动静态压缩下岩石试样的长径比效应研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验装置和INSTRON1346液压伺服试验机分别对直径为50mm,长径比为0.5,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2,1.6,2.0的花岗岩试样分别进行水平冲击试验和单轴压缩试验,研究岩石试样在动静态压缩下的长径比效应。结果表明:动态冲击试验中,长径比对试样两端的应力平衡状态有显著影响。随着试样长径比的增大(L/D1.2),应力均匀化条件难以得到满足。试样的SHPB冲击破坏模式具有显著的长径比效应,随着长径比的增大,试样破碎程度降低,破坏模式由轴向劈裂破坏向轴向劈裂和层裂拉伸复合型破坏模式转变。在同应变率水平下,岩石的动态抗压强度随试样长径比的减小而减小(当L/D1.2时),这与静载作用下岩石单轴抗压强度随长径比的减小而增大的变化规律有明显区别。对岩石类材料来说,长径比的变化对静态抗压强度的影响程度要高于对动态抗压强度的影响,主要是因为静载试验下加载板和试样之间的作用时间长,而动载作用时间很短,导致小长径比试样静载下具有明显的端部效应,从而得到相对更高的名义单轴抗压强度。     

SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件裂纹扩展分析

SiC/Al梯度功能材料各梯度层由不同体积浓度的陶瓷和金属组成,由于材料组分梯度变化,克服了双材料界面的应力突变问题,获得了优异的使用性能.本文首先采用激光云纹干涉法,对具有四个梯度层的SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件在机械荷载作用下的拉伸实验位移场进行记录,进而获得紧凑拉伸试件裂纹口位移P-V曲线以及材料断裂韧度实验值;然后根据层合梯度功能材料理论分析模型,建立FGM紧凑拉伸试件的渐近分网有限元平面应变模型,采用通用有限元软件的单元删除模块对试件模型进行裂纹扩展单元的应变模拟分析,从计算所得的裂纹尖端应变图像分析得出梯度材料试件的裂纹扩展规律.     

三种工况下SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件的应变测试

SiC/Al梯度功能材料试件各梯度单层由不同体积浓度的铝合金和陶瓷SiC复合而成,由于材料组分梯度变化,有效缓和了双材料界面的应变跳跃问题,从而能够获得了优异的使用性能,本文从实验的角度采用激光云纹干涉法,对具有四个梯度层的SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件在三种工况下进行实验研究.通过实验采集试件在各工况下的位移场云纹图,根据位移与条纹级数的关系以及小变形条件下应变与条纹级数关系式,获得梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件预制裂纹区的应变分布.通过实验结果与文献对比分析,在有关梯度功能材料的裂纹扩展准则的适用性方面取得一致结论;同时,就实验获得的应变结果,讨论了梯度功能材料的材料参数变化规律,以及材料组分和梯度层结构对FGM材料整体力学性能的影响.     

PMMA膨胀环动态拉伸碎裂实验研究

在强动载作用下, 脆性材料的碎裂问题是一个重要的研究课题, 而脆性材料在冲击拉伸载荷下的力学行为的实验研究相对较匮乏. 提出了一种动态拉伸断(碎)裂的液压膨胀环实验技术, 可用于准脆性/脆性材料的动态拉伸. 利用该技术对有机玻璃(PMMA)圆环试件进行了不同膨胀速度下的动态碎裂实验研究. 从回收碎片的断口形貌和碎片内部残余裂纹观察可知试件的破碎由环向拉伸应力造成, 碎片断口处发出的稀疏波会将周围的拉伸应力卸载, 从而抑制其他裂纹的进一步发展. 利用超高速相机记录了试件的膨胀碎裂过程, 利用DISAR激光速度干涉仪获得了试件外表面粒子的径向膨胀速度历史, 通过试件上的应变片获得了试件的应变历史和断裂应变. 实验结果表明: 在拉伸应变率150\mathrm{~}500s^{-1}范围, 材料的动态断裂应变低于准静态加载下的断裂应变, 体现出“动脆”现象; 随着加载应变率的提高, PMMA 材料的碎片尺寸减小; 无量纲化的PMMA圆环的平均碎片尺寸介于韧性碎裂模型和脆性碎裂模型的预测数值之间, 反映出材料的准脆性特性.      

三维四向编织复合材料的拉伸尺寸效应研究

通过对三维四向碳/环氧编织复合材料的拉伸实验,观测了不同几何尺寸的试件的破坏模式和断口形貌,得到了材料在拉伸载荷下不同的破坏机理以及材料的力学性能与试件几何尺寸的相关性,研究表明材料随着内部单胞数量的增加材料的弹性模量递减,而剪切模量和泊松比递增的变化规律,通过体积平均法从理论上预报了材料的弹性性能,预报结果与实验结果相符,实验和理论所获结论为进一步进行材料的刚度和强度预报以及强度准则的建立奠定了必要的实验和理论基础.     

PMMA膨胀环动态拉伸碎裂实验研究

在强动载作用下,脆性材料的碎裂问题是一个重要的研究课题,而脆性材料在冲击拉伸载荷下的力学行为的实验研究相对较匮乏.提出了一种动态拉伸断(碎)裂的液压膨胀环实验技术,可用于准脆性/脆性材料的动态拉伸.利用该技术对有机玻璃(PMMA)圆环试件进行了不同膨胀速度下的动态碎裂实验研究.从回收碎片的断口形貌和碎片内部残余裂纹观察可知试件的破碎由环向拉伸应力造成,碎片断口处发出的稀疏波会将周围的拉伸应力卸载,从而抑制其他裂纹的进一步发展.利用超高速相机记录了试件的膨胀碎裂过程,利用DISAR激光速度干涉仪获得了试件外表面粒子的径向膨胀速度历史,通过试件上的应变片获得了试件的应变历史和断裂应变.实验结果表明:在拉伸应变率150～500 s~(-1)范围,材料的动态断裂应变低于准静态加载下的断裂应变,体现出"动脆"现象;随着加载应变率的提高,PMMA材料的碎片尺寸减小;无量纲化的PMMA圆环的平均碎片尺寸介于韧性碎裂模型和脆性碎裂模型的预测数值之间,反映出材料的准脆性特性.     

聚氨酯泡沫塑料的强度与断裂韧性

针对3种密度的聚氨酯泡沫塑料进行了拉伸实验。通过无缺口试件确定了3种密度泡沫塑料的拉伸断裂强度,而利用有缺口试件确定了这些材料的拉伸断裂韧性。为了研究高密度泡沫塑料的拉伸断裂机制,还对破坏后试件进行了扫描电镜分析。此外,还简要讨论了泡沫塑料拉伸断裂力学性能的理论预测问题。     

类岩石材料中表面裂纹扩展模式的实验研究

采用粘贴式轴拉方法实现了类岩石材料的直接拉伸实验,通过在类岩石材料试件中预制表面裂纹研究了类岩石材料中表面裂纹的扩展模式.研究发现,粘贴式轴拉方法可以满足一般类岩石材料的直接拉伸实验;类岩石材料中表面裂纹首先从试件正面开始扩展;表面裂纹的存在极大地影响着材料的破坏模式,类岩石材料在试件的正面上会表现出明显的二维穿透性裂纹的扩展形态,但是受其影响裂纹在厚度方向扩展会发生偏转,从而使得试件背面的最终贯通方向没有与加载方向垂直,而是呈一倾角,并且和表面裂纹的倾角和深度有关.     

界面对金属复合材料轴向弹塑性拉伸性能的影响及局部应力场的分析

本文建立在广义自洽有限元迭代平均化方法的基础上，计算了存在性界在界面相的ＳｉＣ晶须增强铝基合材料的轴向弹塑性拉伸性能。研究了界面厚度以及界面在不同纤维长径比和体分比情况下对复合材料轴向拉伸性能的影响。本文同时分析了界面材料性质的分布形式对复合材料的拉伸性能及局部应力场的影响。     

扭转塑性变形对6063铝合金拉伸力学性能的影响机理研究

扭转是一种常用的冷作硬化方法。本文通过实心圆轴扭转实验和预扭试件的单向拉伸实验,研究了扭转塑性变形程度对6063铝合金拉伸力学性能的影响。通过理论研究和硬度分析探究了造成这一影响的内在机理。结果表明,试件扭转后其内部形成的以屈服强度为特征参数的梯度结构,是造成预扭试件力学性能得到改善的根本原因。并且,扭转不同的角度,材料内部产生的梯度结构也是不同的。而不同的梯度结构对试件力学性能的影响则表现为后继拉伸屈服强度随预扭角度的增大而增大。为了预测预扭试件的后继拉伸力学行为,验证前述结论的正确性,建立了由内到外屈服强度逐渐变化的有限元模型。此模型代表了预扭转变形试件,对其施加位移载荷,模拟后继单向拉伸加载过程。模拟所得材料力学性能随扭转角的变化趋势与实验结果基本吻合,从而验证了扭转冷作硬化后,圆轴试件内部产生了以屈服强度为特征参数的梯度结构这一结论。同时,也提供了一种有效的预测材料扭转后拉伸力学性能的数值模拟方法。     

岩样单轴压缩变形破坏与能量特征研究

基于在伺服试验机上得到的同直径不同长度大理岩样的单轴压缩试验结果,研究了尺寸对岩石变形破坏与能量特征的影响规律.结果表明,岩石长度对峰值应力前的轴向变形特性没有显著影响,但明显改变峰后的轴向变形特性;岩样长度对峰后塑性变形特性影响不大;直径一定时随着长度的增大,岩样破裂形式由竖向劈裂变为剪切破坏.随着长径比的增加,岩石破坏应变能呈幂律衰减趋势,且当长径比增加至2以后,便基本趋于恒定,不再明显减小;而岩石破坏能呈先减小后增大的非线性变化趋势.     

Measurement of a Nearly Friction-Free Stress–Strain Curve of Silicone Rubber up to a Large Strain in Compression Testing

Nominal stress–strain curves of a silicone rubber specimen with a range of length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios have been measured via compression testing. The curves are highly dependent on the L/D ratio. The contact area has been measured using stamp ink applied to the sidewall of the specimen to determine the optimal L/D ratio which yields the stress–strain curve closest to the curve of the friction-free specimen. Traces of ink appear on the platen after the compression test, indicating that the phenomenon of rollover takes place. When the L/D ratio is less than 1.0, the contact area is less than that of the friction-free specimen although the phenomenon of rollover supplements the contact area. When the L/D ratio increases up to 1.0, the contact area increases toward that of the ideal specimen that deforms uniformly under the friction-free condition; the stress–strain curve of the specimen with the L/D ratio of 1.0 can be regarded as the nearly friction-free property of silicone rubber.     

基于ANN-GA协同寻优的动态拉伸试样尺寸优化方法

材料动态拉伸力学性能测试中,动态拉伸试样的几何尺寸对测试结果的准确性与有效性有着较大影响。为对动态拉伸试样的结构进行优化设计,以使其在动态拉伸过程中更好地满足一维应力与变形均匀等基本假设。首先,建立了量化的试样测量准确度指标,即应力平衡达到时间、变形均匀度、非轴向应力相对水平、过渡段相对变形。然后,对试样结构参数进行正交试验设计,通过数值模拟的方法得到了关于试样尺寸与测量准确度指标的正交试验数据库,并对正交试验数据库进行多目标正交试验矩阵分析,得到了试样结构参数对各测量准确度指标影响的主次顺序和规律。最后,以正交试验数据库为训练集,采用人工神经网络（artificial neural network, ANN）协同遗传算法（genetic algorithm, GA）的全局寻优方法对试样的结构尺寸进行优化设计,得到了试样的最优结构尺寸,并对最优尺寸的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,优化后的试样结构在材料动态拉伸力学性能测试精度上的表现明显得以提升。因此,采用ANN-GA协同优化的方法对动态拉伸试样的结构进行优化具有可行性和有效性。     

Failure loads of spot weld specimens under impact opening and shear loading conditions

Failure loads of spot weld specimens are investigated under impact combined loading conditions. A set of test fixtures was designed and used to obtain failure loads of mild steel spot weld specimens under combined opening and shear loading conditions. Three different impact speeds were applied to examine the effects of separation speed on failure loads. Micrographs of the cross-sections of failed spot welds were obtained to understand the failure processes in mild steel specimens under different impact combined loads. The experimental results indicate that the failure mechanisms of spot welds are very similar for mild steel specimens at various impact speeds. These micrographs show that the sheet thickness can affect the failure mechanisms. For 1.0 mm specimens, the failure occurs near the base metal in a necking/shear failure mode. For 1.5 mm specimens, the failure occurs near the heat-affected zone in a shear failure mode. Based on the experimental results, the effects of the inertia force, the separation speed, and the loading angle on the failure loads of spot welds are investigated. Failure criteria are proposed to characterize the failure loads of spot welds under impact combined opening and shear loads for engineering applications. The failure load can be expressed as a function of the tensile strength of the base metal, the nugget size, the sheet thickness, the maximum separation speed, the loading angle, and empirical coefficients for a given welding schedule.     

大理岩动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的SHPB实验研究

提出了获取脆性材料动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的实验步骤及相关记录数据的分析方法。利用直径为100mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆径向冲击巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘试样,测试了大理岩在高应变率加载下的动态力学性能。应力波加载下动态劈裂拉伸圆盘在试样中心产生了约45/s的拉伸应变率。分析了实验的有效性并考虑了试样两个端面应力波波形差异的影响以提高实验结果的精度。结果表明准静态下的公式可适用于动态劈裂拉伸实验;大理岩的动态拉伸强度及弹性模量比静态时有明显的增加。     

Estimating the tensile strength of super hard brittle materials using truncated spheroidal specimens

New approaches need to be introduced to measure the tensile capacity of super hard materials since the standard methods are not effective. To pursue this objective, a series of laboratory tests were constructed to replicate the fracture mechanism of diamond-based materials. Experiments indicate that under a certain compressive test condition, stresses normal to the axisymmetric line in truncated spheroidal specimens (bullet-shaped specimens) are in tension contributing to the tensile fracture of the material. From experimental and numerical studies, it is concluded that semi-prolate spheroidal specimens can be used to determine precisely the tensile strength of brittle stiff diamond-like composites.     

FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES BASED ON THE MESHLESS METHOD1)

采用无网格方法分析了碳纳米管的自由振动问题。通过几个数值算例来证明本方法的收敛性。将不同长径比的碳纳米管的固有频率计算结果与公开文献的结果进行对比。对比结果表明：本文方法具有较高的计算精度,基于薄板样条径向基函数的无网格方法可以成功地分析碳纳米管的自由振动问题。     

Decoupling of Autogenous Shrinkage and Tensile Creep Strain in High Strength Concrete at Early Ages

Appropriately interpreting the measured creep strain is critical for obtaining the actual creep strain, especially for high-strength concretes characterized by a low water/cement ratio (w/c) because autogenous shrinkage is significant in such concrete at early ages. To investigate the interaction between the autogenous shrinkage and tensile creep of concrete at early ages, various tests were conducted on concretes with water/cement (w/c) ratios =0.3 and 0.4, including basic tensile creep, strength, autogenous shrinkage, and the internal relative humidity (RH) measurements. The load was applied at the ages of 1 and 7 days at the stress/strength levels of 40% and 70%, respectively. It was found that the measured early-age tensile creep strain becomes negative due to the large autogenous shrinkage involved. The principle of superposition can be used for creep-autogenous shrinkage decoupling to obtain the actual basic tensile creep, as there is virtually no additional RH reduction or stress-induced shrinkage in concrete due to the sustained tensile load at early ages. An average tensile strength gain of 8.2% was found in specimens after sustained tensile loading compared to the unloaded specimens. An exponential function is proposed to quantify the autogenous shrinkage effect on the basic tensile creep in terms of specific creep/autogenous shrinkage ratio.     

Experimental determination of the nonlinear shear behavior of fiber-reinforced laminae under impact loading

A procedure is developed for the experimental determination of the nonlinear shear behavior of fiber-reinforced composites by testing angle-ply laminates. It is shown that, for the E glass/epoxy used in this work, the popular ±45 deg specimens fail prematurely due to transverse stresses, thus limiting the range for which the shear stress-strain curve can be obtained. By selecting an appropriate fiber orientation, ±41 deg in the present work, premature failure can be prevented and the nonlinear shear response can be obtained almost to shear failure. The experimental program involved four groups of tensile specimens (±30 deg, ±35 deg ±41 deg and ±45 deg) tested under impact conditions using a drop weight testing machine. Analysis was performed using classical plate theory and an incremental loading procedure. Some problems involved in conducting dynamic tests are discussed and a solution is presented.     

短切碳纤维C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态劈裂拉伸实验

为了探究C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态断裂力学行为和破坏形态,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置对3种不同短切碳纤维体积分数的C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料进行了动态劈裂实验,并利用扫描电子显微镜扫描了C/SiC复合材料试件的破坏界面,分析了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的失效特征和增韧机理。实验结果表明:C/SiC复合材料在冲击劈裂实验过程中,同一短切碳纤维体积分数下试件的动态抗拉强度随着冲击气压的增大而增大; 短切碳纤维体积分数为16.0%时, 材料的抗拉强度最低; 冲击后,试件的整体破坏情况与冲击气压、短切碳纤维体积分数有关。