岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN方法

岩石变形局部化的识别对于岩石破坏机理、岩土工程灾害预测预警有着重要的意义。本文将数字散斑相关方法（digital speckle correlation methods,DSCM）与卷积神经网络（convolutional neural networks,CNN）相结合,提出了一种用于岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN模型。通过DSCM获取岩石试件在单轴压缩实验过程中的最大剪应变场云图,根据变形局部化带位置进行标注,完成数据集的构建;利用训练数据集对DSCM-CNN智能识别模型进行训练。通过红砂岩单轴压缩实验对该方法进行验证,结果表明：DSCM-CNN模型可以实现岩石变形局部化带位置的自动识别,子集准确率、精确度、召回率等指标分别达到94.19%,97.21%和96.41%,证明了岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN模型的可行性,为岩石变形局部化智能监测提供了一种新的思路。     

试验机弹性储能对岩石力学性能测试的影响

在材料试验机上进行岩石力学性能测试时，如何准确测量岩石的变形是整个测试分析的基础．为了具体考察试验机刚度对岩石变形测量的影响程度，在两台不同的试验机上进行了岩石的单轴压缩试验，通过对加卸载过程中试验系统及岩石能量变化的分析，详细研究了试验系统弹性储能对岩石变形测量的影响，进而给出了基于试验机刚度的修正计算方法，来确定岩石在测试过程中的变形．     

扫描电镜下的数字散斑相关方法及其应用

对数字散斑相关方法(digital speckle correlation method,DSCM)在扫描电镜(scanningelectron microscope,SEM)下的应用进行了研究。将DSCM与带电液伺服试验系统的SEM结合起来,对二者结合的过程进行了分析,实现了SEM下细微观变形场的测量,扩展了DSCM和SEM的应用范围。为了定量地把握SEM在扫描图像时放大倍数的不稳定性、非线性和内部噪声对DSCM的影响,还对SEM下的DSCM精度和误差进行了实验分析。统计结果表明,SEM下应用DSCM进行变形场的测量,其位移测量误差最大可达2像素,其精度可以满足一般变形场测量的需要。作为应用实例,对混凝土试件在SEM下的断裂行为进行了研究,得到了混凝土试件表面随着载荷的变化而变化的表面细观变形场。     

岩石变形破坏局部化的白光数字散斑相关方法研究

本文采用白光数字散斑相关方法研究了岩石的变形局部化,通过实验测定了煤岩变形局部化的开始时刻、演经过程及局部化带的宽度,本文的测试结果为研究岩石变形非均匀演化过程及岩石细观本构参数的测定打下了基础。     

数字散斑相关方法与应用研究进展

数字散斑相关方法(digital speckle correlation method, DSCM)作为固体实验力学领域材料表面变形场测量的一种非接触式方法与其它技术相比具有一些独到的优点,其有效性已经在近20年中被众多的应用实例所证明.近年来该方法在理论上逐步完善,一些现代的数学理论和数学方法(例如:小波变换、遗传算法、神经网络等)逐渐被引入到该方法中;在实验中的各个技术环节上正在逐步的改进,其结果的精度逐步的提高,结果收敛的速度也逐渐的加快;其应用的领域正逐渐从常规材料的测试向一些新型材料测试、从宏观场逐渐向细微观尺度、从常规环境向比较恶劣的环境、从实验室测试逐步向工程现场应用、从静态准静态向动态准动态等方面发展.本文简要介绍了DSCM的基本原理和数学模型,在相关搜索的改进、相关系数的选择、灰度级的重建和图像识别方面的进展以及在材料力学性能测试,微尺度变形场测量等方面的应用.最后就这一实验测量技术的几个可能的发展趋势进行了预测.      

考虑初始缺陷与弹性模量的岩石变形破坏过程模拟方法

针对扰动作用下岩石存在初始缺陷的特点,通过探讨含初始缺陷岩石变形力学特征,根据含初始缺陷岩石弹性模量的变化情况,建立了初始损伤的确定方法。然后,引入几何损伤理论,通过分析三轴压缩条件下岩石损伤演化规律,建立了含初始缺陷岩石损伤模型,进而建立了考虑初始缺陷与弹性模量的岩石统计损伤本构模型,并给出了参数的确定方法。最后,通过砂岩三轴压缩试验资料分析得出:本文理论模型能够反映不同围压作用下含初始缺陷岩石的变形破坏全过程,与试验曲线较为接近;且常见损伤模型是本文理论模型的特例,表明本文模型和方法具有一定的合理性与可行性。     

破碎岩石渗透性的试验测定方法

传统的试验仪器和方法仅能测试岩石破坏前的渗透系数，文中介绍了一种自行设计并已获国家专利的破碎岩石压实渗透仪，依靠其与MTS815.02岩石力学伺服系统连接匹配。利用MTS的两套闭环系统施加轴压和孔压，可测试压力作用下岩石破碎后的渗透系数，对破碎砂岩进行高压下的渗透测试进一步说明该方法的可行性。利用该方法得出的测试结果。对破碎岩体中渗流问题研究及灾害防治具有参考价值。     

细观尺度下岩石热变形破坏的实验研究

利用带扫描电镜的高温疲劳试验机等目前最先进的实验手段,实时观测了在温度和载荷同时作用下岩石在单向压缩和和拉伸中微细观结构的变化、缺陷演化方式和变形破坏过程,针对岩石的热膨胀是不可逆的,即它会受加温历史的影响,加热时和冷却后岩石结构有差异的特点,对岩石在温度载荷作用下的细观结构特征和细观破坏机理进行了较为系统的实验研究。得到了在不同载荷和温度作用下岩石中微裂纹萌生、扩展、断裂破坏等各个阶段清晰的SEM图像和数据。结合实时观测得到的数据和高清晰度图片,分析研究了岩石热细观损伤特性,探讨了载荷和温度的变化对岩石细观结构的影响。     

脆性固体变形响应与裂纹扩展的同步试验观测及其定量分析

通过对砂浆试样的材料变形响应和表面裂纹图象的同步观测实验研究、试样表面细观裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展图象信息的采集和量化方法的研究，探讨脆性固体材料的损伤状态与其宏观力学响应之间的关联。用本文提出的实验及其分析处理方法，可以得到砂浆、混凝土、岩石一类脆性固体材料在承载和变形过程中，表面裂纹扩展的定量结果。试样的表面裂损度代表了砂浆试样在承载和变形过程中表面裂纹扩展的情况，也在一定程度上反映了试样内部的损伤情况。     

煤矿中“突出”的力学:关于煤层中通道两侧剧烈变形的讨论

很久以来,岩石崩出是地下洞室中造成材料破坏和人员伤亡的最危险事变。然而企图从力学和材料科学的观点去了解岩石崩出的物理原理却是相当近期才开始的。本文主要研究煤矿中的岩石崩出。在一般介绍之后,评述了建立在称为“易崩出”的被挖掘材料特殊性质基础上的方法。然后是问题的结构方法的综述。最后提出一个初步的结构模型,对引发岩石崩出的危险性或对它的效率得出了一些简单的近似条件。     

Measurement of small deformation of actual materials by reflection interferometry

Out of a number of two-beam and multiple-beam reflection-interference techniques, two systems, namely, the Fizeau fringe system and the system of the fringes of equal chromatic order are the most suitable tools for the measurement of small surface deformation of actual materials. Some surface-coating techniques, suitable for reflection-interferometry measurements are described. The optimum thickness of deposition of a number of coating materials, suitable for these measurements, determined experimentally are given. The two-beam Fizeau fringe system has been applied to obtain visual evidence of surface deformation of some rock and metal samples by recording the surface microtopographies, or microinterferograms, before and after deformation. Physical interpretation of the microinterferograms is given. Some values pertaining to the physical behavior of one of the materials, i.e., sandstone, are calculated using the appropriate interferograms. Using the two-beam Fizeau fringe system in reflection, surface deformation can be measured down to about 10 Å. The technique is useful for the study of a wide range of surface microtopographies.     

Localization of deformation and stress–strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock materials under unloading

Stress redistribution induced by excavation of underground engineering and slope engineering results in the unloading zone in parts of surrounding rock masses. The mechanical behaviors of crack-weakened rock masses under unloading are different from those of crack-weakened rock masses under loading. A micromechanics-based model has been proposed for brittle rock material undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth when axial stress is held constant while lateral confinement is reduced. The basic idea of the present model is to classify the constitution relation of rock material into four stages including some of the stages of linear elasticity, pre-peak nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop, and strain softening, and to investigate their corresponding micromechanical damage mechanisms individually. Special attention is paid to the transition from structure rearrangements on microscale to the macroscopic inelastic strain, to the transition from distribution damage to localization of damage and the transition from homogeneous deformation to localization of deformation. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress–strain relation of rock materials containing cracks under unloading is obtained. The results show that the complete stress–strain relation and the strength of rock materials under unloading depend on the crack spacing, the fracture toughness of rock materials, orientation of the cracks, the crack half-length and the crack density parameter.     

Zonal disintegration of deep crack-weakened rock masses: A non-Euclidean model

Rock masses are characterized by the existence of distributed joints and fractures. One of behaviors of the deep rock masses is high in situ stresses. The internal space of rock-like materials subjected to high in situ stresses after deformation is treated as a non-Euclidean one. The incompatible deformation of the deep rock masses is induced by high in situ stresses within the framework of non-Euclidean geometric space. A non-Euclidean model in which effects of cracks on zonal disintegration phenomenon of the deep crack-weakened rock masses is taken into account is established. Based on the non-Euclidean model, the elastic stress-field distribution of the deep surrounding rock masses induced by compatible deformation of non-fractured zones and incompatible deformation of fractured zones is determined. The stress intensity factors at the tips of cracks is given out. The strain energy density factor is applied to investigate the occurrence of disintegration zones. It is observed from the numerical results that the magnitude and site of fractured zones depend on the value of in situ stress, mesomechanical parameters and non-Euclidean parameters.     

岩石单轴压缩作用下变形局部化的梯度塑性解

采用梯度塑性理论研究单轴压缩作用下岩石变形局部化,得到了单轴压缩作用下岩石变形局部化带宽度的一维、二维解析解,为实验测定内部材料长度参数提供了理论依据.     

节理裂隙岩体损伤力学研究中的若干问题

节理裂隙岩体损伤力学的研究与应用有着很好的发展前景。但作为一种经历并隐含了复杂的应力、变形及损伤历史的地质体,节理裂隙岩体在物理、力学特征上较一般工程材料具有更显著的随机性、特殊性和复杂性,因而,在其损伤力学研究中有不少基本的、重要的问题还没有解决。本文根据笔者近年来的研究体会,列举了该研究领域的若干重要问题,并就其可能的解决途径与发展趋势提出了一些初步的看法。损伤力学,节理岩体,岩体力学,损伤,断裂      

深部软岩新型相似模拟材料的研制

在总结以往相似模拟材料特点的基础上,结合深部软岩强度、变形特征,本着相似材料组分简单、模型制作便捷等原则,研制了仅以河砂为骨料,松香酒精溶液为粘结剂的深部软岩新型相似模拟材料。通过对不同配比试样进行单、三轴压缩、巴西劈裂试验,获得了不同配比条件下该相似模拟材料的强度、变形、破坏特征。研究表明,通过简单的配比调配,该相似模拟材料可以较好地模拟深部大多类型的软岩,且具有组分简单、模型制作便捷、力学性能稳定、无毒无污染、价格低廉、一定程度上可重复利用等特点。     

Sampling Moiré method for full-field deformation measurement: A brief review

The sampling Moiré(SM) method is one of the vision-based non-contact deformation measurement methods, which is a powerful tool for structural health monitoring and elucidation of damage mechanisms of materials. In this review, the basic principle of the SM method for measuring the twodimensional displacement and strain distributions is introduced. When the grid is not a standard orthogonal grating and cracks exist on the specimen surface, the measurement methods are also stated. Two of the most typical application examples are described in detail. One is the dynamic deflection measurement of a large-scale concrete bridge, and the other is the residual thermal strain measurement of small-scale flip chip packages. Several further development points of this method are pointed out. The SM method is expected to be used for deformation measurement of various structures and materials for residual stress evaluation, crack location prediction, and crack growth evaluation on broad scales.     

脆塑性岩石破坏后区应力跌落效应数值模拟

采用三轴试验和数值模拟研究了岩石类脆塑性材料的应力跌落效应,并用塑性流动因子λ来描述应力跌落效应。为简化计算,给出了一种应力陡降过程中伴随的非零应变增量的工程近似处理方法,基于此针对性地编制了处理脆塑性材料应力跌落的有限元分析程序代码。数值模拟结果验证了塑性流动因子λ以及该近似处理方法的有效性。