地震纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应研究

在燃烧室入口来流为Ma=2.64、T0=1483K、P0＝1.65MPa、T=724K、P=76.3kPa条件下，采用高速摄影和连续激光高速纹影对等截面型开窗燃烧室内氢气射流自燃过程、火花塞点燃氢气过程和引导氢气火焰点燃煤油过程进行了观测，获得了燃烧室内着火过程中火焰和流场波系结构的动态演化过程；观察到了初始火焰区首先起始于燃烧室下游，并逆流传播实现发动机着火的过程；分析表明燃料能否着火、以及着火位置与燃料着火时间、燃烧室流速和火焰稳定器安装情况相关，多火焰稳定区延长了燃料驻留时间，使燃料更容易着火。 关键词 超燃冲压发动机，点火过程，火焰传播，火焰稳定器     

富氢燃料气射流预混火焰回火特性的研究进展

燃气轮机是一种重要的动力设备,是碳中和的重要环节,燃用富氢燃料气是降低其碳排放的有效途径.由于氢气的化学反应活性高、燃烧速率快,使得燃烧室内预混射流火焰发生回火的风险大大增加,即火焰有可能从燃烧室向上游预混气管道传播.文章综述了近20年来富氢燃料气射流火焰回火的代表性实验及数值模拟的研究进展,介绍了包含燃料氢含量、来流温度及工作压力等参数、喷嘴结构与尺寸、热声振荡和微混燃烧器等对回火特性影响的研究成果,现有研究表明,边界层内火焰传播速度超过来流速度是造成回火的主要因素,控制来流速度、来流温度、改变局部燃料浓度可以克服或者减缓回火.根据目前的研究现状和发展动态,对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧流场及火焰稳定初步研究

采用壁面燃料喷射并结合凹槽设施作为火焰稳定器是超燃冲压发动机设计的理想方案,本文采用非定常数值模拟研究了带凹槽的超燃冲压发动机壁面横向喷射乙烯的火焰稳定过程。结果表明:在燃烧室入口马赫数2、静温530K、静压0.1MPa条件下,冷流流场达到稳定所需时间约为2ms;当凹槽内喷油当量比为0.1时,火焰稳定模式为燃料尾迹和凹槽共同形成的回流区稳定模式;当凹槽内喷油当量比为0.315时,火焰稳定模式完全处于凹槽回流区稳定模式;当凹槽前端壁面注油当量比为0.05时,火焰稳定模式为凹槽回流区稳焰模式;当凹槽前端壁面注油当量比为0.2时,火焰稳定模式为射流回流区和凹槽回流区稳焰模式。     

微小空间内丙烷/空气火焰传播特性与加氢爆燃实验

在内径150 mm的圆盘狭缝微型燃烧室内，实验探讨了在常温常压下，不同当量比的丙烷/空气预混气以及掺氢的丙烷/空气混合气在电火花点火后向外传播的特性，通过高速摄影方法获得了在狭缝间距为2.0、2.5、3.0、5.0 mm时微燃烧室内的火焰传播形态。实验中观察到火焰传播存在光滑、皱褶和断裂三种火焰锋面形态。当量比的增加和狭缝间距的减小会使火焰更容易发生褶皱。随着火焰的传播，火焰半径逐渐增大，火焰传播速度整体呈下降趋势。火焰传播速度随着间距的减小先增大后减小，在间距3 mm时最大。因为壁面散热的影响，微尺度效应在降低火焰传播速度和增加火焰不稳定性方面具有重要作用。掺入氢气能提高预混气的火焰传播速度，在间距2.5 mm的微燃烧腔中还观察到了爆燃现象。     

半封闭空间明火引燃油气特性实验

为研究明火引燃油气着火爆炸特性，建立了半封闭着火爆炸实验平台。通过高速摄影仪拍摄的火焰图像，研究不同油气体积分数下的火焰传播特性。根据高频压力传感器采集的容器内压力变化情况，分析不同油气体积分数下的压力发展特性。结果表明，油气体积分数对火焰组分、火焰传播速度、压力和压力变化速率有显著影响；火焰具有明显的分区现象，可分为燃烧核和火焰阵面，并且纵向火焰阵面速度大于横向火焰阵面速度；容器内压力发展历程可分为4个阶段，而且会形成压力双峰现象；油气爆炸过程中，火焰结构与压力波形成了强烈的耦合作用。     

耦合火焰不稳定的爆炸超压预测

基于火焰不稳定和爆炸超压的耦合机制，通过向光滑火焰模型中引入褶皱因子，建立了褶皱火焰模型和湍流火焰模型，对密闭燃烧室内爆炸超压进行理论预测，且对比了绝热压缩和等温压缩对爆炸超压预测的影响规律。结果表明:在增强的流体动力学不稳定作用下，膨胀火焰失稳加剧，且在定容燃烧阶段形成胞状火焰；光滑火焰模型忽略了火焰不稳定，爆炸超压理论预测值比实验值偏低，且等温压缩下超压预测值低于绝热压缩下的预测值；湍流火焰模型高估了火焰褶皱程度，超压预测值远高于实验值；褶皱火焰模型可成功预测丙烷/空气爆炸压力和燃烧室体积V=25.6 m3的甲烷/空气爆炸压力；对于甲烷/空气爆炸，燃烧室体积V≤1.25 m3时，实验压力值介于褶皱火焰模型和绝热光滑火焰模型预测值之间。     

氢燃料缓燃向爆震转捩过程中波与火焰的匹配特性

为了解氢燃料爆震过程中压力波与火焰之间相互匹配的特性,在60mm60mm2000mm 方 爆震管内,用氢气和空气混合物进行了单爆震性能研究。在爆震转捩区内布置压力传感器与离子探针,用来 监控压力波和火焰的信号,同时利用高速摄影仪集中拍摄转捩区域。根据压力波和火焰面在爆震管不同时刻 的强度特性、速度特性及位置特性来分析爆震过程中波与火焰匹配的规律。结果表明:压力波和火焰的强度 呈现为相互正反馈匹配性质;缓燃向爆震转捩(DDT)过程中,压力波和火焰的速度表现为相互交替的变化过 程,且缓燃阶段中火焰速度的增幅大于压力波速度的增幅;当火焰面追赶上激波时,产生过爆,火焰面会临时 位于激波前面;在过爆衰减为正常爆震波的过程中,激波在火焰前面。     

耦合火焰自加速传播的氢气云爆炸超压预测

通过揭示当量比对氢气云爆炸火焰形态、火焰半径和爆炸超压峰值的影响规律,本文拟建立耦合火焰自加速传播的氢气云爆炸超压预测模型。结果表明:氢气云爆炸火焰传播速度由大至小对应的当量比依次是Φ=2.0、Φ=1.0和Φ=0.8。Le＜1.0和Le＞1.0的氢气云爆炸火焰表面均出现胞格结构,胞格结构的出现必然会增加火焰燃烧表面积,进而出现“火焰自加速”现象。对于特定的当量比,随着压力监测点和点火位置间距的增加,爆炸超压峰值的正值和负值绝对值均单调减小;对于特定的压力监测点,爆炸超压峰值的正值和负值绝对值随当量比的关系存在些许差异;不同当量比和监测点位置的爆炸超压峰值的负值绝对值大都高于正值。耦合火焰自加速传播的氢气云爆炸超压预测模型可成功预测不同压力监测点薄膜破裂前氢气云爆炸超压的发展过程。     

高压氢气泄漏自燃形成喷射火的实验研究

为了探究高压氢气泄漏发生自燃时所需的临界初始释放压力随管道长度的变化规律，了解管内自燃火焰向管外喷射火焰转变的发展过程，本文利用压力、光电以及高速摄像等测试系统展开实验研究。实验结果表明:当管道长度相同，初始释放压力较低时，氢气泄漏不容易发生自燃；随着管道长度的增加，氢气发生自燃时的临界初始释放压力先缓慢减小后迅速增大；当管道长度一定时，初始释放压力越大，激波传播速度越快，氢气管内自燃的位置距离爆破片越近；气流通过激波马赫盘后，火焰燃烧加剧；随着时间的增加，火焰长度呈现先增大后逐渐减小的变化趋势，喷射火焰尖端的平均传播速度逐渐减小；火焰宽度呈现先增大后迅速减小至稳定值的变化规律。     

燃烧轻气炮多级渐扩型燃烧室流场特性数值研究

为了分析多级渐扩型燃烧室结构对燃烧轻气炮氢氧燃烧特性的影响, 通过计算流体力学方法, 分别对采用传统圆柱型燃烧室和多级渐扩型燃烧室的燃烧轻气炮氢氧燃烧发射过程进行数值模拟。对比结果表明, 多级渐扩型燃烧室结构能够明显地减小燃烧室压力波动幅度, 提高氢氧燃烧稳定性; 多级渐扩型燃烧室内形成回流区, 可以减小气流轴向运动速度; 火焰扩展形态与渐扩型结构相吻合, 燃烧反应区表面变化平稳; 多级渐扩型燃烧室结构对氢氧火焰传播过程和压力波动现象有着重要影响。     

Effects of operating pressure on flame oscillation and emission characteristics in a partially premixed swirl combustor

The influence of varying combustor pressure on flame oscillation and emission characteristics in the partially premixed turbulent flame were investigated. In order to investigate combustion characteristics in the partially premixed turbulent flame, the combustor pressure was controlled in the range of −30 to 30 kPa for each equivalence ratio (Φ = 0.8-1.2). The r.m.s. of the pressure fluctuations increased with decreasing combustor pressure for the lean condition. The combustor pressure had a sizeable influence on combustion oscillation, whose dominant frequency varied with the combustor pressure. Combustion instabilities could be controlled by increasing the turbulent intensity of the unburned mixture under the lean condition. An unstable flame was caused by incomplete combustion; hence, EICO greatly increased. Furthermore, EINO_x simply reduced with decreasing combustor pressure at a rate of 0.035 g/10 kPa. The possibility of combustion control on the combusting mode and exhaust gas emission was demonstrated.     

Flame quenching process in cavity based on model scramjet combustor

The flame quenching process in combustors was observed by high speed camera and Schlieren system, at the inflow conditions of Ma = 2.64, T 0 = 1 483 K, P 0 = 1.65 MPa, T = 724 K and P = 76.3 kPa. Changing process of the flame and shock structure in the combustor was clearly observed. The results revealed that the precombustion shock disappeared accompanied with the process in which the flame was blown out and withdrawed from the mainflow into the cavity and vanished after a short while. The time of quenching process was extended by the cavity flame holder, and the ability of flame holding was enhanced by arranging more cavities in the downstream as well. The flame was blown from the upstream to the downstream, so the flame in the downstream of the cavity was quenched out later than that in the upstream.     

乙烯燃料超燃燃烧室流动特性与燃烧稳定性研究

在低飞行马赫数条件下,乙烯燃料超燃冲压发动机为实现成功点火及稳定燃烧,常使用先锋氢引燃乙烯,本文通过试验研究了多种喷注方案下的超燃燃烧室流动特性、火焰传播特性及燃烧稳定性,喷注方案包括单先锋氢、单乙烯和组合喷注方式.超燃燃烧室入口马赫数为2.0,总温为953 K,总压为0.82 MPa.多种非接触光学测量手段被应用于超...     

Experimental investigation of combustion mechanisms of kerosene-fueled scramjet engines with double-cavity flameholders

A scramjet combustor with double cavitybased flameholders was experimentally studied in a directconnected test bed with the inflow conditions of M = 2.64,Pt = 1.84 MPa,Tt = 1 300 K.Successful ignition and selfsustained combustion with room temperature kerosene was achieved using pilot hydrogen,and kerosene was vertically injected into the combustor through 4×φ 0.5 mm holes mounted on the wall.For different equivalence ratios and different injection schemes with both tandem cavities and parallel cavities,flow fields were obtained and compared using a high speed camera and a Schlieren system.Results revealed that the combustor inside the flow field was greatly influenced by the cavity installation scheme,cavities in tandem easily to form a single side flame distribution,and cavities in parallel are more likely to form a joint flame,forming a choked combustion mode.The supersonic combustion flame was a kind of diffusion flame and there were two kinds of combustion modes.In the unchoked combustion mode,both subsonic and supersonic combustion regions existed.While in the choked mode,the combustion region was fully subsonic with strong shock propagating upstream.Results also showed that there was a balance point between the boundary separation and shock enhanced combustion,depending on the intensity of heat release.     

Experimental Characterization of Premixed Flame Instabilities of a Model Gas Turbine Burner

In recent years, the NO _x emissions of heavy duty gas turbine burners have been significantly reduced by introducing premixed combustion. These highly premixed burners are known to be prone to combustion oscillations. In this paper, investigations of a single model gas turbine burner are reported focusing on thermo-acoustic instabilities and their interaction with the periodic fluctuations of the velocity and pressure. Phase-locked optical measurement techniques such as LDA and LIF gave insight into the mechanisms.Detailed investigations of a gas turbine combustor rig revealed that the combustor as well as the air plenum oscillate in Helmholtz modes. These instabilities could be attributed to the phase lag of the pressure oscillations between the air plenum and the combustor, which causes an acceleration and deceleration of the air flow through the burner and, therefore, alternating patterns of fuel rich and lean bubbles. When these bubbles reach the reaction zone, density fluctuations are generated which in turn lead to velocity fluctuations and, hence, keep up the pressure oscillations.With increasing the equivalence ratio strong combustion oscillations could be identified at the same frequency. Similarly as with weak oscillations, Helmholtz mode pressure fluctuations are present but the resulting velocity fluctuations in the combustor can be described as a pumping motion of the flow. By the velocity fluctuations the swirl stabilization of the flame is disturbed. At the same time, the oscillating pressure inside the combustor reaches its minimum value. Shortly after the flame expands again, the pressure increases inside the combustor. This phenomenon which is triggered by the pressure oscillations inside the air plenum seems to be the basic mechanism of the flame instability and leads to a significant increase of the pressure amplitudes.     

Instability of flame in micro-combustor under different external thermal environment

This experiment investigates the performance of a micro-combustor made of a quartz tube. Its surface heat loss is controlled by external wind, the wind temperature ranges from 277 to 1001 K. Compared with the cold wind at 277 K, warm wind at intermediate temperature of 380 K helps stabilize the flame. Because it decreases the surface heat loss, thus inhibits extinction. However, extremely hot wind of 1001 K makes blowout happen easily. The phenomenon is analyzed. The micro-flame retreats to the combustor inlet due to the enhanced heat recirculation at extremely hot wind, which induces insufficient preheating. Subsequently, blowout occurs.     

Non-linear Response of Turbulent Premixed Flames to Imposed Inlet Velocity Oscillations of Two Frequencies

This paper describes an experimental study investigating the non-linear response of lean premixed air/ethylene flames to strong inlet velocity perturbations of two frequencies. The combustor has a centrally-placed bluff body and a short quartz section. The annulus between the bluff body and the flow tube, which also housed the acoustic pressure transducers, allowed the reactants into the combustor. The inlet flow was perturbed using loudspeakers. High speed laser tomography, OH* chemiluminescence and OH Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) have been used for flow visualization, heat release and flame surface density (FSD) measurements respectively. The heat release fluctuations increased initially linearly with inlet velocity amplitude for a single frequency forcing, with saturation occurring after forcing amplitudes of around 15% of the bulk velocity, which was found to occur due to vortex roll up and subsequent flame annihilation. The introduction of energy at the second frequency (i.e, the harmonic) was found to change the vortex formation and shedding frequency, depending on the level of forcing. This resulted in a non-linear flame response transfer function (defined as the amplitude of unsteady heat release divided by the amplitude of velocity perturbation at the fundamental) whose amplitude depended greatly on the amount of harmonic content present in the perturbations. The introduction of higher harmonics reduced the flame annihilation events, which are responsible for saturation, thus reducing non-linearity in the amplitude dependence of the flame response. These results were further verified using sequential time-resolved OH PLIF measurements. The findings from this study suggest that the acoustic response of the flame was mostly due to flame area variation effected by modulation of the annular jet and evolution of the shear layers.     

Experimental investigation of flame/solid interactions in turbulent premixed combustion

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the interaction between propagating turbulent premixed flames and solid obstacles. The experimental rig was configured specifically to allow detailed measurements with laser-based optical diagnostics. A wall-type solid obstacle was mounted inside a laboratory-scale combustion chamber with rectangular cross-section. The flame was initiated, by igniting a combustible mixture of methane in air at the center of the closed end of the combustion chamber. The flame front development was visualized by a high-speed (9000 frame/s) digital video camera and flame images were synchronized with ignition timing and chamber pressure data. The tests were carried out with lean, stoichiometric and rich mixtures of methane in air. The images were used to calculate highly resolved temporal and spatial data for the changes in flame shape, speed, and the length of the flame front. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of mixture equivalence ratio on the flame structure and resulting overpressure. The reported data revealed significant changes in flame structure as a result of the interaction between the propagating flame front and the transient recirculating flow formed behind the solid obstacle. Combustion images show that the flame accelerates and decelerates as it impinges on the obstacle wall boundaries. It is also found that the mixture concentrations have a significant influence on the nature of the flame/solid interactions and the resulting overpressure. The highest flame speed of 40 m/s was obtained with the unity fuel–air equivalence ratio. Burning of trapped mixture behind the solid obstruction was found to be highly correlated with the flame front length and the rate of pressure rise.     

Experimental Study on Stabilization of Lifted Swirl Flames in a Model GT Combustor

This study reports on experimental investigations on isothermal and reacting swirled non-premixed flows under varying pressure conditions. In this configuration, a central high speed fuel jet was surrounded by a heated swirling air flow. For the reacting case natural gas served as fuel whereas for isothermal conditions fuel was replaced by a mixture of helium and air to achieve Reynolds-similarity. The optically accessible combustor allowed for application of laser diagnostics. Here we report on Laser Doppler Anemometry and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) experiments used to characterize the flow field and visualize selected scalars, respectively. Acetone served as a fluorescence marker for mixture fraction investigations. The hydroxyl radical was used to provide general features of the reaction zone such as flame shape and mean stabilization. To expose the influence of pressure on the flame structure three different operating points were investigated varying the combustor pressure between 2 and 6 bar while the inflow bulk velocities remained the same. Striking features of the present configuration are a detached flame, multiple recirculation zones, and complex coherent flow structures.     

微小尺度下氢气预混燃烧的实验研究

对内径为1.66mm的不锈钢管燃烧室的氢气预混燃烧实验进行了描述，采用 红外测温仪测量了燃烧室壁面的温度场分布，获得了不同燃烧热功率下的运行界限．在突扩 段内高温回流区的作用下，在带有5mm长突扩段的燃烧室内可以实现完全预混燃 烧，最高运行界限可达1.415．由于较高的进气速度和较大的燃烧室壁面散热，在不带突扩 段的不锈钢管内无法实现完全预混燃烧．结果表明突扩段对微小尺度燃烧具有稳定火焰、拓 宽燃烧运行界限的作用．通过对火焰形状和结构的观察，结合突扩段燃烧流场的分析，合理 解释了燃烧室壁面温度场随过量空气系数的变化规律．