层的微动损伤机理．结果表明：3种涂层的减摩抗磨性能并不简单取决于其同基体的结合强度，而是同时与涂层本身的机械力学性能和微结构密切相关；涂层在微动早期经历较轻微的塑性变形和流动，并可沿滑动方向发生晶粒择优取向，进而在偶件磨损表面形成转移膜，从而有效地起到减摩抗磨作用；涂层的失效主要归因于往复疲劳应力作用下的裂纹萌生、扩展以及层状剥落．     

石墨对三氧化二铝/铜金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金技术制备了Al2O3／Cu石墨复合材料；采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了石墨对Al2O3／Cu基金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能和硬度的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌．结果表明：Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的摩擦系数随石墨含量的增加而降低，当石墨含量大于1.0％后，摩擦系数降低明显；当石墨含量低于3％时，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的磨损体积损失随石墨含量的增加而降低；当石墨含量低于2．0％时，石墨对Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度无明显影响；当石墨含量超过3．0％后，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度随石墨含量的增加迅速降低；此外，石墨使得Al2O3／Cu基复合材料磨损表面的微裂纹减少、裂纹长度缩短；当石墨含量达到2．5％时，复合材料磨损表面微裂纹消失．这是由于石墨在磨损表面形成固体润滑膜，从而降低摩擦力并减少裂纹源所致．     

纤维取向对C／C复合材料滑动摩擦磨损特性的影响

采用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机研究了干摩擦条件下纤维取向对C／C复合材料与40Cr钢摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响．结果表明：随着载荷增加，纤维轴向与滑动方向一致（X方向）时的摩擦系数较垂直滑动方向／摩擦表面（Y／Z方向）时的变化幅度低，X方向试样基体炭的磨屑损耗快，磨损较大；Y／Z方向试样基体炭的磨屑移动能力低，易堆积成膜，但在高载荷下纤维易被剪切．对于全光滑层热解炭材料，随着载荷增加，其X方向的磨损体积损失在0．4266～0．997mm^3之间，Y方向的磨损体积损失在0．448～1．020mm^3之间，而Z方向的磨损体积损失在0．349～1．420mm^3之间；对于全树脂炭材料，X方向的磨损体积损失随载荷增加在0．429～1．134mm^3之M波动，而Y方向的磨损体积损失在0．237～0．981mm^3之间变化．     

Ni／聚氨酯纳米复合涂层的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

用超声化学方法制备了纳米Ni微粒，并在此基础上制备了Ni／聚氨酯纳米复合涂层，用X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜表征了纳米Ni微粒的结构和形貌以及纳米复合涂层中Ni微粒的分布；用球—盘摩擦磨损试验机评价了Ni／聚氨酯纳米复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：纳米Ni微粒平均品粒尺寸为10nm；纳米Ni微粒均匀分布在Ni／聚氨酯纳米复合涂层中，其颗粒尺寸约为50nm；Ni／聚氨酯纳米复合涂层的摩擦学性能明显优于聚氨酯涂层．     

等离子喷涂Al2O3/TiO2纳米复合涂层的制备、结构及摩擦学性能

采用喷雾干燥法对溶胶-凝胶法合成的系列A l2O3/TiO2纳米复合粉体进行造粒,使用等离子喷涂技术制备系列A l2O3/TiO2纳米复合涂层.对涂层结构和形貌分析表明所制备的A l2O3/TiO2纳米复合涂层形成了具有熔融区和半熔融区的双区形态的纳米复合结构.使用UMT-2MT试验机研究了复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能,结果表明复合涂层的磨损率随TiO2含量的增加表现出先降低而后增大的趋势,TiO2质量百分数为10%的纳米复合涂层的磨损率最低;而涂层的摩擦系数随TiO2含量的增加变化不大.复合涂层的磨损机制为裂纹扩展导致的磨损剥落.     

干摩擦条件下WC增强Cu—Mn—Ni复合涂层的磨损性能研究

通过钎焊工艺在 45 # 钢表面沉积WC颗粒增强Cu -Mn -Ni复合涂层 ,考察了WC颗粒尺寸及含量对WC/Cu-Mn -Ni复合涂层耐磨性能的影响 .实验结果表明 :在给定的试验条件下 ,当WC颗粒质量分数为 30 %而平均粒径为 15 0 μm时 ,复合涂层的耐磨性最佳 ;WC颗粒对复合涂层磨损过程及磨损机制具有显著的影响 ,磨损机理表现为表面微突体间相互滑动产生塑性变形、粘着、脆性剥落及犁削     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.