带薄钢壳钝黑铝柱形装药爆炸波研究

对爆炸波的现场测试系统动态灵敏度标定和峰值超压测量的实验方法进行了改进,显著提高了两者的测定精度。在此基础上,实验测定了两种不同尺寸的带薄钢壳钝黑铝柱形装药的爆炸波峰值超压随传播距离的变化关系,并由此推论出了爆炸波的超压ＴＮＴ当量。简化计算了在相同壳体和装药质量条件下钝黑铝、钝化黑索金和ＴＮＴ柱形装药爆炸波的超压ＴＮＴ当量。计算和实验之间的比较表明:对于钝黑铝装药,超压ＴＮＴ当量的计算值与实验值极好地一致;钝黑铝装药的超压ＴＮＴ当量相对钝化黑索金和ＴＮＴ装药分别提高了１５％和４７％。     

FAE爆炸波对地面目标作用的三维数值研究

利用二阶迎风TVD格式 ,对多组分全N S方程进行全耦合数值求解 ,研究了近地空中环氧丙烷 (C3H6 O)形成的圆柱形云雾爆炸波和地面作用问题 ,得到了对目标作用前、后冲击波的传播和波系结构的演化以及不同时刻爆源组分的分布。对目标表面计算单元的压力进行面积加权平均 ,得到目标各表面平均超压随时间变化的曲线。压力值的动画显示表明了目标表面所受载荷的大小和分布随时间变化的规律。修改初、边值条件 ,本文的方法和开发的软件可对任意形状云雾爆炸波与目标作用问题进行综合数值分析。     

多相燃料空气炸药爆炸压力场研究

采用高速运动分析系统对固态燃料FAE（Fuel Air Explosive）分散、爆轰过程进行光学测量,用压电传感器等组成的压力测试系统对FAE爆炸压力场进行测量,对固态燃料FAE燃料分散、爆轰波及冲击波进行了研究。分析了气-固-液多相爆轰的特征和压力波形的特点,研究了其冲击波峰值超压及比冲量随传播距离变化的规律。在云雾区内,多相爆轰波压力波形具有多峰结构,爆炸波峰值超压及冲量为一恒定值;爆轰区外,爆轰波转变成爆炸冲击波,峰值压力和比冲量迅速衰减,得到了峰值超压、比冲量随传播距离的变化规律。     

球形装药动态爆炸冲击波超压场计算模型

为获得球形装药动态爆炸冲击波超压场计算模型,对静态爆炸冲击波超压Baker计算公式加入修正因子进行修正,并建立了构造包含装药运动速度、对比距离和方位角的修正因子函数的方法。为获得修正因子的函数表达式,采用高精度显式欧拉流体动力学软件SPEED针对具有典型运动速度的球形装药空中爆炸过程进行了数值模拟,得到了沿装药不同对比距离和方位角处的动态爆炸冲击波超压峰值。在对数值模拟结果处理的基础上,经过数据拟合获得了动态爆炸冲击波超压场计算模型。校验结果表明,该模型能较准确描述动态爆炸冲击波超压分布,具有普适性。     

机动方舱核爆炸冲击波动力响应和安定性分析

本文以核爆炸当量、高度、距离为参数，采用等超压圆给出了普通方舱和防核加固方舱结构在核冲击波下的安全域。研究了限制舱体倾斜的压力条件。本文还以冲击波压力的时间函数为激励，求解了方舱的动力响应。从试验结果推论和计算模拟两方面，分析了方舱承受冲击波的能力。     

一次引爆的固态燃料空气炸药爆炸特性的研究

本文研究了一次引爆的固态燃料空气炸药的爆炸特性，实验给出了爆炸超压与燃料质量、距离的关系曲线，并与TNT进行了对比，同时根据爆炸相似率，得到了计算爆炸超压的拟合方程，其计算结果与实验值的相对误差绝对值小于10％。     

三相介质饱和土自由场中爆炸波的传播规律

饱和土是由固体上颗粒、水和少量封闭的空气组成的三相介质。介绍了爆炸波作用下三相介质饱和土有限元基本方程的建立过程，推导了引进人工粘性项的动力有限元方程，得到在饱和土自由场中爆炸波的传播规律；不同空气含量饱和土中爆炸波随深度的衰减规律。文中还给出了有限元与有限差分间断分解结果的比较，以说明本文理论方法的有效性。     

瓦斯爆炸压力与波前瞬态流速演化特征及其定量关系

为了建立爆炸波前的瞬态流速和超压的定量关系,采用数值模拟的方法分别研究了开口型方管内瓦斯爆炸超压和瞬态流速传播特征。研究结果表明:开口型方管内,波前瞬态流速和超压的波形曲线的峰值个数不一样,而且超压峰值总是早于波前瞬态流速峰值出现。大部分情况下,方管横截面边长越大,其超压峰值相对较小,并且超压峰值沿传播方向呈现降低趋势。波前瞬态流速峰值沿传播方向呈不断增长趋势,而且方管横截面边长越大,其峰值也相对较小。长径比(方管长度与横截面边长之比)小于125时,超压峰值与波前瞬态流速峰值的定量关系始终呈现线性反比关系;大于或等于125时,超压峰值和波前瞬态流速峰值的定量关系呈分段关系。研究结果可为爆炸冲击波扬尘的研究提供基础数据。     

FAE爆炸场超压与威力的实验研究

利用现场测试系统动态灵敏度标定技术,分别等精度测试了FAE和TNT爆炸场峰值超压。在此基础上获得了各自的爆炸波峰值超压随传播距离的拟合曲线和TNT当量比。结果表明:FAE爆炸场超压分布规律与TNT有显著区别,前者属于大体积云雾爆炸,爆炸场可划分为云雾爆轰区、云雾边缘区和冲击波作用区;在云雾爆轰区,超压平均值在2.6MPa左右,在小于2/3云雾半径的范围内比同质量的TNT低,在大于2/3的云雾半径范围则显著大于TNT;在冲击波作用区,环氧丙烷燃料的FAE爆炸超压约是TNT爆炸效果的5倍,超压均呈衰减趋势,但FAE衰减比TNT缓慢许多。     

修正的Friedlander方程指数衰减因子

发现修正的Friedlander方程中指数衰减因子的对数的对数是时间的线性函数,运用该规律得出了一个能够精确描述冲击波超压随时间传播规律的数学模型。与实测信号比较表明,该模型能够精确地表达冲击波随时间传播规律,具有一定的通用性和预测性。     

爆炸容器内小药量实验动态标定压力传感器

在爆炸容器中进行小药量空中爆炸实验, 利用传感器序列测量冲击波速度, 根据冲击波Rankine-Hugoniot关系获得测点近似理论峰值压力, 从而实现压力传感器的标定, 获得的灵敏度相对误差较小。同时测量了相应的冲击波参数, 并利用Modified-Friedlander公式进行数据后处理, 结果表明固定超压拟合更接近物理事实, 固定正相时间拟合也具有较高精度。最后进行了误差分析, 发现不同传感器特性及数据后处理方法都会带来一定误差。实验结果表明这种测量和后处理方法具有较高的精度, 可以同时标定传感器和测量冲击波参数。     

On the interaction and coalescence of spherical blast waves

The scaling and similarity laws concerning the propagation of isolated spherical blast waves are briefly reviewed. Both point source explosions and high pressure gas explosions are considered. Test data on blast overpressure from the interaction and coalescence of spherical blast waves emanating from explosives in the form of shaped charges of different strength placed in the vicinity of a solid propellant stack are presented. These data are discussed with regard to the scaling laws concerning the decay of blast overpressure. The results point out the possibility of detecting source explosions from far-field pressure measurements.      

中心引爆破片战斗部产生的近区空气爆炸波的计算

本文提出一种计算中心起爆有限装药尺寸破片战斗部产生的近区空气爆炸波超压的近似方法。战斗部壳体碎片除受爆轰产物的推力及空气反压外,还考虑了碎片形状等因素引起的形阻修正。适当选取形阻修正系数及修正项引入时刻,计算数据与数十公斤装药战斗部近区实验结果十分接近。本文结果表明,爆破战斗部近区空气爆炸波的计算不能采用强爆炸波理论,应当考虑飞片驱动冲击波的模型。     

Experimental and numerical studies of weak blast waves in air

Effects of viscosity and vibrational nonequilibrium on the profile of a weak, spherical N-wave in air are experimentally and numerically studied. Weak blast waves were generated, in a quiescent air dome, by spark discharges and exploding wires and observed by high frequency response microphones over 40 meters. Some similarity relationships were obtained from the blast wave experiments. For observed N-waves having less than 100 Pa peak overpressure, the peak overpressure p _f and the duration of the positive phaset _d+ are found to vary with the radial distance from the sourcer as p _f r ^–1.38 andt _d + r ^0.19, whilst the rise time of the blast wave t _f linearly increases with distance. Similar trends were also found for the negative phase of the blast wave. Numerical simulations were carried out to compare with the blast wave data. The Navier-Stokes equations for spherical symmetric flows were solved by coupling with a relaxation equation for vibrational excitation of oxygen using the random choice method (RCM) adapted to supercomputing with an operator splitting technique. The resultant N-wave profiles are in good agreement with the experimental results. The numerical results clearly indicate that the wave-easing process due to the dispersive effect of vibrational relaxation plays a dominant role in determining the rise time of the N-wave.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波的传播特性

针对高海拔或高空的低温、低压环境对炸药爆炸冲击波传播的影响,利用量纲分析理论和AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了低温、低压及海拔高度对炸药爆炸冲击波参量（峰值超压、比冲量和波阵面运动轨迹）的影响规律,建立了相应的计算公式,并通过数值模拟和实验数据进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算公式可以有效预测低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波参量。环境压力降低,爆炸冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场（比例距离Z>0.2 m/kg1/3）比冲量减小,冲击波传播速度增大。环境温度降低,冲击波比冲量增大,传播速度降低,峰值超压影响不大。海拔高度在0～9 000 m范围内,每升高1 000 m冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场比冲量分别平均降低约3.9%和3.2%。海拔升高,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度升高,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度则降低。高海拔环境下低压对冲击波峰值超压和比冲量的影响大于低温,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度取决于低压的影响,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度取决于低温的影响。     

Optical measurement and scaling of blasts from gram-range explosive charges

Laboratory-scale experiments with gram-range explosive charges are presented. Optical shadowgraphy and high-speed digital imaging are used to measure the explosive-driven shock-wave position as a function of time. From this, shock Mach number-versus-distance from the explosion center can be found. These data then yield the peak overpressure and duration, which are the key parameters in determining the potential damage from an explosion as well as the TNT equivalent of the explosive. Piezoelectric pressure gage measurements of overpressure duration at various distances from the explosive charges compare well with theoretical calculations. A scaling analysis yields an approach to relate the gram-range blast to a large-scale blast from the same or different explosives. This approach is particularly suited to determining the properties and behavior of exotic explosives like triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Results agree with previous observations that the concept of a single TNT equivalence value is inadequate to fully describe an explosive yield, rather TNT equivalence factor and overpressure duration should be presented as functions of radius.      

钢化玻璃冲击波毁伤效应测试结果分析

为研究爆炸冲击波对钢化玻璃的毁伤阈值,开展了钢化玻璃冲击波毁伤效应实验。对每一发实验进行了爆炸参数测试,获得了冲击波超压随时间变化历程的实验数据。通过对实验数据的处理与分析,得到了爆炸冲击波基本参数,包括正反射超压、冲击波到时、正压作用时间、正反射冲量、负反射超压、负压作用时间和负反射冲量等。将实验结果与CONWEP计算结果进行了比较,比较结果表明二者误差很小,证明冲击波测试结果准确可靠。对冲击波正负反射参数进行了比较,结果表明冲击波正反射参数明显高于冲击波负反射参数。     

Strong explosion near a parallelepipedic structure

The purpose of this paper is to report the blast loading characteristics resulting from the detonation of a stoichiometric propane–oxygen mixture, and to validate the approach which relies on simulating TNT explosions at large scale by small-scale experiments of gaseous explosions. Several dimensionless correlations are obtained from experimental data. These relationships allow determination of the parameters of a blast wave interacting with a structure as a function of the positions of the explosive charge and the structure. Simulations carried out with the Autodyn code show good correlation with experimental results. The Hopkinson law is suggested to predict the blast wave’s parameters at large scale on the basis of small-scale experiments and simulations. This paper was based on work that was presented at the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Montreal, Canada, July 31–August 5, 2005.