动力荷载对围压卸载下岩石动态变形模量的影响

利用SHPB岩石动静组合加载实验系统，研究在不同轴压水平下围压以1 MPa/s速率卸载至预加值50%时矽卡岩受频繁冲击作用的动态变形模量变化规律。实验结果表明:高轴压促使岩石内部微裂纹萌发与扩展，降低了岩石抵抗外部冲击的能力。围压的侧向约束阻碍岩石内部裂纹的横向扩展，但在围压卸载时会加剧岩石内部的损伤，这是由于高轴压下，围压卸载导致岩石内部应力重新分布。轴压与围压卸载共同影响着冲击作用下的岩石动态变形模量，通过岩样在冲击荷载下的能量耗散分析岩石动态变形模量的变化规律，有助于了解深部岩体开挖的破坏机制。     

卸围压法测量岩石材料的泊松比

对岩样三轴加载后保持轴向变形、降低围压的试验，可以提供轴压随围压的变化曲线，从而依据弹性本构关系确定岩石材料的泊松比。这不仅方便准确，也更符合工程实际     

粉砂岩峰后破坏区应力脆性跌落的试验和本构方程研究

对粉砂岩试样进行常规三轴压缩试验,得到了其在不同围压下的应力-应变全程曲线.结果表明,岩样应力-应变曲线峰前(破坏前区)部分的力学性质较为稳定,其力学行为可用经典强度理论进行描述;应力-应变曲线峰后(破坏后区)部分,岩样处于非稳定状态,其力学行为难以用经典强度理论来描述,而脆塑性模型恰好可以描述试验岩样的应力非连续变化特征.岩石的应力脆性跌落是有条件发生的,应力脆性跌落系数是围压的函数,并给出应力脆性跌落系数与围压的关系.对完整岩样而言,使用弹性-线性软化-残余塑性三线性非理想脆塑性模型可以描述岩样的本构特征,而对含有节理岩样而言,采用双线性弹性-线性软化-残余塑性四线型非理想脆塑性模型与试验更为相符.     

频繁动力扰动对围压卸载中高储能岩体的动力学影响

基于冬瓜山铜矿深部巷道围岩开挖过程中面临的高应力和频繁爆破扰动问题，利用改进的SHPB动静组合加载系统，开展了频繁动力扰动对围压卸载中高储能岩体动力学影响的研究。研究结果表明，围压卸载中的矽卡岩受到动力扰动时，其动态峰值应力和弹性模量随动力扰动次数非线性变化。围压卸载中的高储能矽卡岩受到动力扰动时会释放能量。轴压促使岩样内微裂隙轴向发育，造成岩样抵抗动力扰动能力减弱；围压减缓岩样内微裂隙轴向发育，造成岩样抵抗动力扰动能力增强。动力扰动对微裂隙扩展有促进作用，使围压卸载中的岩样由拉伸破坏向剪切破坏转变。     

散粒体卸载特性的三轴伸长试验研究

根据岩土体的加卸载变形过程和应力状态,卸载曲线分为弹性卸载段和卸载伸长段.采用三种不同粒径的玻璃珠和标准丰浦砂散粒材料进行了三轴伸长卸载试验,对比分析了不同材料、初始偏应力和不同围压下散粒体的卸载特性.研究表明散粒体的单向伸长卸载强度主要取决于与卸载方向垂直的围压和颗粒的内摩擦,且与围压成线性关系,初始偏应力状态及各向异性对于散粒体的伸长强度无影响,但影响其破坏发展形态.此外,材料特性包括表面粗糙度和级配、孔隙率等对内摩擦及伸长卸载特性均有影响.     

循环荷载下硅藻土应变和孔压特性

针对嵊州硅藻土的高结构性及地基应力场的复杂多变，应用GDS 动三轴仪进行不同围压和不同循环应力比下的不排水循环加载试验，分析应力-应变滞回曲线演化、应变累积特性、回弹特性及孔压特性．研究表明：循环应力比及围压对原状硅藻土应变和孔压的发展规律影响明显，随着循环应力比的增加，滞回曲线由线性状态转变为非线性状态，且逐渐向x 轴倾斜，累计应变和回弹应变都随着循环应力比的增加而略微增加，但总应变基本小于2 %；残余孔压比随循环应力比增大而增大，范围为0.1~0.5．并且存在一个临界循环应力比，其值随有效围压的增大而减小，范围为0.8~2.2，当循环应力比大于该值时，试样内部产生一个破裂面迅速发生破坏．在相同循环应力比下，试样的应变随着有效围压的增大而增大．     

循环加卸载损伤大理岩的动力学特性

利用MTS 815电液伺服岩石实验系统进行上限应力为80%、85%、90%、95%单轴抗压强度的大理岩单轴压缩循环加卸载实验，每种上限应力条件分别设置20、40、60、80次循环。再利用分离式Hopkinson压杆对损伤岩样进行动力学实验。分析了循环加卸载上限应力及循环次数对大理岩塑性应变的影响，揭示了大理岩动态力学参数和破碎吸收能随损伤变量的演化规律。实验结果表明:塑性应变与循环次数呈正相关，且上限应力越大，塑性应变趋于稳定所需的循环次数也会增大；动态单轴抗压强度、动态弹性模量随损伤变量增加呈指数衰减；破碎吸能占比以损伤变量D=0.343为临界点分为两个阶段，D＜0.343时，破碎吸能占比稳定在10%左右，数值约为13 J，当D＞0.343时破碎吸能占比随损伤变量增加不断增大。研究结果可为岩体工程的设计、施工及支护参数的选取提供参考。     

基于SPH法的两种围压加载方式对比研究

在光滑粒子流体动力学法(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)中,围压加载方式包括板加载和力加载。对于传统的板加载,当剪切带发展至模型边界附近时,边界应力将与预设围压不相等。为此,发展了可调控板加载的围压施加方法。在可调控板加载和力加载方式下对比分析了双轴压缩岩样和洞室围岩的变形破坏过程。数值结果表明:在两种围压加载方式下,随着围压的增加,双轴压缩岩样的抗压强度和残余强度均基本呈线性增加,并且岩样中拉破坏粒子数逐渐减少,即围压的作用阻碍了拉伸破坏的发生。对于洞室围岩,当侧压系数大于1.0时,两种围压加载方式下围岩中剪切带及其附近的未破坏区的轮廓线均呈椭圆形,且侧压系数越大,轮廓线的长轴越长,而短轴无明显变化;随着侧压系数的增大,拉伸破坏由洞壁四周向两帮转移;在力加载方式下,模型整体稍有旋转,促进了剪切带扩展的非对称性;在可调控板加载方式下,模型不能旋转,剪切带扩展的非对称性不易发生。     

一维应力预加载下红砂岩冲击力学特性试验研究

为研究高地应力下再受动力扰动的岩石力学特性,利用改进的岩石动静组合加载SHPB试验装置,对红砂岩进行一维预应力状态下岩石的冲击力学特性试验。选取4个轴压水平,进行不同应变率下的动加载试验。研究结果表明:不同应变率下,岩样在破坏阶段出现"峰后塑性"、"应力跌落"、"应变回弹"三种类型,岩样的割线模量随轴压的增大先增大后减小;相同轴压下,岩样的动态抗压强度和单位体积吸收能随着应变率的增大而增大,分别呈现出指数函数关系和线性关系;相同应变率下,岩样的动态抗压强度和单位体积吸收能随着轴压的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;无轴压条件下,岩样为拉伸破坏模式,有轴压条件下,岩样为剪切破坏模式。     

基于指数准则在莫尔空间对岩石剪切强度的研究

岩石是多种矿物颗粒构成的天然材料,内部存在不同尺度的孔隙、裂隙等损伤;岩体工程设计及灾害防治所使用的强度准则仍在研究之中.材料的黏结和摩擦在局部不能同时存在,线性的Coulomb准则仅在小范围内近似描述圆柱试样的常规三轴强度,众多非线性强度准则只是经验公式而缺乏物理背景. 作者提出的指数准则可描述岩石剪切破坏时强度与围压的关系;基于对11组试验数据的拟合结果在莫尔应力空间分析黏结力和摩擦力的变化特征:岩石承载的剪切力存在上限即材料的真实黏结力c₀;在试验范围内莫尔概念的内摩擦力达到约为0.38 c₀的峰值,且黏结力在其附近相交. 材料真实黏结力与正应力无关,因而名义黏结力表征了完好材料剪切破裂的面积;基于裂隙面积计算的等效摩擦因子随正应力降低,意味着裂隙滑移的爬坡角减小,而后者取决于正应力与真实黏结力的比值. 等效摩擦因子与指数准则的材料参数具有确定关系,体现了岩石在压应力作用下剪切破裂的物理背景.      

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的非比例循环强化性能

对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行了各种比例和非比例循环本构实验,其中包括圆路径、正方形、正菱形、蝶形、三角形和两种十字形应变路径。表明其具有明显的非比例循环附加强化。在相同的等效应变幅值上,材料的附加强化与路径密切相关。对于圆路径,其附加强化度最大可达60％。通过对不同应变历史的实验研究表明,先前小的非比例度的加载历史对后继大的非比例度路径的强化没有影响;而先前大非比例度的加载路径对后继小非比例度路径的循环强化有较大影响。     

循环荷载下岩石阻尼行为的试验研究

为了深入地了解岩石的阻尼特性，利用WDT–1500多功能材料试验机，对砂岩、砾岩和砂砾岩进行了循环荷载试验，研究了岩石的动剪切模量和阻尼参数对应力、应变幅值和应力水平的响应特性，得到了动弹性模量和阻尼参数随应力幅值、应力水平及含水率的变化规律，讨论了其变化机理。证实了双曲线关系能够描述分级循环荷载作用下岩石的应力-应变关系，得到了动剪切模量和阻尼比与动应力、动应变之间的关系，建立了不同应力水平和不同应力幅值条件下岩石的动剪切模量与阻尼比关系模型，结果表明该模型能够描述分级循环荷载过程中阻尼行为。     

A Study on the Evaluation of the Fracture Process Zone in CCNBD Rock Samples

The safety of many civil and mining concrete and rock structures including pre-existing crack networks is fundamentally affected by the mechanical behaviour of the material under static and cyclic loading. In cyclic loading case, cracks can grow at a lower load level compared to the monotonic case. This phenomenon is called fatigue due to subcritical crack propagation and depends on the behaviour of the fracture process zone (FPZ). This study presents the results of laboratory diametrical compression tests performed on Brisbane tuff disc specimens to investigate their mode-I (tensile) fracture toughness response to static and cyclic loading and relevant FPZ. The FPZ and fracture toughness response to cyclic loading was found to be different from that under static loading in terms of the ultimate load and the damage mechanisms in front of the chevron crack. A maximum reduction of the static fracture toughness (K _IC ) of 42 % was obtained for the highest amplitude increasing cyclic loading test. Detailed scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations were performed on the surfaces of the tips of the chevron notch cracks, revealing that both loading methods cause FPZ development in the CCNBD specimens. When compared with monotonic FPZ development, the main difference with the cyclically loaded specimens was that intergranular cracks were formed due to particle breakage under cyclic loading, while smooth and bright cracks along cleavage planes were formed under static loading. Further, the SEM images showed that fatigue damage in Brisbane tuff is strongly influenced by the failure of the matrix because of both intergranular and transgranular subcritical fracturing.     

不同尺寸砂岩动态力学性质和应力平衡性的试验研究

采用大直径分离式霍普金森压杆系统获得的不同尺寸试样的实验冲击动态力学参数有差异,因此在直径100 mm压杆上进行了3种直径（50、75和100 mm）和5种长径比（0.4、0.5、0.6、0.8和1.0）的砂岩试样冲击试验,分析了不同尺寸试样应力-应变曲线和应变率曲线随尺寸的变化,提出了用于比较波形对齐重合度的波形叠加系数,并与应力平衡因子共同构建了动态应力平衡性研究体系,由此确定大直径霍普金森压杆试验的试样建议尺寸。同时,利用高速摄影机监测试样的动态破坏状况。结果表明:当长径比相同时,直径75与100 mm岩石试样的动态抗压强度测试值相近,直径50 mm试样具有更明显的长度效应;随着试样直径的增大,应变率曲线从单峰变为双峰;小尺寸试样更易发生轴向劈裂破坏,大尺寸试样受内部应力波叠加影响产生了较大的拉应力,易发生层裂拉伸和轴向劈裂的复合型破坏;对直径75 mm且长径比0.3~0.4的试样,波形对齐后重合度较高,在起始破坏前拥有充足的应力平衡时间,应变率加载效果较好。获得了砂岩试样冲击压缩试验的尺寸效应,可为大直径岩石试样的尺寸选择提供参考。     

凝聚炸药的短脉冲冲击起爆

本文介绍了利用电炮研究两种凝聚炸药（TNT/RDX=35/65和PBH-9）的短脉冲冲击起爆的实验结果。炸药样品为直径20mm,长度分别为3.0、5.0、10.0mm的圆柱及楔形药块。在所研究的实验条件下,当药柱长度大于5.0mm时,两种炸药的起爆判据可用p?=常数描述。当药柱长度小于3.0mm时,撞击飞片的阈值速度明显增加。我们还观测了飞片直径对起爆阈值速度的影响,用楔形药块观测了不同加载条件下的到爆轰时间和距离。     

岩石失稳破裂的变形突跳研究

针对在非刚性加载条件下岩石失稳破裂过程中变形突跳的特性, 根据时间的不可逆性, 研究了岩石试样在普通试验机下的变形规律及突跳特性, 得到了与尖点突变模式相似的突变机构。再利用突变理论中尖点突变模型研究由试验机和岩石试样组成的力学系统的失稳机制, 结果表明：两者得到的岩石变形突变量非常相似, 且具有同一变化趋势。     

Erratum to: Rock Dynamic Fracture Toughness Tested with Holed-Cracked Flattened Brazilian Discs Diametrically Impacted by SHPB and its Size Effect

Dynamic fracture initiation toughness of marble was tested using two types of the holed-cracked flattened Brazilian disc (HCFBD) specimens, which were diametrically impacted at the flat end of the disc by the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) of 100 mm diameter. One type of the discs is geometrically similar with different outside diameter of 42 mm, 80 mm, 122 mm and 155 mm respectively, and with crack length being half the diameter; another type of the discs has identical 80 mm diameter and different crack length. Issues associated with determination of the stress wave loading by the SHPB system and the crack initiation time in the disc specimen were resolved using strain gage technique. The stress waves recorded on the bars and the disc failure patterns are shown and explained. The tested dynamic fracture toughness increases obviously with increasing diameter for the geometrically similar HCFBD specimens. It changes moderately for the one-size specimens of identical diameter and different crack length. The size effect of rock dynamic fracture toughness is mainly caused by the fracture process zone length l and fracture incubation time τ, the latter being an additional influencing factor for the dynamic loading as compared with the counterpart static situation. Hence a method is proposed to determine a unique value for the dynamic fracture initiation toughness, the approach takes average of the local distribution and time history for dynamic stress intensity factor in the spatial-temporal domain, which is defined by l and τ jointly. In this way the dynamic size effect is minimized.     

花岗岩的加载速率效应及能量机制研究

加载速率对岩石的力学性质以及变形破坏方式具有重要的影响.基于MTS810电液伺服材料试验系统与PCI-2声发射仪对岩样进行不同加载速率作用下的单轴压缩和声发射试验.研究结果表明:(1)在各级加载速率作用下,岩样单轴压缩应力-应变曲线大致经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏四个阶段.岩样峰后曲线在加载速率为0.001~0.01mm/s时出现台阶型分段跌落状,在加载速率为0.01~0.1mm/s时呈现光滑、陡峭的连续曲线.(2)岩样峰值强度、弹性模量随加载速率的增加而增大,与加载速率对数均呈现三次多项式拟合关系.峰值应变随加载速率的增加而减小,与加载速率对数呈现线性拟合关系.(3)随着加载速率由0.001mm/s增加至0.1mm/s,岩样吸收的总应变能U具有波动性,可释放的弹性应变能Ue增幅60.42%,耗散应变能Ud降幅66.38%,Ue/U增幅43.33%,Ud/U降幅66.67%,岩样破裂模式由拉剪破坏逐渐向张拉劈裂破坏过渡,岩样破裂块数增多.(4)加载速率为0.001~0.1mm/s时,岩样破坏方式有所不同,但破坏为同一类损伤过程.单轴压缩状态下,能量耗散使得岩样损伤致使强度丧失,而能量释放使得岩样宏观破裂面贯通,并向着能量释放的方向张裂或弹射破坏.     

Experimental Investigation of Fracture Process Zone in Rocks Damaged Under Cyclic Loadings

Compared with other materials, most rocks generally fail in a brittle fashion rather than exhibiting yielding or purely plastic deformation. However, the initiation and coalescence of micro-cracks in the nonlinear region, known as the ‘fracture process zone’ (FPZ), are the primary reason for fracture propagation in rocks. Different elasticity-related models proposed for determining the features of the FPZ have not achieved an adequate understanding of its various fracture patterns. Based on previous experiments and numerical models, micro-crack density has been shown to be a function of loading history and to vary depending on whether the loading is monotonic or cyclic. The aim of the study reported here was to examine the different patterns of the FPZ under various types of cyclic loading and to quantitatively define damage and fracture patterns through the grains or rock matrix. Considerable laboratory testing was conducted, and fractured samples were investigated by computerised tomography scanning, supported by thin-section analysis. In the study, two different types of cyclic loading were tested: stepped and continuous. A diametral compressive loading was applied at predetermined amplitude and frequency with the continuous cyclic loading. The applied cyclic diametral compressive load was returned to the original level after each step, and at the next step, the amplitude started from zero, with stepped cyclic loading (SCL). An average 30 % strength reduction was found due to the SCL and emergence of high micro-fracture density in the FPZ. We presume that hard rock breakage techniques will be improved, especially for rock-cutting technologies, such as drag bits and oscillating disc cutting, by understanding the effects of cyclic loading on rock strength.