缺陷演化过程中缺陷温度场的实验研究

本文以缺陷演化过程中的共性－流变与耗散现象为研究对象，利用红外扫描技术，对缺陷演化过程中的热耗散、缺陷温度场的形成及其演变规律进行了实验研究．在此基础上，对缺陷演化过程中缺陷温度场的形成及其演变规律、缺陷间相互作用进行了初步探讨．研究结果表明：缺陷演化过程是一个能量耗散过程，且缺陷演化过程中由于热耗散而形成的缺陷温度场具有分形特性，其分形维数不仅与缺陷间相互作用有关，而且是时间的函数，体现了缺陷演化过程跨越不同层次以及过程中层次间的协同作用效应．     

300MW锅炉汽包接管角焊缝缺陷安全评定

运用我国“压力容器缺陷评定规范”CVDA-1984及英国“Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures”BS7910-1999，对300MW锅炉汽包接管缺陷安全性进行评定。汽包接管缺陷评定所需的汽包各运行工况温度场、应力场，通过有限元计算获得。评定结果表明：在设计工况下的30年服役期内，该锅炉汽包接管现有缺陷不会引发一次性脆性断裂，汽包现有缺陷扩展不会对安全运行构成威胁，汽包现有缺陷可不进行返修处理而继续安全运行。     

用结构分析程序模拟瞬态温度场和某些粘弹性力学问题

用结构分析程序模拟瞬态温度场和某些粘弹性力学问题曲圣年，焦柯（北京大学，１００８７１）关键词结构分析程序，瞬态温度场，模拟，粘弹性力学１引言扩大已开发的软件的使用范围，以解决更多问题，是人们努力的方向．本文应用退化模拟方法，不需要两个方程相同．只要一...     

平面热光弹性实验研究

本文介绍用热光弹性实验方法研究热应力和F51模型材料的性能.提出了用高温热负荷枝术模拟温度场,此法也能适用于较复杂的温度场.     

空间薄壁管结构瞬态温度场、热变形有限元分析

对于辐射换热的薄壁杆件航天结构，为分析其在太空中不同时刻的姿态下的温度场和热变形，构造了一种相对自由度矩形管单元。其基本思想是从2维非线性瞬态热传导方程出发，假设沿矩形管横截面上每边的温度为线性分布，用4个角点的平均温度和温差来表示矩形管横截面上的温度分布，构造了一种1维2结点温度杆单元，该单元每个结点包含平均温度，上下面温差，左右面温差3个自由度；在计算热变形时，此三个广义温度参数分别对应热轴力和2个热弯矩载荷。经与三维有限元计算结果的比较，证明用该单元计算的矩形管温度场和位移场是可靠的。利用这种新型的薄壁矩形管单元和本文作者在其他文章中提出的薄壁圆管单元，可以对非线性换热条件下的复杂空间结构进行比较准确的温度场和热变形有限元分析，最后本文计算了考虑遮挡的太阳能帆板的瞬态温度场和热变形以说明其应用价值。     

从分子运动论看连续介质气体动力学和稀薄气体的新特性

首先，综述了根据分子运动论对连续介质极限气体行为的最近研究，它表明；经典的连续气体动力学是不完整的；用分子运动论分析在连续介质极限时一些重要情况得到氧化的正确行为是必不可免的。即，即作了特殊的情况，甚至在平均自由程变为零的极限下热传导方程不能描述静止气体温度场；文中给出了根据分子运动论导出的温度场的正确方程组和边界条件及其具体应用。     

热流密度/对流换热边界下双向梯度板的瞬态温度场分析

采用有限单元-有限差分法研究了热流密度/对流换热边界条件下双向梯度板的瞬态热传导问题。采用细观力学方法结合混合律准则描述了材料的热物理属性，通过推导一种8节点高阶双向梯度单元建立了结构的连续梯度有限元模型。计算给出了在考虑组份属性的温度效应下，温度场的时间响应历程以及不同时刻温度场的空间分布形式，并与材料属性温度无关时的计算结果进行了比较，最后讨论了相关参数对瞬态温度场的影响规律。结果表明：温度较低时，组份属性的温度效应对瞬态温度场影响很小；在 y 方向热流密度载荷的作用下，温度场沿 x、y 方向均存在明显的梯度；x 方向组份体积分布系数的增大，延长了温度场达到稳态需要的时间，绝对温度梯度沿 x、y 方向均增大，稳态温度场升高；增大 y 方向组份体积分布系数的值，情况相反。     

确定温度分布和热应力的一种新的全息方法

本文提出了一种能获得被测模型温度场和应力场的新方法,当一个二维光弹性模型受热载荷时,用这种方法能同时在两幅全息图上记录三个信息,从而使温度场与应力场的分离成为可能。     

注塑成型三维流动的数值模拟

建立了非等温、粘性、不可压缩、非牛顿流体流动的控制方程。为了避免同时求解耦合的压力场、速度场，本文通过修改Galerkin方法的变分方程，导出了关于压力场的拟Poisson方程，用迭代法独立地求解连续性方程、动量方程，并进行速度一粘度迭代求出最终的压力场、速度场。由于直接使用Galerkin方法求解能量方程容易引起温度场的振荡，本文采用隐式格式及“上风”法离散能量方程，用超松驰迭代法求解温度场的代数方程组。比较了模拟结果与等温管道流动的解析解及法兰的实际注射结果，算例表明本文方法可以预测注射成型流动过程中的一些重要特征。与传统Galerkin方法相比，本文方法可以减少内存，提高数值方法的稳定性。     

温度梯度与缺陷共同作用下的双壁碳纳米管持续驱动器件

纳尺度驱动因其在能量转换、物质输送等众多领域的潜在应用得到广泛关注，但实现长程持续驱动依然在原理上面临重大挑战．本文借助双壁碳纳米管的层间范德华相互作用，以热梯度力为基本动力，利用外管缺陷对层间热梯度力的调控作用，提出了一种新型的纳尺度可控持续驱动原理．其基本机理是：外管在周期性缺陷和温度场共同作用下形成周期性的非对称温度梯度，在内管上产生周期性的非对称热梯度力，使得每个周期（驱动单元）上都存在净驱动力，从而推动内管实现长程持续运动．同时，内管的运动方向或速度可通过外管上的控温区域或温差控制．     

CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION WITH ORDERED PARAMETERS FOR VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL CONTAINING DEFECTS

Based on the experimental results of local temperature field formed in the evolution pc-riod of defects,the defect field is defined by this internal temperature field.The evolutionary processesof statistically correlative meso-scopic defects are analysed with Ihe growth rate and nucleation rate ofthe meso-defect,and it is deemed that the dynamic failure process of the viscoelastic material with de-fects can be quantitatively described by the normal method of the procedure of heat wave transmission.The defect field is regarded as a complex system of the union of the real sets and null sets,its maincharacteristics depending on the stratum hypothesis about the activities of the subsystems of the higheststratum described by ordered parameters.The fluctuation of ordered parameters is demonstrated bymeans of the projection operator method.The constitutive equation with ordered parameters for themeso-defect evolutionary state of viscoelastic material with defects is deduced from the nonlinear rheo-logical dynamic approach,and its solution is obtained.     

Wave propagation through an interface between viscoelastic media in the presence of defects

The propagation of plane harmonic waves through an interface between viscoelastic media is considered using the equations of field theory of defects, the kinematic identities for an elastic continuum with defects, and the dynamic equations of gauge theory. The reflection and refraction coefficients of elastic displacement waves and the waves of a defect field characterized by a dislocation density tensor and a defect flux tensor are determined. Dependences of the obtained quantities on the parameters of the interfacing media are analyzed.     

基于复数神经网络的粘弹性材料动态模量拟合方法

固体火箭发动机药柱粘弹性材料除具有弹塑性特性,还具有粘滞性,这一特性使得材料变形具有明显的时间效应,本构关系复杂,进行动态力学分析时,动态模量难以有效拟合．本文提出了一种基于(Levenberg-Marquardt, L-M)算法的复数神经网络拟合粘弹性材料动态模量的方法．通过广义Maxwell模型推导得到材料的动态模量表达式,以此构造未定网络参数为复数的神经网络,从而提供了一种输入、输出样本均为复数的神经网络解决方法．将实数L-M训练算法进行改进,衍生到复数领域,提出复数L-M训练算法．通过粘弹性材料实验,将实验数据时温等效转换,获得复数神经网络的训练及测试样本．通过对神经网络进行训练,实现粘弹性材料动态模量的高精度拟合．数值算例表明,与传统神经网络拟合方法相比,所提方法在训练速度和泛化能力方面都有其优越性．     

变温场中具损伤粘弹性矩形板的非线性动力响应分析

基于热粘弹性理论、Von Karman板理论和连续损伤力学,导出了二维状态下各向同性材料的变温粘弹性本构方程,建立了含损伤效应的各向同性粘弹性矩形板在变温场中的非线性运动控制方程,且应用有限差分法对问题进行求解.算例中,讨论了损伤演化及温度场等因素对粘弹性矩形板非线性动力学行为的影响,得出一些有意义的结论.     

粘弹性夹芯层合旋转圆板的气动弹性动力稳定性分析

基于哈密尔顿原理，考虑作用于圆板上的空气动力载荷以及粘弹性复模量本构模型，本文建立了含有粘弹性夹芯层的旋转圆板的空气动力学模型，并给出了相应的稳定性的控制方程及边界条件。运用Galerkin方法，文中数值求解并给出了夹芯层合旋转圆板的动力学基本特征，以及结构几何参数、材料参数对于其前、后行波振动频率、阻尼和动力稳定性的影响。结果表明：通过优化合理选取粘弹性夹芯层合旋转圆板的几何参数和材料参数，可提高旋转圆板的临界转速和颤振速度，从而增强其稳定性。     

Seismic oscillations of an elastic rectangular structure protected by a viscoelastic stratum: in-plane problem

We study the problem of seismic protection of a rectangular elastic construction by mean of a viscoelastic stratum made of material of Kelvin–Voigt type. In particular we consider the in-plane problem. By using the standard boundary integral equations method (BIEs), the dynamic problem is reduced to a system of BIEs over the set of boundary lines. In order to reduce the dimension of the problem in its discrete form, for wave processes in the stratum and in the half-space foundation we use a special Green’s function satisfying the stress-free boundary conditions over the boundary of the half-space. A numerical algorithm is used to solve the problem after discretization and finally we discuss the physical meaning of the results and the efficiency of the seismic protection by the viscoelastic stratum.     

粘弹性阻尼修改后结构系统动特性的预测

无阻尼或比例阻尼结构系统经粘弹阻尼修改后,可变为粘弹性阻尼系统。要获得其动特性,需求解复特征值问题。但是,随之带来了计算量大、费用高等问题。尤其是粘弹性材料特性随频率而变化,需求解高阶非线性复特征值问题,这对于一个自由度较大的结构,计算量太大,通常较难实现。本文在特征值修改方法的基础上,提出粘弹性阻尼局部动力修改方法,即仅需已知原结构系统的实模态参数,就可求出粘弹阻尼修改后系统的复模态参数。还发展了特征值和修改量同时迭代方法,有效地解决了粘弹材料复模量随频率变化引起的非线性复特征值问题。     

Aeroelastic dynamics stability of rotating sandwich annular plate with viscoelastic core layer

A dynamic model for a rotating sandwich annular plate with a viscoelastic core layer is developed. All fundamental equations and boundary conditions are established based on Hamilton’s principle, and the rotation effect and viscoelastic properties of the sandwich structure are taken into account. The aerodynamics force acting on the plate is described by a rotating damping model, and the constitutive behavior of the viscoelastic core layer is formulated by the frequency-dependent complex modulus. The effects of geometrical and material parameters on frequencies and damping of forward and backward traveling waves and the dynamic stability for the rotating sandwich plate are numerically analyzed by means of Galerkin’s method. The results show that the critical and flutter speeds of the rotating plate can be increased at some certain parameters of the viscoelastic core layer.     

Effects of dynamic viscoelastic properties on acoustic diffraction by a solid sphere submerged in a viscous fluid

Summary  This study provides a general analysis for scattering of a planar monochromatic compressional sound wave by a homogeneous, isotropic, viscoelastic, solid sphere immersed in an unbounded viscous, heat-nonconducting, compressible fluid. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of the spherical scatterer and the viscosity of the surrounding fluid are rigorously taken into account in the solution of the acoustic-scattering problem. Havriliak–Negami model for viscoelastic material behaviour along with the appropriate wave-harmonic field expansions and the pertinent boundary conditions are employed to develop a closed-form solution in form of infinite series. Subsequently, the associated acoustic quantities such as the scattered far-field pressure directivity pattern, scattered intensity distribution, differential scattering cross section, and the acoustic radiation force are evaluated for given sets of viscoelastic material properties. Numerical results clearly indicate that, in addition to the traditional fluid viscosity-related mechanisms, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the solid obstacle can be of major significance in sound scattering. Limiting cases are examined and fair agreements with well-known solutions are established. Received 15 January 2002; accepted for publication 2 July 2002 The authors wish to sincerely thank professors Daniel Levesque, Roderic Lakes, Yves Berthelot, S. Temkin, and Andrei Dukhin for valuable and productive consultations on dynamic theory of viscoelasticity and acoustics of (thermo)viscous media.     

State space approach to unsteady magnetohydrodynamics natural convection heat and mass transfer through a porous medium saturated with a viscoelastic fluid

A technique of the state space approach and the inversion of the Laplace transform method are applied to dimensionless equations of an unsteady one-dimensional boundary-layer flow due to heat and mass transfer through a porous medium saturated with a viscoelastic fluid bounded by an infinite vertical plate in the presence of a uniform magnetic field is described. Complete analytical solutions for the temperature, concentration, velocity, and induced magnetic and electric fields are presented. The inversion of the Laplace transforms is carried out by using a numerical approach. The proposed method is used to solve two problems: boundary-layer flow in a viscoelastic fluid near a vertical wall subjected to the initial conditions of a stepwise temperature and concentration and viscoelastic fluid flow between two vertical walls. The solutions are found to be dependent on the governing parameters including the Prandtl number, the Schmidt number, the Grashof number, reaction rate coefficient, viscoelastic parameter, and permeability of the porous medium. Effects of these major parameters on the transport behavior are investigated methodically, and typical results are illustrated to reveal the tendency of the solutions. Representative results are presented for the velocity, temperature, concentration, and induced magnetic and electric field distributions, as well as the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers.