水平刚性面下方水下爆炸气泡垂向运动的理论研究

为了研究边界面对水下爆炸气泡脉动的影响,根据势流理论建立了水平刚性面下方在浮力作用下作垂向运动的水下爆炸气泡的理论模型,编制计算程序进行求解。对水下爆炸气泡脉动运动的特点、流场的速度和压力的分布、气泡引起的载荷形式进行了分析。结果表明此模型能够反映水下爆炸气泡和周围流体介质的运动规律,并能进行定量的计算。     

非结构动网格在多介质流体数值模拟中的应用

采用非结构动网格方法对含多介质的流场进行数值模拟.采用改进的弹簧方法来处理由于边界运动而产生的网格变形.采用基于格心的有限体积方法求解守恒型的ALE(Arbitrary Lagrangiall-Eulerian)方程,控制面通量的计算采用HLLC(Hartem,Lax,van Leer,Contact)方法,采用几何构造的方法使空间达到二阶精度,时间离散采用四阶Runge-Kutta方法.物质界面的处理采用虚拟流体方法.本文对含动边界的激波管、水下爆炸等流场进行数值模拟,取得较好的结果,不同时刻界面的位置和整个扩张过程被准确模拟.     

水下爆炸冲击波的近场特性

通过求解球形一维流体动力学方程,模拟了水下爆炸冲击波的产生和传播过程。在数值模拟中,对TNT炸药采用标准的JWL状态方程,对水采用Two-phase状态方程。应用Level Set方法确定爆炸产物和水的交界面的位置。对裸药球在无限水域爆炸进行了数值计算,考察了网格大小对结果收敛性的影响,分析了水下爆炸冲击波压力和比冲量的近场特性。最后通过数值拟合得到了冲击波压力峰值、比冲量和时间衰减常数的近似回归公式。     

近场水下爆炸瞬态强非线性流固耦合无网格数值模拟研究

近场水下爆炸涉及多相流体的掺杂耦合以及结构的大变形、损伤和断裂等瞬态强非线性现象, 传统的网格算法在模拟近场水下爆炸时面临结构网格畸变、多相界面捕捉精度不足等难题, 鉴于此, 本文建立了完全无网格的近场水下爆炸冲击波和气泡全物理过程瞬态强非线性流固耦合动力学模型. 流体采用基于黎曼求解器的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法求解, 结构采用重构核粒子法(RKPM)求解, 并基于法向通量边界条件实现流固耦合. 为提高SPH对流场间断的求解精度, 引入黎曼问题思想并结合MUSCL重构算法, 为解决流场粒子体积变化剧烈导致的精度下降问题, 应用了自适应粒子分割与合并方法. 为模拟水下爆炸对结构造成的损伤断裂, 基于退化实体几何表述, 采用Lemaitre损伤算法, 建立了RKPM壳结构断裂损伤模型. 依据所建立的SPH-RKPM流固耦合模型, 对近场水下爆炸冲击波传播、气泡脉动与射流以及结构毁伤进行了模拟, 将得到的冲击波载荷、气泡演化以及结构响应与实验值和其他数值解对比, 验证了当前建立的SPH-RKPM流固耦合模型的有效性和精度, 并给出了水下爆炸载荷特性及其对结构的流固耦合毁伤机制与规律, 旨在为近场水下爆炸载荷预报提供理论和基础性技术支撑, 为毁伤威力评估和舰船防护结构设计提供参考.      

沉底水雷爆炸威力的数值计算

采用冲击波物理中的阻抗匹配镜像线方法处理物质交界面,利用无网格光滑粒子流体动力学法(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法模拟沉底装药的水下爆炸过程,得到了不同方向不同爆距处的峰值压力反射系数,分析了爆炸流场参量分布和变化规律,研究了不同水底砂层厚度和不同装药量对爆炸冲击波传播和流...     

复杂边界附近气泡的动态特性研究

本文假设气泡周围流场为无粘、无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,基于势流理论,运用边界元法模拟近边界水下爆炸气泡的动力学特征,建立气泡、壁面以及自由面三者之间复杂耦合动力学模型,在气泡运动模拟过程中引入数值光顺技术及弹性网格技术(EMT),避免因网格扭曲而导致的数值发散,开发相应的三维计算程序,并与自由表面附近气泡运动的实验数据进行对比分析,计算结果表明本文的计算方法及程序具有较高的精度.在此基础上,用本文开发的三维程序模拟了单个及多个气泡与自由表面及圆筒等复杂边界的相互作用,其中包括水面漂浮结构和水下结构,气泡在自由表面及结构的联合作用下呈现出强非线性.本主文旨在为相关复杂边界附近气泡动力学特性研究提供参考.     

冲击波和气泡作用下舰船结构动态响应的数值模拟

针对水下爆炸载荷、瞬态流固耦合效应在舰船水下爆炸数值模拟中的困难,在现有水下爆炸载荷计算模型(Geers and Hunter)的基础上,结合边界元法,修正水下爆炸气泡载荷计算方法.针对用二阶双渐近法(the second-order doubly-asymptotic approximation,DAA2)在处理低频...     

近自由面水下爆炸冲击载荷特性三维数值模拟

基于三维SPH 方法,对传统链表搜索算法进行了变光滑长度改进,并提出了具有较好稳定性的多 相物质交界面的处理方法,模拟了三维无限域水下爆炸问题,验证了改进的三维SPH 方法模拟水下爆炸问题 的可行性和有效性。在此基础上,建立了水下爆炸三维数值模型,模拟了近自由面水下爆炸过程,研究了冲击 波传播特征、自由面下压力场和能量场特性以及水柱的产生过程。结果表明:自由面可将冲击波压力峰值和 压力冲量最大衰减到1/3和1/7;爆深的增加会导致压力比和冲量比的等值柱面曲率变小,产生的水柱也逐 渐由破碎的喷柱向高而窄的水冢过渡。     

水下爆炸作用下基于声学的爆源子结构输入方法

无限域吸收边界和爆炸波输入是水下爆炸载荷数值模拟的两个关键问题.本文借鉴基于内部子结构的地震波动输入方法和爆源子结构多尺度分析方法,考虑水下爆炸载荷与地震载荷同属于波动问题,提出一种水下爆炸作用下爆源子结构的爆炸波输入方法,该方法首先通过对爆源区域进行水下爆炸波自由场的波场分解,并利用地震波的内部子结构输入方法,将该自由波场运动转换为等效爆炸波输入载荷,从而实现了水下爆炸问题中冲击波的输入;本文采用圆形爆源子结构区域,并采用AUTODYN软件中一维自由场模型计算水下爆炸作用下该区域的自由波场压力时程.进一步,基于连分式近似方法提出了一种模拟无限域水体辐射效应的高精度时域人工边界条件,该吸收边界可设置于离结构和爆源子结构较近处.本文提出的分析方法通过圆形爆源子结构进行水下爆炸载荷的转化,并采用高精度吸收边界大大减少计算区域,既保证了计算精度,又降低了单元数量,具有较高的计算效率和较强的实用性.通过数值算例分析,验证了本文模型与方法的准确性,模拟了水下爆炸作用下的冲击波和气泡脉动阶段测点的压力时程曲线,并研究了圆形结构对水下近场爆炸波散射效应的影响规律.     

强激光水下爆炸推进的物理机制

对激光水下聚焦爆炸推进的作用机理开展了实验测量和数值模拟研究. 实验观察到激光水下聚焦爆炸推进分为两个物理过程: (1) 强激光与铝膜相互作用诱导等离子体演化, 产生短脉冲、高幅值的等离子体压力, 并对航行体做功; (2) 激光爆炸产物气泡脉动, 对航行体继续提供推力. 另外, 实验还对不同介质中的激光推进效率以及气泡与约束壁面/自由水面相互作用的物理机制进行了研究. 发现在高阻抗环境介质、气泡受约束脉动以及近自由水面条件下, 激光爆炸推进的效率更高. 在实验的基础上, 建立了激光水下聚焦爆炸推进的物理模型, 发展了相应的耦合数值计算方法. 计算得到的气泡脉动规律及航行体运动规律与实验测量结果一致, 验证了计算的模型和方法, 为强激光水下聚焦爆炸推进机理的研究提供了一种有效的方法.      

An adaptive ALE method for underwater explosion simulations including cavitation

The aim of this paper is to develop a numerical procedure for simulating a simplified mathematical model of underwater explosion phenomena. The Euler set of equations is selected as the governing equations and the ideal gas and Tammann equations of state (EOS) are used to obtain pressure in the gas bubble and the surrounding water zone, respectively. The modified Schmidt EOS is used to simulate the cavitation regions. An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method is used to integrate the governing equations over an unstructured moving grid. A mesh adapting technique is applied to increase the accuracy as well as for better capturing of flow physics. Moreover, a least-square smoother is employed to moderate the undesirable effects of gas–water interface irregularities. The numerical results verify that the proposed method is capable of predicting complex physics involved in a spherical underwater explosion. The method also shows a very good performance in smoothing the interface while minimizing the loss of mass and momentum in two-dimensional problems.     

空气自由场中强爆炸冲击波传播二维数值模拟

编写了适用于模拟具有高密度比、高压力比的强激波问题的二维柱对称多介质流体计算程序。利用有限体积方法求解流体的Euler方程组,采用level set方法捕捉爆炸产物与空气的运动界面,并通过求解物质界面两侧Riemann问题的精确解来计算爆炸产物与空气之间的数值通量。研制了三角形网格自适应技术来实现网格的自动加密和粗化,在保证捕捉激波峰值的前提下有效地提高了计算效率。利用计算程序对1 kt TNT当量的空气自由场强爆炸问题进行数值模拟,计算得到的峰值超压、冲击波到达时间等物理参数与点爆炸理论结果基本一致。     

Prolonged simulation of near-free surface underwater explosion based on Eulerian finite element method

In the area of naval architecture and ocean engineering, the research about the underwater explosion problem is of great significance. To achieve prolonged simulation of near-free surface underwater explosion, the underwater explosion transient numerical model is established in this paper based on compressible Eulerian finite element method(EFEM). Compared with Geers–Hunter formula, EFEM is availably validated by simulating the free-field underwater explosion case. Then, the bubble pulsation and flow field dynamic characteristics of the cases with different underwater explosive depth are compared in this work. Lastly, the height of the water hump and the pressure of flow flied are analyzed quantitatively through the simulation results.     

An SPH model for free surface flows with moving rigid objects

This paper presents a computational model for free surface flows interacting with moving rigid bodies. The model is based on the SPH method, which is a popular meshfree, Lagrangian particle method and can naturally treat large flow deformation and moving features without any interface/surface capture or tracking algorithm. Fluid particles are used to model the free surface flows which are governed by Navier–Stokes equations, and solid particles are used to model the dynamic movement (translation and rotation) of moving rigid objects. The interaction of the neighboring fluid and solid particles renders the fluid–solid interaction and the non‐slip solid boundary conditions. The SPH method is improved with corrections on the SPH kernel and kernel gradients, enhancement of solid boundary condition, and implementation of Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model. Three numerical examples including the water exit of a cylinder, the sinking of a submerged cylinder and the complicated motion of an elliptical cylinder near free surface are provided. The obtained numerical results show good agreement with results from other sources and clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented meshfree particle model in modeling free surface flows with moving objects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改进特征线法在水下爆炸正反演问题中的应用

介绍了改进特征线法及其在水下爆炸正反演问题中的应用。将改进特征线法用于TNT炸药球水下爆炸的模拟,并与实验数据和AUTODYN程序的结果比较,结果表明,改进特征线法求解水下爆炸问题具有较好的准确性,且能够捕捉到流场中弱冲击的传播。而后应用改进的特征线法将正问题中的冲击波参数作为初值条件,利用逆序差分格式,对水气界面做反演求解;将反演的水气界面与正问题中的界面作比较,结果显示两者在近场吻合良好。     

自由场水中爆炸气泡的物理特性

将水中爆炸气泡运动阶段周围流场假设为无粘、无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,运用边界元法模拟自由场中气泡的运动,在气泡运动模拟过程中引入数值光顺技术及弹性网格技术,避免因网格扭曲而导致的数值发散,并开发计算程序。计算值与实验值吻合良好,误差小于10%。从自由场水中爆炸气泡的基本现象入手,基于本文中开发的程序系统地研究了自由场中气泡的动力学特性。对流场中不同方位的压力进行分析,得出气泡中心的迁移方向及射流的攻击方向压力载荷比其他方向均大,说明气泡射流的攻击方向压力载荷最大,对水中结构造成严重毁伤,表明了气泡载荷的不对称性。计算了流场中不同位置的速度变化曲线,结果表明随着距气泡中心距离的增大,气泡运动引起的滞后流的速度迅速减小,且随着气泡的膨胀和坍塌,滞后流的方向逆转,总结了滞后流的衰减及变化规律。     

Effect of a rigid structure on the dynamics of a bubble beneath the free surface

The coupling effect between a pulsating bubble and a free surface near a rigid structure is a complicated physical process. In this study, the evolution of an underwater explosion bubble and the free surface near a rigid structure is modeled by the boundary integral method. An approach of “double-node method” is used to maintain the stability of fluid-structure junction in the simulations, and meshes on the free surface and the structure are transformed to an open domain to ensure the calculation accuracy and efficiency. Validations are conducted against an underwater explosion experiment near a rigid structure. As a result, the simulations trace the jetting behavior of the bubble and the rise of the free surface. Finally, the bubble migration and the height of the free surface for different structure draughts are analyzed.     

Semi‐coupled air/water immersed boundary approach for curvilinear dynamic overset grids with application to ship hydrodynamics

For many problems in ship hydrodynamics, the effects of air flow on the water flow are negligible (the frequently called free surface conditions), but the air flow around the ship is still of interest. A method is presented where the water flow is decoupled from the air solution, but the air flow uses the unsteady water flow as a boundary condition. The authors call this a semi‐coupled air/water flow approach. The method can be divided into two steps. At each time step the free surface water flow is computed first with a single‐phase method assuming constant pressure and zero stress on the interface. The second step is to compute the air flow assuming the free surface as a moving immersed boundary (IB). The IB method developed for Cartesian grids (Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2005; 37 :239–261) is extended to curvilinear grids, where no‐slip and continuity conditions are used to enforce velocity and pressure boundary conditions for the air flow. The forcing points close to the IB can be computed and corrected under a sharp interface condition, which makes the computation very stable. The overset implementation is similar to that of the single‐phase solver (Comput. Fluids 2007; 36 :1415–1433), with the difference that points in water are set as IB points even if they are fringe points. Pressure–velocity coupling through pressure implicit with splitting of operators or projection methods is used for water computations, and a projection method is used for the air. The method on each fluid is a single‐phase method, thus avoiding ill‐conditioned numerical systems caused by large differences of fluid properties between air and water. The computation is only slightly slower than the single‐phase version, with complete absence of spurious velocity oscillations near the free surface, frequently present in fully coupled approaches. Validations are performed for laminar Couette flow over a wavy boundary by comparing with the analytical solution, and for the surface combatant model David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) 5512 by comparing with Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) and the results of two‐phase level set computations. Complex flow computations are demonstrated for the ONR Tumblehome DTMB 5613 with superstructure subject to waves and wind, including 6DOF motions and broaching in SS7 irregular waves and wind. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水下爆炸气泡射流载荷计算的新方法研究

由于存在强冲击、多相界面复杂运动等强非线性效应,目前对于水下爆炸气泡运动的计算方法无法给出较为可信的水射流运动特征及其载荷形式.本文基于多相可压缩流体的five-equation计算模型,引入界面函数和界面密度压缩技术,采用5阶WENO重构与HLLC近似Riemann求解器进行空间离散,时间离散采用3阶TVD Runge-Kutta法.通过上述方法来提高水下爆炸气泡溃灭过程中气-液界面的计算精度,捕捉水射流的产生、发展以及水锤冲击等典型演化过程.计算结果表明,新的计算方法能够对水下近壁面爆炸气泡的溃灭过程进行有效的模拟,初步揭示了水射流直接载荷的特征,为水射流的产生机理及其损伤效应的研究提供技术支撑.