中国高速列车研发与展望

十几年来, 以高速列车为代表的高速铁路装备在长期技术积累和自主研发的基础上,经过引进消化吸收再创新、自主提升创新、全面创新和持续创新,成功研制了多代先进的高速列车产品. 通过不断的技术创新,突破了高速列车系列关键技术, 形成了自主研发能力,不断提升高速列车的安全性、可靠性、经济性、环保性及智能化.我国高速列车的运行速度、综合舒适度、安全性、可靠性、节能环保等各项综合性能指标优良,部分指标达到国际领先水平.论文系统回顾了我国和谐号动车组、复兴号动车组、城际动车组、前沿动车组产品的发展成就及主要技术突破,分析了高速列车研发过程中面临的复杂环境适应性、大系统复杂耦合作用、安全可靠设计、智能化应用等关键技术挑战,系统概述了高速列车故障预测与健康管理技术、车体轻量化技术、被动安全防护技术、碳纤维复合材料应用、气动外形设计技术、高速转向架技术、噪声控制技术、牵引制动技术等关键技术的研究进展及主要技术突破, 并展望了高速列车动力学技术、结构安全技术、被动安全防护技术、流固耦合技术、牵引制动技术、智能控制安全技术、故障预测与健康管理技术、综合节能技术等关键技术的未来发展方向.      

Generalization of the Stefan model to allow for both velocity and temperature jumps

We obtain an expression for the energy dissipation due to an evolving nonmaterial interface across which the mass density, velocity, stress, energy density, heat flux, entropy density, and temperature may be discontinuous. This expression is a sum of three terms: the product of the interfacial mass flux with the interfacial energy release; the scalar product of the interfacial velocity slip with the interfacial friction; and, the product of the interfacial temperature jump, scaled by the interfacial temperature average, with the interfacial heating. When the surface in question is a phase interface, we propose, on the basis of the interfacial dissipation inequality, supplemental relations that determine the interfacial energy release, the interfacial friction, and the interfacial heating constitutively as functions of the interfacial mass flux, the interfacial velocity slip, and the scaled interfacial temperature jump. As a step toward an understanding of the role that such interfacial relations may serve in theories for phase transitions, we investigate a problem involving the solidification of a pure substance in the absence of flow. Received February 17, 1999     

In Memory of Our Honorary Editor-in-Chief Editorial Board of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

Chien Wei-zang,one of the founders of modern mechanics in China,a world renowned scientist,educator,outstanding social leader,prominent leader of the Chinese Democratic League and a close friend of the Communist Party of China,the Vice Chairman of the 6th,7th,8th,and 9th National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the Vice Chairman of the 5th, 6th, and 7th Central Committee of Chinese Democratic League, the Honorary Chairman of the 7th, 8th, and 9th Central Committee of Chinese Democratic League, a senior member of Chinese Academy of Science, the President of Shanghai University, the Director of Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, and the Honorary Editor-in Chief of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Passed away at the age of 98 in Shanghai at 6:20 AM on July 30,2010.     

融合信息技术,探索军队院校力学课程的形成性考核模式

融合信息技术,探索以学生为中心、以能力培养为导向的力学课程形成性考核模式,并以流体力学课程实施为例,把学生的学习过程细分为教学前、中、后三阶段,对其知识学习情况、自主学习能力、随堂学习能力、团队合作能力、交流研讨能力、求解问题能力及应用创新能力等进行全面监督、测评与激励,促进学生全方位发展,通过两种考核模式比较综合地给予每位学生评价,教学质量大幅提升。     

合成射流技术及其在流动控制中应用的进展

流动控制是流体技术最主要的研究领域,21世纪的空气动力学将在流动控制领域取得重大突破; 合成射流是一种基于旋涡运动的零质量射流,是流动控制领域近10年来最热门活跃的流动主动控制技术.首先介绍了合成射流激励器及激励器的基本类型,并概括了激励器的主要发展方向,即宽频域、高动量、``强壮'的合成射流激励器和微小型激励器.尔后,对合成射流激励器工作原理、合成射流结构以及合成射流独特的流场特征和合成射流技术的特点进行了综述.最后着重对合成射流技术主要和潜在应用,如流动分离及气动力控制、射流矢量控制、增强掺混及加强传热和传质、抑制噪声、微流体控制、飞行控制以及粒子的散布控制、合成射流陀螺仪技术等进行了介绍和综述,同时对其在各应用领域的控制机理进行了归纳总结.      

多维磁浮柔性转子控制系统分岔与控制器设计

讨论了多维悬浮柔性转子控制系统局部及全局分岔问题,首先建立了该复杂系统动力学模型,应用中心流形和求规范形综合方法,得到此系统非半简双零特征值问题的规范形及其普适开折,并进一步讨论了此控制系统的分岔 行为（余维二分岔）及稳定性;给出了为实现稳定控制,控制器参数、转子系统结构参数的相互关系及稳定控制域,即给出分岔 参数条件、分岔曲线、转迁集,最后,给出此柔性转子控制系统的数值仿真结果。     

聚能射流侵彻页岩储层损伤裂隙形成机制

为研究药型罩对聚能射孔弹侵彻页岩储层的射孔和损伤致裂效果的影响机理，建立了射孔弹-空气-页岩三维模型，设置药型罩的锥角分别为50°、60°、70°和80°，壁厚分别为0.5、1.0和1.5 mm，材料分别为铜、钢、钛和钨。利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件进行数值计算，分别从射流速度与形态、页岩射孔效果及页岩孔裂隙形成规律特征等进行系统性分析。研究结果表明：在射孔弹结构中，随着药型罩锥角的减小，射流速度提高、杵体速度降低、侵彻深度增大同时开孔孔径减小。在一定范围内，适当减小药型罩的壁厚，可以提高射流速度、减小杵体质量、增大侵彻深度和开孔倾斜度。药型罩材料对射流速度、杵体结构和页岩射孔效果均有显著影响，其中钨药型罩射孔弹的侵彻深度最大但开孔孔径最小，钛药型罩射孔弹的侵彻深度最小但开孔倾斜度最大，铜比钢药型罩射孔弹的侵彻深度略大但开孔孔径略小。通过研究不同对照组的页岩孔裂隙形成规律特征发现，页岩孔裂隙发育主要发生在杵体对页岩的再扩孔阶段，减小射流初始扩孔孔径、增大杵体直径、提高杵体速度，可以促进页岩孔裂隙发育程度。     

折纸及其折痕设计研究综述

折纸是指不经剪裁和粘接,将二维平面纸张折叠成三维立体的方法,具有设计简单、成形迅速、适用范围广等优点,在可展开式结构、结构组装与自成型等领域有着广阔的应用前景. 本文首先简述了多种典型的新式折纸应用,如屈曲诱导的微尺度三维结构、可折叠太阳能电池板、DNA螺旋组装结构等;根据折纸的曲线折痕数量、相对运动、刚性折叠面、使用纸张数量界定折纸的分类;然后 折痕设计是实现折纸结构的核心问题,着重阐述了折纸的折痕设计方面,包括梳理折痕设计的基本条件,给出若干典型折痕设计如三浦折痕设计、水弹折痕设计、吉村式折痕设计和对角线型折痕设计,介绍典型折痕设计的显著特点及几何条件,将目前折纸折痕设计的创新方法归纳为对经典折痕设计适当改进、形成折痕设计数据库、利用拓扑优化方法、借助成型的汇编算法等;最后,基于当前折纸的研究进展对未来的研究方向进行了展望,其中涉及到可重构折纸结构、四维折纸、多材料折纸和多尺度折纸等.      

Capture of small drops by large drops in an electric field

In the investigation of the process of the breakdown of emulsions by the coalescence of drops, up to the present time, use has been made of the theory of the coagulation of colloids (for example, [1]). However, there is a considerable difference between colloids and emulsions. Forces of attraction, bringing about the coalescence of two colloidal particles, become predominant at distances much greater than the particle size, so that, in a hydrodynamic sense, it can be assumed that colloidal particles do not interact. On the contrary, the disperse phase in emulsions consists of molecularly smooth spherical drops with a size from a few tenths of a micron or more and, with approach of the drops, forces of hydrodynamic interaction, inhibiting coalescence, become substantial. As a rule, the drops can be regarded as rigid undeformed spheres since their surface is stabilized by surface-active substances. With the approach of such spheres, the layer of liquid between them generates a braking force proportional to the rate of approach of the drops and inversely proportional to the distance between their surfaces. As a result, the approach of drops under the action of a finite force takes place over an infinite time. It follows from this that the process of the coalescence of drops requires the presence of a force of attraction, rising to infinity with approach of the drops, and any theory of coalescence must take simultaneous account of the forces of attraction of the drops and of the hydrodynamic forces.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 61–68, September–October, 1973.     

数值模拟油井射孔器作用过程方法研究及应用

提高射孔器性能是射孔弹厂家面临的和油田用户关心的主要问题。油井聚能射孔器的作用过程涉及爆轰波的形成、传播、爆轰波与其他介质的相互作用等爆轰问题,射流的形成、延展等界面碰撞问题,射流对靶的侵彻、靶的成坑和动态响应等侵彻问题,作用过程复杂。为了研究油井聚能射孔器的作用过程和机理,降低设计成本,缩短研制周期,本文介绍了模拟石油射孔器从炸药起爆,射流形成,射流侵彻钢靶、井液、混凝土靶的整个作用过程的欧拉数值方法,包括数学模型、离散方法、相应的本构模型,以及为节省计算机时采用的计算和理论分析耦合的模拟方法,并将数值模拟结果与实验进行了比较。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果符合的较好,说明方法是有效的和可行的。     

砂岩球体法向恢复系数实验研究

法向恢复系数是岩崩块石运动分析的关键参数,其取值直接决定了块石的运动轨迹。本文中采用自行设计的碰撞实验装置和声频采样技术,测定了砂岩球体碰撞的法向恢复系数,研究了粒径、碰撞速度、含水状态和板的弹性特性4个因素对恢复系数的影响。结果表明:砂岩球体法向恢复系数存在复杂的尺寸效应,恢复系数随粒径的增大先增大后减小;碰撞过程中存在的黏弹性耗能机理和弹塑性损伤耗能机理共同作用产生了复杂的尺寸效应;受砂岩非均质特性的作用,粒径较小时,恢复系数的速度效应较明显(随速度增大而增大),粒径较大时速度对恢复系数的影响消失;砂岩饱和使黏弹性耗能和弹塑性损伤耗能增加,使恢复系数比风干时低;等效弹性模量对恢复系数的影响较大,等效弹性模量越大,法向恢复系数越小。     

Lie symmetries,symmetrical perturbation and a new adiabatic invariant for disturbed nonholonomic systems

For a nonlinear nonholonomic constrained mechanical system with the action of small forces of perturbation, Lie symmetries, symmetrical perturbation, and a new type of non-Noether adiabatic invariants are presented in general infinitesimal transformation of Lie groups. Based on the invariance of the equations of motion for the system under general infinitesimal transformation of Lie groups, the Lie symmetrical determining equations, constraints restriction equations, additional restriction equations, and exact invariants of the system are given. Then, under the action of small forces of perturbation, the determining equations, constraints restriction equations, and additional restriction equations of the Lie symmetrical perturbation are obtained, and adiabatic invariants of the Lie symmetrical perturbation, the weakly Lie symmetrical perturbation, and the strongly Lie symmetrical perturbation for the disturbed nonholonomic system are obtained, respectively. Furthermore, a set of non-Noether exact invariants and adiabatic invariants are given in the special infinitesimal transformations. Finally, one example is given to illustrate the application of the method and results.     

Natural convection of SiO_2-water nanofluid in square cavity with thermal square column

A square with a thermal square column is a simple but nontrivial research prototype for nanofluid research. However, until now, the effects of the temperature of the square column on the heat and mass transfer of nanofluids have not been revealed comprehensively, especially on entropy generation. To deepen insight into this important field, the natural convection of the SiO_2-water nanofluid in a square cavity with a square thermal column is studied numerically in this study. The effects of the thermal column temperature(T = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5), the Rayleigh number(ranging from 10~3 to 10~6),and the volume fraction of the nanoparticle(varying from 0.01 to 0.04) on the fluid flow,heat transfer, and entropy generation are investigated, respectively. It is found that, no matter at a low or high Rayleigh number, the volume fraction of the nanoparticle shows no considerable effects on the flow field and temperature field for all the temperatures of the thermal column. With an increase in the volume fraction, the mean Nusselt number increases slightly. At the same time, it is found that, with an increase in the temperature of the thermal column, the average Nusselt number gradually decreases at all values of the Rayleigh number. Meanwhile, it is found that, at a high Rayleigh number, the heat transfer mechanism is the main parameter affecting the increase in the total entropy generation rather than the volume fraction. In addition, no matter at a high or low Rayleigh number, when T = 0.5, the total entropy generation is the minimum.     

Extremely large-amplitude oscillation of soft pipes conveying fluid under gravity

In this work, the nonlinear behaviors of soft cantilevered pipes containing internal fluid flow are studied based on a geometrically exact model, with particular focus on the mechanism of large-amplitude oscillations of the pipe under gravity. Four key parameters, including the flow velocity, the mass ratio, the gravity parameter, and the inclination angle between the pipe length and the gravity direction, are considered to affect the static and dynamic behaviors of the soft pipe. The stability analyses show that, provided that the inclination angle is not equal to π, the soft pipe is stable at a low flow velocity and becomes unstable via flutter once the flow velocity is beyond a critical value. As the inclination angle is equal to π, the pipe experiences, in turn,buckling instability, regaining stability, and flutter instability with the increase in the flow velocity. Interestingly, the stability of the pipe can be either enhanced or weakened by varying the gravity parameter, mainly dependent on the value of the inclination angle.In the nonlinear dynamic analysis, it is demonstrated that the post-flutter amplitude of the soft pipe can be extremely large in the form of limit-cycle oscillations. Besides,the oscillating shapes for various inclination angles are provided to display interesting dynamical behaviors of the inclined soft pipe conveying fluid.     

Aerodynamic design on high-speed trains

Compared with the traditional train, the operational speed of the high-speed train has largely improved, and the dynamic environment of the train has changed from one of mechanical domination to one of aerodynamic domination. The aerodynamic problem has become the key technological challenge of high-speed trains and significantly affects the economy, environment, safety, and comfort. In this paper, the relationships among the aerodynamic design principle, aerodynamic performance indexes, and design variables are first studied, and the research methods of train aerodynamics are proposed, including numerical simulation, a reduced-scale test, and a full-scale test. Technological schemes of train aerodynamics involve the optimization design of the streamlined head and the smooth design of the body surface. Optimization design of the streamlined head includes conception design, project design, numerical simulation, and a reduced-scale test. Smooth design of the body surface is mainly used for the key parts, such as electric-current collecting system, wheel truck compartment, and windshield. The aerodynamic design method established in this paper has been successfully applied to various high-speed trains (CRH380A, CRH380AM, CRH6, CRH2G, and the Standard electric multiple unit (EMU)) that have met expected design objectives. The research results can provide an effective guideline for the aerodynamic design of high-speed trains.     

颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制及防护研究进展

颅脑爆炸伤是现代战争中士兵面临的主要伤害之一,近年来受到广泛关注。冲击波经由颅脑传播带来的直接伤害被称为初级爆炸伤。目前,初级颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制尚不明确,可能是应力波传播、颅骨弯曲变形、颅脑空化及躯干压缩等多种因素共同作用的结果。该研究是涉及多学科交叉、多物理场耦合及短时和长时效应共存的复杂问题,需要通过建立描述冲击波和颅脑相互作用的高精度、多尺度和多物理场数值模型,发展测量颅骨应变、颅内压力、加速度等力学指标的物理测试系统,结合人体和动物病理、生理、行为学等综合因素分析,最终揭示颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制。本文中介绍了初级颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制,给出了颅脑爆炸伤的行为学、生理学相关的医学评价指标,以及颅骨应变、颅内压力等关键力学评估指标,提出了基于致伤机制和评价指标的防护结构设计方法,包括基于新型防冲击波材料的头盔系统改进、头盔缓冲系统设计、增加头部保护系统的封闭性等,最后展望了在精细化建模、原位实验及防护系统设计等诸多方面的发展趋势。     

广东沿海陆地地质环境质量定量评价研究

广东沿海陆地不仅是我国经济较为发达的地区 ,而且也是地震、水土流失、崩塌、滑坡、地裂缝、地面沉降、岩溶塌陷、软土地基形变等地质灾害较为频发的地区。基于对广东沿海陆地主要物理地质灾害形成条件与影响因素调查、统计与分析 ,将广东沿海陆地地质环境质量划分 :构造稳定性、斜坡稳定性和地基稳定性三个质量层面 ,进而构造了隶属三个层面的指标体系 ,该指标体系包括活动断裂、地震活动、地形起伏度、斜坡坡地、冲沟切割密度、水土流失程度、崩滑面密度、土体承载力和地裂缝面密度 9个指标。基于地质环境质量五值逻辑等级取值 :优等、良好、中等、较差和差等 ,对评价指标进行了相应地量化分级取值和标准化处理 ,在建立指标专家权重体系和线性隶属函数的基础上 ,构造了模糊数学综合评价模型。基于 Fortran程序对 190个剖分单元指标数据进行了模型运算 ,将广东沿海陆地地质环境划分为五个质量级共 17个地质环境质量单元。     

地球流变学研究现状

地球流变学研究地球介质的流变学性质、地质构造的形成和演化、地震的前兆及其发展、泥石流、岩浆流、冰川运动等地学问题。它是介于地球科学和力学之间的边缘学科。本文介绍地球流变学的进展,包括:岩石蠕变实验,利用观测数据反演地球流变学性质,岩石圈变形分析,动力热体系,地质构造、矿物颗粒的定向分布以及地震过程与流变学的关系。      

Stokes flow of micro-polar fluids by peristaltic pumping through tube with slip boundary condition

This paper studies the Stokes flow of micro-polar fluids by peristaltic pumping through the cylindrical tube under the effect of the slip boundary condition. The motion of the wall is governed by the sinusoidal wave equation. The analytical and numerical solutions for the axial velocity, the micro-polar vector, the stream function, the pressure gradient, the friction force, and the mechanical efficiency are obtained by using the lubrication theory under the low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximations. The impacts of the emerging parameters, such as the coupling number, the micro-polar parameter, the slip parameter on pumping characteristics, the friction force, the velocity profile, the mechanical efficiency, and the trapping phenomenon are depicted graphically. The numerical results infer that large pressure is required for peristaltic pumping when the coupling number is large, while opposite behaviors are found for the micro-polar parameter and the slip parameter. The size of the trapped bolus reduces with the increase in the coupling number and the micro-polar parameter, whereas it blows up with the increase in the slip parameter.     

人体生物摩擦学的研究现状与展望

介绍了人体生物摩擦学的概念,分析了头发、眼睛、皮肤、牙齿和关节等系统的生物摩擦学研究现状,就血液、人工心脏泵、人工心脏瓣膜和食品味觉的生物摩擦学研究方向进行了展望.指出当前人体生物摩擦学研究的关键科学问题主要包括人体摩擦副的特殊摩擦学行为及机理、模拟人体生物环境条件的人工器官摩擦磨损试验方法研究、人工材料在体内的生物摩擦学行为反应预测及磨粒在体内的生物反应和临床病症的评定.