基于分形理论的双渐开线齿轮接触应力研究

综合考虑接触面粗糙度、材料特性等因素对齿轮接触应力的影响，基于分形理论和经典Hertz接触理论建立双渐开线齿轮分形接触模型. 该模型中，影响载荷和实际接触面积的主要因素包括分形维数、粗糙度幅值和材料特性参数. 理论分析表明:分形维数一定时，真实接触面积随着载荷的增大而增大；载荷一定时，接触面积随着粗糙度幅值的增大而减小；随着材料特性参数值的增加，在一定程度上加强了软材料轮齿承载能力，同时会使得微凸体由弹性变形到塑性变形的临界面积减小. 对比分形接触模型和有限元模型两种计算双渐开线齿轮轮齿接触应力方法，结果证明了分形接触模型计算双渐开线齿轮接触应力的有效性.      

考虑接触应力非线性分布的接触力元模式及其验证分析

在作者提出的非连续变形计算力学模型中，采用接触力元模型描述多体接触界面上的接触特性．由于这种模型中假定接触应力沿接触界面为线性分布，从而得到的接触界面应力分布往往出现跳跃等非光滑性特征，该文对此进行了改进，采用具有高阶光滑性的非线性函数建立了能够考虑界面上接触应力非线性分布的接触力元模式，以期合理地揭示多体系统中界面的接触特性．对某一典型算例进行了数值计算，通过与大型通用非线性有限元结构分析软件ABASQUS的计算结果对比，验证了所建议计算模型的合理性与有效性．两种方法计算得到的界面接触对上的接触力基本相同；而由于采用的应力分布模式的假定不同，接触应力有所差别，由于在该文计算模型中接触对上的接触应力是按照未知量直接求得的，因此按照所建议的非线性接触力元模式所得到的接触应力更为合理．     

不同材料交界面上接触应力的有限元分析

工程中有许多不同材料组成的结构。对这类复合结构，正确计算材料交界面上的接触应力是非常重要的。通常的位移有限元法得到的应力是不连续且欠准确的。本文提出了一种新的用于不同材料交界面处的接触单元。应用虚位移原理和结合考虑材料交界面上的约束条件，文章建立了接触单元的刚度矩阵和等效荷载向量。该单元具有算法简单，程序容易实现的优点。计算实例证实了该单元的实用性和可靠性。     

凸轮与平底从动件的接触变形与接触刚度计算

将凸轮与平底从动件接触视为二维线性接触,基于无限大半空间模型对从动件的变形量进行了分析,利用圆柱体二维线接触变形的计算方法对凸轮接触变形进行了计算,从而得到了凸轮与平底从动件的接触变形量与接触刚度理论计算公式。利用Palmgren公式和有限元方法对计算公式进行了验证,并分析了接触刚度与凸轮曲率半径、接触力之间的关系,结果表明:接触应力、接触半宽、凸轮接触变形量的理论计算值与有限元计算结果几乎相等,凸轮与从动件的接触变形量之和的理论计算值与有限元计算值相差小于5%;凸轮与平底从动件的接触变形之和、接触刚度都与接触处凸轮的曲率半径无关,而与凸轮与平底从动件间的接触力大小有关。     

天线座驱动系统刚柔耦合动力学分析

为了分析天线座驱动系统的动力学特性，建立了一种新的多级齿轮传动系统动力学模 型------刚柔耦合模型，不仅考虑了轴的变形、轴承的支撑作用，而且采用了先进的轮齿接触模 型，克服了采用多体动力学方法研究齿轮系统动力学时存在的诸如忽略轴承的支撑作用、轴 的变形等缺陷. 动力学分析的计算结果和理论分析结果相一致，较准确地反映了该系统的齿 轮动力特性，对工程设计及性能校核具有指导意义.     

内啮合直齿轮的三维接触应力分析

本文运用三维弹性接触问题的有限元局部网格密化技术有有限元－线性规划法计算了内啮合直齿轮副在啮合过程中不同接触位置的接触应力分布，对此分析了系统静载和动载作用下的齿轮接触应力，揭示了内啮合直齿轮在啮合过程接触应力的变化规律。从而为内啮合直齿轮的接触强度及其可靠性分析奠定基础。     

内啮合直齿轮的三维接触应力分析

本文运用三维弹性接触问题的有限元局部网格密化技术和有限元－线性规划法计算了内啮合直齿轮副在啮合过程中不同接触位置的接触应力分布。对比分析了在系统静载和动载作用下的齿轮接触应力，揭示了内啮合直齿轮在啮合过程中接触应力的变化规律。从而为内啮合直齿轮的接触强度及其可靠性分析奠定基础。     

机械密封补偿机构中辅助O形密封圈的性能分析

采用有限单元法建立了机械密封O形辅助密封圈的数值分析模型。利用非线性有限元软件MSC.MARC计算了Von Mises应力和接触密封界面之间的接触应力。采用高频疲劳试验机和高压水润滑O形密封圈试验单元组成的试验装置测得了摩擦力，并结合数值计算结果求得了摩擦系数。分析了O形辅助密封圈的压缩量及滑移速度对摩擦力的影响，讨论了O形辅助密封圈对机械密封的密封能力、泄漏特性的影响。结果表明，O形密封圈用于机械密封中的补偿机构会有微量泄漏；水润滑状态下接触密封界面能形成润滑水膜，摩擦力较小，有利于密封稳定运转。     

八节点等参元滑动接触算法的改进

分析认为采用八节点等参元计算滑动接触问题时,往往存在较大的接触应力计算误差的主要原因在于这种单元具有两种不同的节点。为此,本文提出了双模拟接触边界法,即分别采用两种不同的节点,形成两个模拟接触边界,并限制“从接触边界”上的节点只能和“主接触边界”上其同类节点形成的模拟接触边界形成接触关系,从而有效的减小了采用八节点等参元计算滑动接触问题时的误差。     

DDA与FEM耦合法在分缝重力坝非线性分析中的应用

混凝土重力坝一般设有数条纵缝。纵缝使坝体的连续性遭到破坏，一般的有限单元法很难处理这样的不连续变形问题。本文首先阐述了DDA(Discontinuous Deformation Analysis)与FEM(Finite Element Method)耦合算法的原理，然后采用作者自行研制的DDA与FEM耦合法程序对一实际重力坝进行了详细的计算分析。重点讨论了纵缝的不同设置形式和缝宽大小对坝体变形和应力分布、坝底面接触应力分布以及坝基面应力分布的影响，为工程设计提供依据。     

应用边界元方法的正齿轮接触应力分析

本文应用边界元方法,采用在齿廓上按赫兹分布的载荷,直接计算了在接触区附近齿表面和齿体内的真实接触应力。并通过计算定量地分析了各齿轮参数及齿面摩擦对接触应力的影响。为高精度的齿轮设计、寿命预测和渗碳层厚度选择提供了可靠的依据。     

Dynamic features of planetary gear set with tooth plastic inclination deformation due to tooth root crack

Gear tooth root crack, as one of the popular gear tooth failures, is always caused by the dynamic load or excessive load applied to the tooth. It will devastate the working performance of the gear system, by problems such as vibration and noise, or even lead to a broken tooth, which will stop the normal working process of the gear system. It has attracted wide attention from researchers. However, the previous studies focused their concentration only on the mesh stiffness reduction due to tooth root crack, while the tooth plastic inclination due to tooth bending damages like gear tooth root crack is seldom considered. In this paper, a tooth plastic inclination model for spur gear with tooth root crack is developed by regarding the cracked tooth as a cantilever beam. It influences not only the displacement excitation but also the mesh stiffness and load-sharing factor among tooth pairs in mesh. The simulation results obtained by incorporating the tooth plastic inclination deformation model together with the tooth root crack model into a 21-Degree-of-Freedom planetary gear dynamic model indicate that the tooth plastic inclination has a significant effect on the performance of the gear system rather than the mesh stiffness reduction due to tooth root crack.     

Dynamic characteristic analysis of spur gear system considering tooth contact state caused by shaft misalignment

The effect of gear contact state change due to shaft misalignment on meshing stiffness is usually neglected in the traditional stiffness calculation model with misalignment error, the further influence mechanism of shaft misalignment on gear dynamic characteristics is also unclear. To address these shortcomings, a new mesh stiffness calculation model with misaligned gear considering the effects of tooth contact state is proposed by combining the improved loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) model. Then the effects of tooth contact state changes aroused by shaft misalignment on the meshing stiffness excitation are investigated. Moreover, a dynamic model of the misaligned gear system with 8 degrees of freedom (DOF) is established, and based on which the dynamic characteristics of the gear system are investigated and verified by experiment. The study results indicate that the proposed model can be used to evaluate the stiffness excitation and dynamic characteristics of the misaligned gear system with the tooth contact state taken into consideration. This study can provide a theoretical method for evaluating and identifying shaft misalignment errors.

     

Compensation of errors of alignment and contact pattern repositioning in hypoid gears with low crossing shaft angle

The investigation of the influence of different errors of alignment on the mesh behavior of hypoid gears with low crossing shaft angle has been carried out. As a result, a simplified methodology of compensation of errors of alignment and correction of the contact pattern by controlled axial displacements to the pinion and wheel of the hypoid gear set has been proposed. The shaft angle error and the offset error mainly influence the position of the contact pattern in profile direction. The pinion and wheel axial position errors influence the position of contact pattern along the tooth trace direction and change the position slightly along the tooth profile direction. All the assembly errors increase the peak-to-peak value of transmission errors, except positive values of the pinion axial position error that allows decreasing the peak-to-peak transmission error slightly in an appropriate range. Finite element analysis has been performed to verify the compensating ability of the developed methodology.

     

Effect of mesh phase on wave vibration of spur planetary ring gear

The distinctive wave vibration of a ring gear affected by mesh effect is investigated based on the inherent symmetry of spur planetary gears. Compared to prior analysis, this work mainly examines the forced flexural and extensional vibrations. The superposition principle and the Fourier series are introduced to jointly deal with the wave vibrations. The dynamics of the ring gear shows that the effect of the mesh phase on the wave vibration is mainly embodied by the specific relationships between the tooth number, the planet number, the largest common factor of them, the planets’ circumferential position, and the excited wave numbers in the typical rotational, translational and planet modes. For the equal systems, the three modes can be possibly excited depending on the specific mesh phase. And the dominant vibration orders of them are 0, 1 and 2, respectively. The non-zero lowest order is equal to the largest common factor of the two numbers. But for the diametrical ones, only the first two modes can be excited, and the dominant orders of them are 0 and 1, respectively. And the lowest non-zero wave number is 2 for even tooth number and 1 for odd tooth number. As a typical application, these relationships can be used to predict and suppress some potential wave resonances of the ring gear by optimizing the ring-planet mesh phase. The main results are demonstrated with finite element examples and comparisons with the existing literature.     

渐开线齿轮接触应力测量实验方法研究

采用光弹性三维剪应力差法对接触应力进行了研究.根据相似原理将模型在载荷作用下进行应力冻结;通过模型切片及分析对渐开线齿轮接触应力进行测量,并采用赫兹接触理论和有限元方法分析渐开线齿轮的接触应力.试验结果表明,接触正应力小于Hertz接触理论解及有限元计算结果.因接触点的应力梯度很大,剪应力差法受网格密度的制约,均化了接触点的实际应力梯度.但是,其误差仍在合理范围内,完全可以满足工程需要.试验测量值与赫兹接触应力理论值及有限元结果的比较表明,该方法是合理可行的.     

岩土材料应变局部化的有限元分析方法

采用有限单元法分析岩土材料的应变局部化时经常会遇到单元尺寸敏感性问题和网格锁定问题。自适应网格技术能够有效地解决网格锁定问题,但仍然无法克服计算结果对单元尺寸的依赖性,尽管在一维情况下被证明是可行的。复合体理论(均匀化理论)和弱非连续有限元方法可以成功地解决岩土材料的单元尺寸敏感性问题,在一维情况下两类方法实际上是一致的。本文针对岩土材料应变局部化的有限元新技术所存在的若干问题进行了详细的讨论,并给出了有关算例。     

渐开线直齿轮弹流润滑条件下的多轴疲劳寿命预估

本文中基于弹流润滑分析和次表面应力建立了渐开线直齿轮多轴疲劳寿命计算模型.相对于传统的单轴疲劳模型,考虑了齿轮固定点的应力历史和材料属性对疲劳寿命的影响,并可以得到齿轮在完整啮合过程中的寿命分布.首先建立齿轮的有限长弹流计算模型,得到齿轮啮合过程中的油膜压力和油膜厚度,再根据油膜压力计算出次表面的应力分布;通过分析齿轮计算区域随啮合过程移动的关系,得到固定点的应力历史,再根据基于应力历史的多轴疲劳寿命模型对齿轮的完整啮合过程进行寿命预估.计算分析了不同粗糙度幅值对轮齿各点寿命大小和分布的影响.研究表明:齿面粗糙度对疲劳寿命的影响显著,随着粗糙度幅值的增大,表层下最大应力向齿面移动,导致低疲劳寿命区向齿面发展且逐步扩展到整个单齿啮合区;而表面粗糙度降低到一定程度则对疲劳寿命的影响变得不明显.     

Dynamic modeling and analysis of a spur planetary gear involving tooth wedging and bearing clearance nonlinearity

Tooth wedging, also known as tight mesh, occurs when a gear tooth comes into contact on the drive-side and back-side simultaneously. Tooth wedging risks bearing failures from elevated forces. This work studies the nonlinear tooth wedging behavior and its correlation with planet bearing forces by analyzing the dynamic response of an example planetary gear. This planetary gear is representative of a wind turbine geartrain. A two-dimensional lumped-parameter model is extended to include tooth separation, back-side contact, tooth wedging, and bearing clearances. The results show significant impact of tooth wedging on planet bearing forces for a wide range of operating speeds. To develop a physical understanding of the tooth wedging mechanism, connections between planet bearing forces and tooth forces are studied by investigating physical forces and displacements acting throughout the planetary gear. A method to predict tooth wedging based on geometric interactions is developed and verified. The major causes of tooth wedging relate directly to translational vibrations caused by gravity forces and the presence of clearance-type nonlinearities in the form of backlash and bearing clearance.