非饱和颗粒材料的多孔连续体有效压力与有效广义Biot应力

多孔连续体理论框架下的非饱和多孔介质广义有效压力定义和Bishop参数的定量表达式长期以来存在争议,这也影响了对与其直接相关联的非饱和多孔介质广义Biot有效应力的正确预测.基于随时间演变的离散固体颗粒-双联液桥-液膜体系描述的Voronoi胞元模型,利用由模型获得的非饱和颗粒材料表征元中水力-力学介观结构和响应信息,文章定义了低饱和度多孔介质局部材料点的有效内状态变量:非饱和多孔连续体的广义Biot有效应力和有效压力,导出了其表达式.所导出的有效压力公式表明,非饱和多孔连续体的有效压力张量为各向异性,它不仅对非饱和多孔连续体广义Biot有效应力张量的静水应力分量的影响呈各向异性,同时也对其剪切应力分量有影响.文章表明,非饱和多孔连续体中提出的广义Biot理论和双变量理论的基本缺陷在于它们均假定反映非混和两相孔隙流体对固相骨架水力-力学效应的有效压力张量为各向同性.此外,为定义各向同性有效压力张量和作为加权系数而引入的Bishop参数并不包含对非饱和多孔连续体中局部材料点水力-力学响应具有十分重要效应的基质吸力.所导出的非饱和多孔介质广义Biot有效应力和有效压力公式(包括反映有效压力...     

二维液桥计算模型及湿颗粒材料离散元模拟

本文研究了二维情况两直接相邻颗粒间液体以液桥形式存在时的液桥临界断裂距离及液桥力的计算过程。导出了用颗粒半径、三相接触角和液桥体积表示的二维液桥临界断裂距离拟合公式及两个接触或非接触颗粒间液桥毛细力随液桥体积的变化关系。引入Voronoi胞元计算定义基于参考颗粒介观结构的物质点的平均饱和度。提出了考虑液桥效应的二维湿颗粒离散元模型,并用以模拟不同初始均匀饱和度下湿颗粒集合体中的吸力效应,验证其有效捕捉以应变局部化为特征的破坏模式的能力。     

考虑损伤作用计算多孔介质有效应力研究

多孔介质的变形表现为黏弹塑性,其中,弹性变形体现为本体变形;黏性变形体现为结构变形;塑性变形体现为损伤变形.在原有有效应力理论的基础上结合损伤力学的基本原理,研究多孔介质有效应力的性质.在原假设多孔介质颗粒可压缩的前提下,假定部分颗粒可发生局部破坏,并且在颗粒破坏后,有效应力将有所增加,相应的骨架承载能力将有微小程度增强.采用损伤有效应力参与计算将能更加准确地描述多孔介质复杂的变形性质.     

非饱和多孔介质有限元分析的基本控制方程与变分原理

本文在对问题研究现状进行阐述的基础上较系统地给出了骨架可变形非饱和多孔介质的全耦合分析模型，模型中考虑了孔隙气体，水（油）流动对介质力学性能的影响，多孔介质的饱和度，渗透系数与毛吸压力的关系，由实验给出，所导出的控制方程以固体骨架的位移与孔隙流体压力为基本未知量，由于问题的非自共轭特征，文中构造了非饱和介质动力问题的参数变分形式，并在此基础上给出有限元离散方程。     

一类多孔固体的等效偶应力动力学梁模型

一维多孔固体结构可采用等效连续介质梁模型来研究其动力学行为. 当类梁结构的高度尺寸和多孔固体单胞结构尺寸相近时,等效模型的力学行为会产生尺寸效应现象. 等效经典模型由于不包含尺度参数而无法描述尺寸相关特点,而广义连续介质力学模型则可以准确地考虑尺寸效应的影响. 基于偶应力理论,对一类单胞含有圆形孔洞的周期性多孔固体类梁结构,给出了分析其横向自由振动的等效连续介质铁木辛柯梁模型. 通过对单胞分析,在应变能等价和几何平均的意义下,定义了等效偶应力介质的材料常数. 利用已有的材料常数,推导了等效铁木辛柯梁的动力学微分方程. 将实际多孔固体结构进行完全的动力学有限元离散计算,所获得的解作为精确解以检验等效梁模型所获得的频率和振型的精度. 振型的比较借助于模态置信准则矩阵方法. 大量算例表明,等效偶应力铁木辛柯梁模型在频率和振型两方面均具有较高的计算精度. 重点研究了单胞孔径的相对大小、类梁结构高度与单胞尺寸比以及类梁结构长高比对等效梁模型精度的影响. 在此基础上,偏保守地建议了多孔固体类梁结构自振分析方法.      

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多孔介质的变形表现为黏弹塑性,其中,弹性变形体现为本体变形;黏性变 形体现为结构变形;塑性变形体现为损伤变形. 在原有有效应力理论的基础上结合损伤力学 的基本原理,研究多孔介质有效应力的性质. 在原假设多孔介质颗粒可压缩的前提下,假定 部分颗粒可发生局部破坏,并且在颗粒破坏后,有效应力将有所增加,相应的骨架承载能力 将有微小程度增强. 采用损伤有效应力参与计算将能更加准确地描述多孔介质复杂的变形性 质.     

饱和多孔介质大变形分析的一种有限元-有限体积混合方法

建立了饱和多孔介质大变形分析的一种有限元-有限体积混合计算方法.将饱和多孔介质视为由固体骨架和孔隙水组成的两相体,其基本方程包括动力平衡方程和渗流连续方程.基于u-p假定和更新的Lagrange方法,饱和多孔介质的动力平衡方程在空间域内采用有限元方法进行离散,而渗流连续方程在空阃域内则采用有限体积法进行离散.通过两个数值算例,一维有限弹性固结和动力荷载作用下堤坝动力响应的计算,验证了该方法的有效性.     

Biot-Cosserat连续体-离散颗粒集合体模型的非饱和土连接尺度方法

耦合了非饱和多孔多相介质有限元模型和颗粒介质离散元(DEM)模型,提出了以宏、细观尺度分别耦合Biot-Cosserat连续体模型和离散颗粒集合体模型的连接尺度方法来分析非饱和含液颗粒材料的力学渗流耦合问题。根据被动空气压力假定和对空间离散孔隙水质量守恒方程的约化,从非饱和土有限元控制方程的基本未知量中消去了孔隙水压力,而将其取作有限元积分点上定义取值的内状态变量,进而建立了节点未知量仅包含固相线位移和转角的非饱和Cosserat多孔连续体约化有限元数值模型。基于连接尺度方法(BSM)宏、细观尺度数值过程的解耦计算的特点,对宏、细观两尺度数值模型的时域积分分别采用隐式Newmark方法和显式中心差分法,且取不同时间步长以提高计算效率。与全域采用DEM的精细分析方法相比,本文BSM在保证计算精度的前提下可大幅节省计算时间。在不考虑湿化效应的边坡稳定算例中,在得到类似计算精度条件下它比全域采用DEM节省计算时间高达86.65%。二维边坡稳定算例结果验证了本文连接尺度方法的有效性,以及在揭示含液颗粒结构细观破坏机理上的优点。数值算例结果显示,边坡承载能力因降雨大幅下降约50%,这表明本文发展的计及伴随湿化过程的颗粒材料结构中饱和度及吸力分布演变及其对结构破坏失效影响的非饱和颗粒材料多尺度计算模型是很有必要的。     

非饱和土力学理论的研究进展

回顾了非饱和土有效应力的发展,目前普遍认同采用两个应力变量来建立本构模型,且对基质吸力中毛细和粘吸两部分作用进行了阐述。分析了非饱和土强度问题,包括抗剪强度和抗拉强度。讨论了非饱和土的本构模型问题,包括基于净应力和基质吸力的弹塑性模型,基于Bishop有效应力和基质吸力的水力力学耦合弹塑性模型,以及双孔隙结构的模型。最后探讨了热力学方法和多孔介质理论在非饱和土中的应用,基于多孔介质理论在多场耦合条件下土体复杂的行为是当前值得研究的问题。     

多孔介质的流变模型研究

多孔介质在应力作用下具有弹性变形和黏性变形两种完全不同的变形机制，多孔介质的弹性变形是由介质的本体有效力所致，而黏性变表则是由介质的结构有效应力所致。多孔介质的总变形为弹性变形和黏性变形的叠加，计算多孔介质总应变量的流变模型必须同时采用本体有效应力和结构有效应力（双重有效应力），而传统的流变模型仅采用Terzaghi有效应力是不妥当的，它无法正确描述多孔的应变行为，采用了双重有效应力之后的流变模型，通过调节介质特性参数，可以拟合介质的实际应变行为，并且把多孔介质与普通固体联系了起来。     

Dynamics of Viscous Entrapped Saturated Zones in Partially Wetted Porous Media

As a typical multiphase fluid flow process, drainage in porous media is of fundamental interest both in nature and in industrial applications. During drainage processes in unsaturated soils and porous media in general, saturated regions, or clusters, in which a liquid phase fully occupies the pore space between solid grains, affect the relative permeability and effective stress of the system. Here, we experimentally study drainage processes in unsaturated granular media as a model porous system. The distribution of saturated clusters is analysed by optical imaging under different drainage conditions, with pore-scale information from Voronoi and Delaunay tessellation used to characterise the topology of saturated cluster distributions. By employing statistical analyses, we describe the observed spatial and temporal evolution of multiphase flow and fluid entrapment in granular media. Results indicate that the distributions of both the crystallised cell size and pore size are positively correlated to the spatial and temporal distribution of saturated cluster sizes. The saturated cluster size is found to follow a lognormal distribution, in which the generalised Bond number (\( Bo^{*} \)) correlates negatively to the scale parameter (μ) and positively to the shape parameter (σ). With further consideration of the total surface energy obtained based on liquid–air interfaces, we were able to include additional grain-scale information in the constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils using both the degree of saturation and generalised Bond number. These findings can be used to connect pore-scale behaviour with overall hydro-mechanical characteristics in granular systems.     

一维流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层的动力响应

本文研究了不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层的一维动力响应问题。基于粘弹性理论和多孔介质理论，在流相和固相微观不可压、固相骨架服从粘弹性积分型本构关系和小变形的假定下，建立了不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层一维动力响应的数学模型，利用Laplace变换，求得了原初边值问题在变换空间中的解析解，并利用Laplace逆变换的Crump数值反演方法，得到原动力响应问题的数值解。数值研究了饱和标准线性粘弹性多孔介质层的动力响应，分析了固相位移、渗流速度、孔隙压力及固相有效应力等的响应特征。结果表明，与不可压流体饱和弹性多孔介质相同，不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质中亦只存在一个纵波，并且固相骨架的粘性对动力行为有显著的影响。     

Transport of Viruses Through Saturated and Unsaturated Columns Packed with Sand

Laboratory-scale virus transport experiments were conducted in columns packed with sand under saturated and unsaturated conditions. The viruses employed were the male-specific RNA coliphage, MS2, and the Salmonella typhimurium phage, PRD1. The mathematical model developed by Sim and Chrysikopoulos (Water Resour Res 36:173–179, 2000) that accounts for processes responsible for removal of viruses during vertical transport in one-dimensional, unsaturated porous media was used to fit the data collected from the laboratory experiments. The liquid to liquid–solid and liquid to air–liquid interface mass transfer rate coefficients were shown to increase for both bacteriophage as saturation levels were reduced. The experimental results indicate that even for unfavorable attachment conditions within a sand column (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline solution; pH = 7.5; ionic strength = 2 mM), saturation levels can affect virus transport through porous media.     

Coupled Solvent and Heat Transport of a Mixture of Swelling Porous Particles and Fluids: Single Time-Scale Problem

A three-spatial scale, single time-scale model for both moisture and heat transport is developed for an unsaturated swelling porous media from first principles within a mixture theoretic framework. On the smallest (micro) scale, the system consists of macromolecules (clay particles, polymers, etc.) and a solvating liquid (vicinal fluid), each of which are viewed as individual phases or nonoverlapping continua occupying distinct regions of space and satisfying the classical field equations. These equations are homogenized forming overlaying continua on the intermediate (meso) scale via hybrid mixture theory (HMT). On the mesoscale the homogenized swelling particles consisting of the homogenized vicinal fluid and colloid are then mixed with two bulk phase fluids: the bulk solvent and its vapor. At this scale, there exists three nonoverlapping continua occupying distinct regions of space. On the largest (macro) scale the saturated homogenized particles, bulk liquid and vapor solvent, are again homogenized forming four overlaying continua: doubly homogenized vicinal fluid, doubly homogenized macromolecules, and singly homogenized bulk liquid and vapor phases. Two constitutive theories are developed, one at the mesoscale and the other at the macroscale. Both are developed via the Coleman and Noll method of exploiting the entropy inequality coupled with linearization about equilibrium. The macroscale constitutive theory does not rely upon the mesoscale theory as is common in other upscaling methods. The energy equation on either the mesoscale or macroscale generalizes de Vries classical theory of heat and moisture transport. The momentum balance allows for flow of fluid via volume fraction gradients, pressure gradients, external force fields, and temperature gradients.     

A hyperbolic mathematical modeling for describing the transition saturated/unsaturated in a rigid porous medium

This work proposes a mathematical model to study the filling up of an unsaturated porous medium by a liquid identifying the transition from unsaturated to saturated flow and allowing a small super saturation. As a consequence the problem remains hyperbolic even when saturation is reached. This important feature enables obtaining numerical solution for any initial value problem and allows employing Glimm’s scheme associated with an operator splitting technique for treating drag and viscous effects. A mixture theory approach is used to build the mechanical model, considering a mixture of three overlapping continuous constituents: a solid (porous medium), a liquid (Newtonian fluid) and a very low-density gas (to account for the mixture compressibility). The constitutive assumption proposed for the pressure gives rise to a continuous function of the fluid fraction. The complete solution of the Riemann problem associated with the system of conservation laws, as well as four examples, considering all the four possible connections, namely, 1-shock/2-shock, 1-rarefaction/2-rarefaction, 1-rarefaction/2-shock and 1-shock/2-rarefaction are presented.     

On the effective stress in unsaturated porous continua with double porosity

Using mixture theory we formulate the balance laws for unsaturated porous media composed of a double-porosity solid matrix infiltrated by liquid and gas. In this context, the term ‘double porosity’ pertains to the microstructural characteristic that allows the pore spaces in a continuum to be classified into two pore subspaces. We use the first law of thermodynamics to identify energy-conjugate variables and derive an expression for the ‘effective’, or constitutive, stress that is energy-conjugate to the rate of deformation of the solid matrix. The effective stress has the form , where σ is the total Cauchy stress tensor, B is the Biot coefficient, and is the mean fluid pressure weighted according to the local degrees of saturation and pore fractions. We identify other emerging energy-conjugate pairs relevant for constitutive modeling of double-porosity unsaturated continua, including the local suction versus degree of saturation pair and the pore volume fraction versus weighted pore pressure difference pair. Finally, we use the second law of thermodynamics to determine conditions for maximum plastic dissipation in the regime of inelastic deformation for the unsaturated two-porosity mixture.     

考虑耦合质量影响的饱和多孔介质动力响应分析的显式有限元法

根据Biot饱和多孔介质动力方程，采用解耦技术，提出了考虑耦合质量Pd影响的饱和多孔介质中动力响应分析的显式有限元法。文中建立并推导了显式有限元的公式，编制了相应的计算程序并进行了实例计算。计算结果与解析解进行了对比，两者符合很好，表明本文方法是处理饱和多孔介质动力问题的一种有效方法。文中还分析了耦合质量ρa对固相和液相动位移的影响。