超载条件下空间润滑谐波减速器传动性能 及摩擦磨损性能研究

本文选用XB1-60-150型谐波减速器,考察了脂润滑与固体润滑谐波减速器在宽温度范围及不同超载条件下的传动性能,结果表明：在-50℃至+40℃温度范围内及≤150%超载条件下,固体润滑谐波减速器和脂润滑谐波减速器均表现出良好的运转性能。在不同载荷及温度下,脂润滑谐波减速器表现出较高的传动效率,而固体润滑谐波减速器则表现出较稳定的传动性能。在波发生器运行总次数1.5×105 r后,利用光学显微镜对柔轮-刚轮齿轮摩擦副表面进行检查,未观察到明显的异常磨损,润滑状态良好。本文还采用正交试验极差分析方法,综合分析了空间润滑谐波减速器超载运转传动性能的影响因素,结果表明温度是影响其传动性能的主要因素,润滑方式次之,载荷影响最小。     

空间润滑谐波减速器失效机理研究

为研究空间环境下谐波减速器失效机理,并为其可靠性寿命试验提供理论基础,对空间润滑谐波减速器进行5 000 h真空寿命试验.结果表明:DLC薄膜与润滑脂(Braycote601)复合润滑的柔轮-刚轮齿面运转良好,Braycote601油脂单独润滑的柔轮内壁-柔性轴承外圈出现严重磨损.对其进行混合润滑数值分析,结果显示在3～150 r/min的转速范围内,该接触区域始终处于混合润滑状态并由此导致磨损产生,微凸体直接接触所负担的载荷比例随转速的增加而减小,随温度与载荷的增加而增大;低速运转时,温度与载荷对微凸体接触程度的影响效果明显,但随着转速的增大,温度与载荷的影响快速减弱.     

不同固体润滑下人字闸门底枢摩擦特性的销盘试验研究

人字闸门底枢长期在水下的低速重载下运行,易出现由磨损导致的故障,为此,三峡五级船闸的闸门已采用油脂和固体润滑剂混合润滑方式以减少摩擦磨损. 为了研究石墨、二硫化钼和聚四氟乙烯固体粉末对底枢摩擦副材料(45钢和锡青铜)摩擦学性能的影响,以三峡人字闸门底枢为研究对象,依据计算结果设计销/盘配对副面结构,在MMW-1A立式万能摩擦磨损试验机上开展磨损试验研究,并结合表面三维形貌测试和铁谱测试对摩擦磨损结果进行分析,结果表明:在试验条件下,聚四氟乙烯的摩擦系数最小,石墨次之,二硫化钼的摩擦系数最大;磨损量从小到大依次为石墨、聚四氟乙烯和二硫化钼;石墨润滑条件下磨损形式仅为单一的黏着磨损,二硫化钼和聚四氟乙烯润滑条件下磨损形式为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,且石墨润滑产生的磨粒粒径要小于二硫化钼和聚四氟乙烯润滑产生的磨粒粒径,综上认为石墨是三者中性质较优的固体润滑剂. 在此基础上开展了石墨润滑下的13 h连续磨损试验,得到其摩擦系数和磨损量的变化规律,为人字闸门底枢摩擦副的固体润滑设计提供理论依据.      

固体-油脂复合润滑I：二硫化钼膜在干摩擦及空间用油脂润滑下的摩擦学性能

本文采用溅射技术制备了MoS2薄膜,用UMT-2MT摩擦试验机考察了MoS2膜/钢球摩擦副分别在干摩擦、氟丙基氯苯基硅油（115#油）和KK-5脂（由115#润滑油经聚四氟乙烯粉稠化制成）润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,并分析了其润滑和失效机制。结果表明：脂润滑状态下,MoS2+ KK-5复合膜处于不连续的边界润滑,其摩擦学性能得到改善但不明显;115#油润滑条件下,由于连续、有效的边界润滑,使得MoS2+115#固体-油复合体系的摩擦系数低而平稳,其耐磨损寿命与单独MoS2薄膜相比提高了至少8倍;相对于上述2种情况,干摩擦条件下的MoS2膜磨损明显。     

固体-油脂复合润滑Ⅰ:二硫化钼膜在干摩擦及空间用油脂润滑下的摩擦学性能

本文采用射频溅射技术制备了MoS2薄膜,用UMT-2MT摩擦试验机考察了MoS2膜/钢球摩擦副分别在干摩擦、氟丙基氯苯基硅油(115#油)和KK-5脂(由115#润滑油经聚四氟乙烯粉稠化制成)润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,并分析了其润滑和失效机制.结果表明:脂润滑状态下,MoS2+KK-5复合膜处于不连续的边界润滑,其摩擦学性能得到改善但不明显;115#油润滑条件下,由于连续、有效的边界润滑,使得MoS2+115#固体-油复合体系的摩擦系数低而平稳,其耐磨损寿命与单独MoS2薄膜相比提高了至少8倍;相对于上述2种情况,干摩擦条件下的MoS2膜磨损明显.     

润滑条件下金刚石薄膜及石墨／金刚石复合薄膜的摩擦学性能

利用SRV摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了液体石蜡润滑时硬质合金基体上金刚石薄膜和石墨 /金刚石复合薄膜的摩擦学性能 ,采用扫描电子显微镜对试样和磨痕表面形貌进行了观察分析 ,并进而探讨了磨损机理 .结果表明 ,在润滑条件下 ,石墨 /金刚石复合薄膜的摩擦系数和磨损体积损失均较金刚石薄膜的小 ,金刚石薄膜和石墨 /金刚石复合薄膜的主要磨损机理均为亚微断裂磨损 ,而石墨膜可以有效地减轻亚微断裂磨损     

MoS2/SiCH固液复合润滑体系摩擦学性能研究

本文中通过考察MoS_2薄膜/SiCH固液复合润滑体系的真空摩擦学性能,探究了该复合润滑体系的摩擦磨损机理.研究表明射频溅射MoS_2薄膜表面所固有的柱状晶体结构具有明显的润滑油吸附功能,提高了MoS_2薄膜/SiCH固液复合润滑体系的真空摩擦学性能.球盘摩擦试验结果表明:当仅对钢盘表面沉积MoS_2薄膜时,该固液复合润滑体系的滑动摩擦寿命达到1.86×106 r,为采用SiCH油润滑时摩擦寿命的1.2倍,是MoS_2薄膜固体润滑状态的4倍,表现出了良好的协同润滑效应.     

外加直流电场对DLC/PAO固液复合润滑体系摩擦学行为的影响

本文中利用球-盘式载流摩擦试验机研究了DLC/PAO固液复合润滑体系在外加直流电场中的摩擦学行为,考察摩擦副滑动速度、加载电压以及回路电流的影响,结果表明:外加直流电场对复合润滑体系摩擦磨损行为的影响与摩擦副的滑动速度密切相关,这源于不同润滑状态时DLC薄膜的电气损伤行为以及薄膜的结构、成分变化.根据润滑状态和外加电压的不同,DLC薄膜的电气损伤可以表现为线状隆起或烧蚀坑,其中线状隆起型损伤源于载流摩擦界面的焦耳热,烧蚀坑损伤则源于摩擦对偶之间的拉弧放电及PAO油膜的击穿.Raman光谱显示电气损伤区DLC薄膜发生显著的石墨化转变,且石墨化程度取决于回路电流的大小.外加电场条件下DLC薄膜的石墨化转变虽然在一定条件下可使复合润滑体系的摩擦系数降低,但削弱了DLC薄膜的抗磨性能,使薄膜的磨损表现为电气损伤和机械磨损的耦合.     

超高分子量聚乙烯/Al_2O_3生物摩擦学特性的研究

在自制销 -盘摩擦磨损试验机上评价了超高分子量聚乙烯 (UHMWPE)与 Al2 O3陶瓷摩擦副在干摩擦和生理盐水、蒸馏水及人血浆润滑条件下的摩擦学特性 ,用扫描电镜观察试样磨损表面形貌并分析磨损机理 .结果表明 :在干摩擦和生理盐水及蒸馏水润滑条件下的起始摩擦系数较接近 ,血浆润滑条件下的起始摩擦系数最低 ;稳态摩擦系数在干摩擦时最大 ,蒸馏水润滑条件下最小 ,生理盐水和人血浆润滑条件下较接近并比蒸馏水润滑下的高 ;干摩擦下UHMWPE的磨损率最大 ,血浆润滑条件下的最小 .干摩擦下 UHMWPE磨损表面可见大量不规则的细小纤维状磨屑 ,蒸馏水润滑下 UHMWPE磨损表面可见明显的塑性变形和疲劳剥落迹象 ,而血浆润滑条件下 UHMWPE磨损表面则可见大量的疲劳微裂纹     

钛合金表面类金刚石碳梯度薄膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

与Ti6Al4V合金／超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦副对比,考察了Ti6Al4V合金表面类金刚石碳梯度薄膜／超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦副在干摩擦以及Hank’s溶液和生理盐水润滑下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察试样磨损表面形貌,并进而分析磨损机理。结果表明,类金刚石碳梯度薄膜具有良好的减摩抗磨性能,其体积磨损率约为相同条件下Ti6Al4V合金体积磨损率的50％,相应的超高分子量聚乙烯偶件的磨损率亦较低,类金刚石碳梯度薄膜的磨损呈现轻微磨粒磨损特征,而超高分子量聚乙烯可抑制类金刚石碳梯度薄膜的磨粒磨损。     

大学物理《力学》中的自由度分析

对《力学》中的物体自由度进行多方面分析,以深化教学、提高学生正 确分析物理问题的能力.使用实际教学分析的研究方法,在《力学》范围内讨论自由度与坐标、 自由与约束的关系并得以下结论: (1) 同一物体的自由度随其所在的``空间'不同而不同, 不因坐标系的选取不同而 异, 在同类参考系中不因参考系的动静而有别;(2)自由度遵循叠加原理. 讨论了质点系的总自由度及相关计算问题,并指出研究《力学》中自由度的意义.     

Development and design of new methods of measurement of state of strain of structures

The present paper deals with development and design of new methods utilizing Wiedemann's effect for determination of state of strain in building structures. Wiedemann's effect and some features of torsional strain of magnetic field are the basis of new experimental method. Especially the point electromagnetic strain gages using the effect of pure torsion of electromagnetic field to enable universal examination. For strain-gage measurements, almost all physical quantities are used which can be related to the variation in length of the structures. From the electric strain measurements, the most commonly used methods are the measurements by resonance-wire strain gages or by electric-resistance strain gages. In this paper, electromagnetic strain gages are discussed using the Wiedemann effect, and the author describes some new measuring equipment and his own suggestions and methods based on an application of this effect.     

Method of constructing estimates of the solution of equations of filtration of an aerated liquid

The exact solutions of the nonlinear equations of filtration of an aerated liquid have been obtained in [1–3]. In [4] the system of equations of an aerated liquid have been reduced to the heat-conduction equation under certain assumptions. An approximate method of computing the nonsteady flow of an aerated liquid is given in [5], where the real flow pattern is replaced by a computational scheme of successive change of stationary states. In [6] the same problem is solved by the method of averaging. In the present article estimates of the solution of the equations for nonstationary filtration of an aerated liquid in one-dimensional layer are constructed under certain conditions imposed on the desired functions. These estimates can be used as approximate solutions with known error or for the verification of the accuracy of different approximate methods. We note that the use of comparison theorem for the estimate of solutions of equations of nonlinear filtration is discussed in [7–9]. The methods of constructing estimates of solutions of various problems of heat conduction are given in [10, 11]     

Calculation of aerodynamic characteristics of arrays of profiles of arbitrary shape

It is well known that the problem on nonseparating potential flow of an incompressible fluid about an array of profiles reduces to an integral equation for a certain real function, determined on the contours of the profiles of the array. As such a function one can take, as was done, for instance, in [1–5], the relative velocity of the fluid on the profiles of the array. For arrays of profiles of arbitrary shape it is necessary to solve the corresponding integral equation numerically. In the particular examples of the calculation of aerodynamic arrays that are available [1–3] the numerical methods used were based on the approximate evaluation of contour integrals by rectangle formulas. As investigations showed, sizeable errors arose thereby in the approximate solution obtained, these being especially significant in the case of curved profiles of relatively small bulk. In the present paper a method for the numerical solution of the integral equation obtained in [5] is proposed. The method is based on the replacement of a profile of the array with an inscribed N polygon, the length of whose sides is of the order N^–1 and whose internal angles are close to . Convergence with increasing N of the numerical solution to an exact solution of the integral equations at the reference points is demonstrated. Examples of the calculation are given.Novosibirsk. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 105–112, March–April, 1972.