钢轨轨底垂直振动模式导波检测技术的实验研究

现有铁路钢轨超声探伤车技术无法检测线路钢轨轨底缺陷,给铁路运输安全带来很大隐患.本文开展了钢轨轨底超声导波传播特性和垂直振动模式导波检测技术研究,采用半解析有限元方法分析了我国60型钢轨轨底的各振动模态导波频散曲线和波结构.应用模态锤技术对自由状态钢轨轨底垂直振动模态导波传播特性进行了实验测量,结果表明,在0～100kHz频率范围内,钢轨轨底垂直振动模态优势模式与厚度为14 mm板中的A0模式兰姆波具有等效性.进一步研究了激励频率、激励脉冲周数、传播距离对轨底垂直振动模态导波传播的影响,设计了导波斜探头,选择合适的参数在钢轨轨底激励出垂直振动模态导波并检测出了轨底的人工缺陷.本文的研究结果为线路钢轨轨底的导波检测技术奠定了一定的基础.     

钢绞线中激励纵向模态的磁致伸缩型激励及接收器的选型

为在钢绞线中有效激励和接收纵向模态超声导波,对磁致伸缩型传感器的敏感元件螺线管的结构进行了优化,并进行了试验验证.首先,对利用磁致伸缩效应在钢绞线中激励及接收纵向模态超声导波的方法进行了分析,选用频率160kHz的L(0,1)纵向模态作为用于公称直径17.8mm的7芯钢绞线检测的导波.设计制作了激励该模态专用磁致伸缩型传感器.经过对结构和绕向不同的螺线管进行比较后,选取3段式螺线管作为磁致伸缩型传感器的敏感元件.为证实其检测能力,利用该传感器对钢绞线外围钢丝上的人工缺陷进行了检测,通过得到的实验信号可以很好确定缺陷位置.本文的研究为今后进一步检测钢绞线的健康状况奠定了基础.     

基于超声导波技术对板表面缺陷的无损检测研究

本文通过数值计算与实验,研究了薄钢板内导波的传播及其频散、多模态特征以及被激励模态与斜探头入射角的关系.利用所建立的实验系统,对钢板表面的人工缺陷进行了检测.结果表明,对特定频率,选择A1模态的超声导波检测钢板表面缺陷是可行的.     

接地网圆钢杆中高频纵向超声导波无损检测方法研究

针对接地网圆钢杆腐蚀检测问题,本文进行了接地网圆钢杆高频纵向超声导波无损检测方法研究。首先对埋地环境下圆钢杆中纵向导波传播特性进行理论研究,分析了不同模态导波的群速度和衰减频散特性。研究发现,高阶纵向模态导波在衰减最小和群速度最大对应的频率处,在圆钢杆中传播能力强,是适合进行地埋圆钢杆导波检测试验的频率范围。在此基础上,进行了埋地圆钢杆高频纵向超声导波无损检测试验研究。结果发现,利用优选的检测参数可以很好地实现埋地圆钢杆中腐蚀缺陷检测。研究工作为接地网运行状态评价提供了很好的技术支撑。     

铝板中激光Lamb波信号的模态分析与缺陷检测研究

激光激励的Lamb波信号具有较宽的频带,且包含多个模态信息。本文采用二维傅里叶变换和时频分析等信号分析技术用于检测信号中的模态成分及缺陷信息识别。首先,对200组激光Lamb波信号进行二维傅里叶变换,得到信号的频率-波数图,可识别出激光Lamb波信号中的低阶A0、S0和高阶模态,并且A0模态能量高,可用于缺陷检测。随后对有、无缺陷状态下Lamb波信号进行连续小波变换,从时频图中识别出缺陷信号的频率成分,进一步提取特定频率下的小波系数幅值信号,实现了缺陷信息的识别。结果表明,二维傅里叶变换能较好地识别激光Lamb波的模态成分,而提取出的连续小波变换系数图,能准确实现缺陷定位。     

基于小波变换及Wigner-Ville变换方法的超声导波信号分析

对结构中缺陷的检测和识别是无损检测中的一项重要研究课题,超声导波由于可在短时间内检测很远距离,故它的一个重要应用便是管材的检测。因而对导波检测信号的处理成为一重要研究内容,本文利用时-频分析方法中的小波变换和Wigner-Ville变换对管道和抽油杆缺陷的导波检测信号进行了分析处理。实验结果表明,进行小波变换后,缺陷回波信号的信噪比大大提高,直径仅1mm的小孔缺陷可容易地被识别出来,准确检测出其位置;通过对信号进行Wigner-Ville的相关变换,可同时在时频两域内对缺陷的回波信号进行分析,使缺陷辨别起来简单易行。两种信号处理方法的超声导波应用研究为以后导波信号的处理提供了新的实现依据。     

周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟研究

在石油、化工、食品和城市供水等行业,由于腐蚀等原因而引起泄漏事故,造成巨大的经济损失和资源浪费.因此,能够预先检测到管道缺陷避免事故发生显得十分重要.基于弹性动力学理论,利用Matlab编程实现周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟.利用特征函数展开法计算出周向导波的频散曲线及0.6MHz和1MHz各个模态的时域波形图并据此分析激励方式同周向导波传播的关系,频率为1MHz或0.6MHz时,1和2模态在空心圆柱壳中传播的周向导波中处于主导地位:各模态的径向或周向位移幅度会受到激励入射角的影响而变化并且周向导波的位移幅度随着激励入射角的增加而增加:得到特定频率下,周向导波各模态径向、周向位移的变化关系.本文结果为进一步利用实验方法研究周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播特性和缺陷检测奠定了基础.     

管道液体流速对超声导波纵向模态传播的影响分析

建立了充液管道中液体流动时超声导波纵向模态的群速度频散方程,研究了模态、激励频率对载流管道内超声导波传播的影响。在数值仿真的基础上,利用环形压电阵列在载流管道中激励接收频率305kHz的L(0,5)模态,对纵向模态在载流管道中的传播特性进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,载流管道内频率305kHz的L(0,5)模态的群速度与液体流速呈近似线性变化。实验结果与理论分析结果相符,该结论为载流管道流量在线测量提供了一种新方法,为超声导波流量计的研制打下了理论基础。     

噪声对管道超声纵向导波损伤检测的影响

在管道超声导波检测技术的基础上,对不同程度纵向缺陷的损伤检测进行了数值模拟.利用缺陷反射信号对损伤的定位,通过改变管壁局部刚度,研究了缺陷反射信号强度变化的相关规律以及超声导波对缺陷的敏感度,分析了噪声信号对损伤识别的影响,并利用小波的分解和重构算法将信噪分离.结果表明不同程度的信噪比会对超声导波检测法造成一定的影响,通过低通滤噪的方法对信号进行信噪分离,可实现高噪条件下的损伤检测.     

超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展

综述无损检测中的超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展。给出 导波的频散及多模式特征,着重评述超声导波的模式和频率选择、导 波的激励和接收方法、导波与缺陷的相互作用、信号处理与特征提取 以及导波技术在无损检测中的应用前景。     

An analytical approach to reconstruction of axisymmetric defects in pipelines using T(0, 1) guided waves

Torsional guided waves have been widely utilized to inspect the surface corrosion in pipelines due to their simple displacement behaviors and the ability of longrange transmission. Especially, the torsional mode T (0, 1), which is the first order of torsional guided waves, plays the irreplaceable position and role, mainly because of its non-dispersion characteristic property. However, one of the most pressing challenges faced in modern quality inspection is to detect the surface defects in pipelines with a high level of accuracy. Taking into account this situation, a quantitative reconstruction method using the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) is proposed in this paper. The methodology for defect reconstruction consists of three steps. First, the reflection coefficients of the guided wave T (0, 1) scattered by different sizes of axisymmetric defects are calculated using the developed hybrid finite element method (HFEM). Then, applying the boundary integral equation (BIE) and Born approximation, the Fourier transform of the surface defect profile can be analytically derived as the correlative product of reflection coefficients of the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) and the fundamental solution of the intact pipeline in the frequency domain. Finally, reconstruction of defects is precisely performed by the inverse Fourier transform of the product in the frequency domain. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach is suitable for the detection of surface defects with arbitrary shapes. Meanwhile, the effects of the depth and width of surface defects on the accuracy of defect reconstruction are investigated. It is noted that the reconstructive error is less than 10%, providing that the defect depth is no more than one half of the pipe thickness.     

一种用于计算板中缺陷兰姆波散射的混合边界元法

本文介绍了一种将传统边界元法和兰姆波的本征模式函数相结合的混合边界元法，用此方法解决兰姆波在板材中传播时遇到缺陷发生的散射问题，计算了兰姆波通过缺陷后的反射与透射系数。文中给出了若干兰姆波信号幅度与板中不同深度缺陷的相互关系。     

一种基于深度学习的超声导波缺陷重构方法

超声导波检测因其传播效率高、耗能少等优势成为了无损检测领域的重要研究方向。目前已有的利用超声导波进行结构缺陷探测和定量化重构的方法主要由相关的导波散射理论推导得出。然而,由于导波散射问题本身的高复杂性,使得在推导上述理论方法时引入一些近似假设,降低了重构结果的质量。另外,有些方法通过优化迭代的方式提高重构精度,又会增加检测的时间成本。有鉴于此,本文探索了一种将卷积神经网络与导波散射理论模型以局部融合的方式实现缺陷定量化重构的新方法。应用样本数据训练后的神经网络实现缺陷定量化重构,弥补缺陷重构过程中的理论模型误差,同时去除在实际检测过程中所存在的环境噪声。本文以利用SH导波重构平板中的减薄缺陷为研究对象,通过数值模拟验证了该方法在缺陷重构时具有高效率和高精度的特点,特别是对矩形缺陷的重构,新方法的结果精度比波数空间域变换法的精度提高了近200%。     

厚壁管道周向超声导波缺陷检测研究

厚壁管道在特种承压设备领域中广泛使用,常规无损检测技术难以实现其快速有效地检测。本文采用数值模拟与实验相结合来研究周向导波快速检测厚壁管道的方法。首先,利用有限差分软件研究了不同角度激励下外径269mm、壁厚32mm的厚壁管道中周向导波的传播特性,优化了探头激励角度范围;然后分别制作了55°和45°的斜楔,并搭建了实验系统,研究了周向导波与厚壁管道壁厚方向不同位置缺陷的相互作用规律。研究结果表明,周向导波适用于厚壁管道快速检测。检测时需选择角度适中的探头。激发角度过小时,厚壁管中形成的周向导波模式较多,使得波包宽度较大,影响检测分辨率;而角度过大时,会使得盲区增大,导致靠近内壁区域缺陷漏检。本文的研究结论为厚壁管道缺陷周向导波的实际检测应用提供了指导。     

PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH ORDER LONGITUDINAL MODES IN STEEL STRANDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Propagation characteristics of high order longitudinal modes of ultrasonic guided waves in seven-wire steel strands are investigated theoretically and experimentally. According to these analysis results, proper longitudinal modes are selected for defect detection in steel strands. Dispersion curves for helical and central wires in a 17.80 mm nominal diameter seven-wire steel strand are numerically obtained firstly, and propagation characteristics of high-order longitudinal modes, such as wave structures, attenuation and dispersion, are analyzed. In experiments, the signals of ultrasonic guided wave at different high frequencies are excited and received at one end of a steel strand by using the same single piezoelectric transducer. The identification of longitudinal modes in the received signals is achieved based on short time Fourier transform. Furthermore, appropriate L（0, 5） mode at 2.54 MHz is chosen for detecting an artificial defect in a helical wire of the steel strand. Results show that high order longitudinal modes in a high frequency range with low dispersion and attenuation whose energy propagates mainly in the center of the wires can be used for defect detection in long range steel strands.     

Scattering of guided waves by defective adhesive bonds in multilayer anisotropic plates

We introduce an analytic-numerical method to simulate the interaction between ultrasonic guided waves and defective adhesive bonds in multilayer structures. We replace the thin adhesive layer by equivalent continuous distribution of normal and transversal springs and locally reduce the corresponding spring constants to model localized defects. We then formulate the resulting scattering problem as a linear least squares problem and solve it accordingly. The developed formulation is easy to implement and equally well suited to treating anisotropic as well as isotropic constituent layers. We illustrate the application of the proposed method through the simulation of ultrasound inspection of a three-layer isotropic plate and a sixteen-layer anisotropic plate used in the aeronautical industry, indicating in the simulations the guided modes that will most strongly interact with interfacial defects and computing the scattering resulting from the interaction of these modes with localized defects. We believe that the proposed method will serve both to aid in the design of interface inspections and as a basis for solving inverse scattering problems.