用PDF方程法分析悬沙垂线浓度分布

从颗粒运动的PDF(概率密度分布函数)输运方程出发。建立颗粒相的质量、动量和脉动速度二阶矩方程．对于明渠二维恒定均匀流。利用垂向动量方程导出了新的泥沙扩散方程。表明颗粒脉动强度梯度、升力、重力沉降和紊动扩散都影响悬沙运动。说明了传统扩散方程的不足．理论分析了水沙两相物理属性和水流条件对泥沙扩散系数和浓度分布特征的影响。并通过细颗粒试验资料的分析进行了定量研究．     

明渠中悬移质的弥散-对流方程及悬浮机理

悬移质泥沙通常构成冲积河流总输沙量的主体, 研究悬移质的悬浮机理具有重要的意义. 以双流体模型为基础, 通过引入弥散速度的概念, 建立了悬移质泥沙的输沙方程以及泥沙扩散系数的本构关系. 应用该方程分析了二维明渠均匀流中悬移质泥沙浓度垂向分布规律, 并与Einstein 和Chien 的泥沙浓度实验资料及经典扩散理论进行了对比. 以此为基础, 分析了紊动扩散、颗粒自身的紊动、颗粒碰撞应力对泥沙悬浮的影响在垂向上的变化, 以及浓度、粒径等对这些因素的影响. 结果表明, 泥沙颗粒在明渠紊流中的扩散是浑水的紊动扩散、颗粒自身的紊动、颗粒碰撞应力3 部分不同机制共同作用的结果, 把泥沙颗粒的悬浮简单归因于水流的紊动是不全面的.     

视密度加权的时平均统一二阶矩两相湍流模型

在气粒两相湍流的双流体模型中,颗粒相的视（表观）密度是有脉动的,在时平均的统一二阶矩（USM）模型中出现了和颗粒数密度或视密度脉动有关的项和方程,使模型方程比较复杂。实际上,用LDV或PDPA测量的流体（用小颗粒代表）和颗粒速度都是颗粒数加权平均的结果。因此,在视密度加权平均基础上推导两相湍流模型更为合理。通过推导和封闭了视密度加权平均的统一二阶矩模型（MUSM）方程组,改进了两相速度脉动关联的封闭,并引入了颗粒遇到的气体脉动速度及其输运方程。MUSM模型可以减少所用方程数,节省计算量。视密度加权平均的统一二阶矩两相湍流模型是一种对原有时间平均的统一二阶矩模型和改进和发展。     

气固两相流动的湍流脉动扩散数学模型及其应用

本文提出了气固两相流动的湍流扩展数学模型，本模型用k-ε双方程模型求解气相湍流场，并根据气流脉动的频谱、能谱曲线提出了随机富工级数来模拟气相脉动速度，用拉氏方法描述颗粒的运动，故称为脉动频谱随机颗粒轨道模型。本文还给出了本模型在气固多相射流和流化床内应用的实例。     

两种颗粒湍流扩散模型数值模拟气液两相流泄漏扩散的比较

采用相间耦合的欧拉-拉格朗日方法，模拟了装有液化气（丙烷）的容器出现小孔或裂缝时，发生泄漏后的气液两相扩散过程。分别应用随机轨道模型及颗粒群模型来考察湍流对液滴扩散的影响，并与确定性轨道进行了比较。给出了数学物理模型，计算结果与实验数据进行了对比。结果表明:采用随机轨道模型能较好地描述液滴的湍流扩散，适用于有液相蒸发的两相流扩散问题。     

气固两相流中颗粒碰撞的Monte-Carlo数值模拟

利用颗粒碰撞动力学模型和颗粒几何碰撞率模型，采用Monte—Carlo算法来模拟颗粒之间碰撞，把该算法与求解雷诺应力-概率密度函数模型的有限差分-Monte Carlo算法耦合起来，对轴对称突扩通道内的两相旋流场进行了数值模拟，模拟结果表明，由于颗粒碰撞使颗粒的动能和湍动能在三个坐标方向上进行了再分配，从而导致颗粒的动能和湍动能在三个坐标方向上趋于各向同性；另外，由于颗粒碰撞破坏了颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-流体微团之间的速度关联，从而造成颗粒湍动能及两相速度脉动关联的降低。     

含颗粒污染物的油液均质流的数值分析

含颗粒污染物的油液是浓度很稀、粒径极小的伪均质流,为了掌握颗粒污染物在输送过程中的浓度分布,利用一维扩散方程构建了污染油液的数学模型;通过特征线法数值求解,获得了污染油液中各相的动态特征。结果表明,油液压力和速度沿管长呈脉动规律运动,且随着时间的延长逐渐衰减;颗粒污染物对油液速度具有极好的跟随特性;颗粒污染物的浓度分布也随着油液流速的变化而呈现规律性的变化;在不同运行时间内油液压力沿管长的衰减趋势不同,油液速度沿管长的变化趋势与压力的趋势相反;颗粒污染物速度和浓度分布沿管长与油液速度具有紧密的联系。     

基于颗粒湍流和颗粒碰撞相互作用规律的湍流模型的研究

颗粒湍流和颗粒碰撞的相互作用规律是两相流动中的核心问题。用颗粒湍流模型和颗粒碰撞的动力论模型叠加的方法在研究两相湍流流动方面取得了一定的成效,但是还有待改进。本文基于颗粒湍流形成大尺度脉动和颗粒间碰撞引起小尺度脉动的概念,从双流体模型出发,建立了两相流动的双尺度kp-pε两相湍流模型。利用该模型对下行床和突扩室内的气固...     

高浓度固-液两相流紊流的动理学模型

采用分子动理学方法,基于固-液两相流液相分子或颗粒相颗粒的Boltzmann方程,对Boltzmann方程分别取零矩和一次矩,则得到高浓度固-液两相流紊流的连续方程和动量方程,再和较成熟的低浓度两相流连续方程和动量方程比较,取低浓度两相流控制方程中较成熟合理的有关项和高浓度时由动理学方法推导出的颗粒间碰撞项,则得到高浓度固-液两相流紊流的最终控制方程:连续方程和动量方程.     

粗糙颗粒动理学及稠密气固两相流动的数值模拟

考虑颗粒碰撞过程中摩擦作用, 给出了粗糙颗粒碰撞动力学. 引入颗粒相拟总温来表征颗粒平动和转动脉动能量的特征. 基于气体分子运动论, 建立颗粒碰撞中平动和旋转共同作用的粗糙颗粒动理学, 给出了颗粒相压力和黏度等输运参数计算模型. 运用基于颗粒动理学的欧拉-欧拉气固两相流模型, 数值模拟了流化床内气体颗粒两相流动特性, 分析了颗粒旋转流动对颗粒碰撞能量交换和耗散的影响. 模拟得到的流化床内径向颗粒浓度和提升管内颗粒轴向速度与他人实验结果相吻合. 模拟结果表明随着颗粒浓度的增加, 颗粒相压力和能量耗散逐渐增加, 而颗粒拟总温先增加后下降. 随着颗粒粗糙度系数的增加, 床内平均颗粒相拟总温和能量耗散增加, 表明颗粒旋转产生的摩擦将导致颗粒旋转脉动能量的改变, 影响床内气体-颗粒两相宏观流动特性.     

关于二相流、多相流、多流体模型和非牛顿流等概念的探讨

本文分析了单相流、二相流和多相流等概念上的差异，也分析了单流体模型、双流体模型和多流体模型等概念上的差异，指出前面三种概念是按流动介质的客观物理构成划分的，而后者是按主观采用的研究方法划分的．目前这些概念在使用中存在一些混乱，如二相流与多相流，多相流与多流体模型等．本文还研究了扩散模型、非牛顿流模型和颗粒流模型等，指出前两种模型在分类上属于单流体模型，分析了非牛顿流模型、扩散模型和双（多）流体模型的特点和应用范围，最后，以泥石流为例讨论了以上概念的应用．     

A THREE-FLUID MODEL OF THE SAND-DRIVEN FLOW

ＡＴＨＲＥＥ－ＦＬＵＩＤＭＯＤＥＬＯＦＴＨＥＳＡＮＤ－ＤＲＩＶＥＮＦＬＯＷ￥(刘大有，董飞)ＬｉｕＤａｙｏｕ；ＤｏｎｇＦｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ，ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８０，Ｐ．Ｒ．Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓ...     

The study on three-dimensional mathematical model of river bed erosion for water-sediment two-phase flow

Based on the tensor analysis of water-sediment two-phase flow, the basic model equations for clear water flow and sediment-laden flow are deduced in the general curve coordinates for natural water variable-density turbulent flow. Furthermore, corresponding boundary conditions are also presented in connection with the composition and movement of non-uniform bed material. The theoretical results are applied to the calculation of the float open caisson in the construction period and good results are obtained.     

Numerical predictions of the bifurcation of confined swirling flows

The bifurcation of confined swirling flows was numerically investigated by employing both the k-? and algebraic stress turbulence models. Depending upon the branch solution examined, dual flow patterns were predicted at certain swirl levels. In the lower-branch solution which is obtained by gradually increasing the swirl level from a low-swirl flow, the flow changes with increasing swirl number from the low-swirl flow pattern to a high-swirl flow pattern. In the upper-branch solution which is acquired by gradually decreasing the swirl level from a high-swirl flow, on the other hand, the flow can maintain itself in the high-swirl flow pattern at the swirl levels where it exhibits the low-swirl flow pattern in the lower branch. The bifurcation of confined swirling flows was predicted with either the k-? model or the algebraic stress model being employed. Both the k-? and algebraic stress models result in comparable and sufficiently good predictions for confined swirling flows if high-order numerical schemes are used. The reported poor performance of the k-? model was clarified to be mainly attributable to the occurrence of the bifurcation and the use of low-order numerical schemes.     

高温流体与变物性固体耦合系统温度场及热变形的数值计算

在腔体内部有高温流体,其外壳等固体材料的物性温度而为化的瞬态非线性问题中,其边界条件的确定十分困难。本文采用流一固“混合流”模式进行温度场的计算,由于方程计及了瞬态、复杂形状、浮动外边界条件等因系,采用变步长的控制容积法及时域有限元进行计算。对某个高温燃气配气阀的温度场及热变形进行了数值计算,得到与实测相符的结果。     

Vertical integration of three-phase flow equations for analysis of light hydrocarbon plume movement

A mathematical model is derived for areal flow of water and light hydrocarbon in the presence of gas at atmospheric pressure. Vertical integration of the governing three-dimensional, three-phase flow equations is performed under the assumption of local vertical equilibrium to reduce the dimensionality of the problem to two orthogonal horizontal directions. Independent variables in the coupled water and hydrocarbon areal flow equations are specified as the elevation of zero gauge hydrocarbon pressure (air-oil table) and the elevation of zero gauge water pressure (air-water table). Constitutive relations required in the areal flow model are vertically integrated fluid saturations and vertically integrated fluid conductivities as functions of air-oil and air-water table elevations. Closed-form expressions for the vertically integrated constitutive relations are derived based on a three-phase extension of the Brooks-Corey saturation-capillary pressure function. Closed-form Brooks-Corey relations are compared with numerically computed analogs based on the Van Genuchten retention function. Close agreement between the two constitutive models is observed except at low oil volumes when the Brooks-Corey model predicts lower oil volumes and transmissivities owing to the assumption of a distinct fluid entry pressure. Nonlinearity in the vertically integrated constitutive relations is much less severe than in the unintegrated relations. Reduction in dimensionality combined with diminished nonlinearity, makes the vertically integrated water and hydrocarbon model an efficient formulation for analyzing field-scale problems involving hydrocarbon spreading or recovery under conditions for which the vertical equilibrium assumption is expected to be a satisfactory approximation.     

坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(I)——————坡面流

坡面流是坡面土壤侵蚀的根本动力,是研究土壤侵蚀动力学过程的基础.本文简要介 绍了坡面流的基本特征和水力学特性,综述了坡面入渗产流过程、坡面流阻力,以及 坡面流运动的数学描述和预报模型等方面的研究进展.指出复杂坡面条件下的坡面 流运动,以及从小尺度过渡到大尺度将是今后坡面流研究的重要发展方向.     

On Modelling Periodic Motion with Turbulence Closures

In periodic flows near walls transport effects may be considerably larger than in a steady turbulent boundary layer. The question explored in this contribution is, therefore, whether providing separate transport equations for each of the Reynolds stresses consequently leads to a better modelling of a periodic flow's evolution than an eddy viscosity scheme whose constitutive equation is inherently linked to the generation and dissipation terms being in balance (local equilibrium). Our conclusion is that, while a stress-transport scheme is indeed better equipped to reproduce the phenomena, it does not consistently out-perform the EVM over the range of flows studied. In some cases it is suggested that more attention must be paid to modelling diffusive transport in order to secure the benefits of second-moment closure. To illustrate sensitivity to diffusive transport, two different diffusion models are tested, one of which leads to different effective transport coefficients in each stress component. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of collision and velocity model of lattice Boltzmann model on three-dimensional turbulent flow simulation

Various collision and velocity models of the lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) were compared to determine their effects on the efficiency of a three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic decaying turbulent flow simulation. We determined that a decrease in the number of velocities, in particular, 13-velocities, which can be used in the quasi-equilibrium lattice Boltzmann and in the multiple-relaxation time models (MRT), could considerably decrease the computational effort. However, decreasing the number of velocities deteriorates the stability and the accuracy of the results. By comparing the collision models, we also determined that the stability of the entropic lattice Boltzmann model (ELBM), and 19- and 27- velocity MRT is much higher than in other models. However, the numerical viscosity introduced by the ELBM underestimates the enstrophy, and the computational effort increases because of the calculation overhead required to solve the additional equations if special care is not given to the calculation.     

气液两相瞬变流的流固耦合模型研究

传统的气液两相流瞬态分析和管道动力响应计算是分开的，存在一定的缺陷．针对石油工业中常见的多相混输问题，介绍了常见的气液两相流瞬态模型和流固之间存在的耦合机理，在不作薄壁管假设的前提下推导出了气液两相瞬变流的流固耦合模型．与现有相似模型的对比分析表明，这一模型比较全面地考虑了流体和管道的特性以及不同的耦合形式，可以适应实验和／或仿真研究的需要．