冲击载荷作用下材料与结构的响应与防护

冲击载荷作用下材料与结构的响应与防护是固体力学和爆炸力学研究的热点课题,在国防工程和民用防护工程中有着重要的应用背景.本文主要评述了我国武器装备与防护工程常用材料与结构在冲击载荷作用下响应与防护的国内外研究现状与发展趋势,内容涉及材料的动态力学特性、本构关系和结构的变形与破坏等方面,着重探讨了混凝土、钨合金、陶瓷等材料的动态本构特性以及混凝土坑道、舰船等结构的防护作用机理.     

爆炸冲击载荷作用下车辆和人员的损伤与防护

在当前反恐战争和地区武装冲突迫切形势下,如何提高车辆及人员的防护能力是诸多学科工作者面临的共同挑战.综述了威胁车辆安全的常见爆炸物、其作用原理和影响爆炸物作用载荷的因素,阐述了爆炸物爆炸冲击对车辆的破坏和人员损伤的各类不同形式.在此基础上分析了相关的实验、表征和模拟技术的研究进展,总结了国内外车辆爆炸防护结构的研究现状,包括轻质防护材料和结构的研发趋势,展望了车辆爆炸防护结构设计的研究趋势.     

RESEARCH PROGRESS IN THE INJURY AND PROTECTION TO VEHICLE AND PASSENGERS UNDER EXPLOSIVE SHOCK LOADING

在当前反恐战争和地区武装冲突迫切形势下,如何提高车辆及人员的防护能力是诸多学科工作者面临的共同挑战。综述了威胁车辆安全的常见爆炸物、其作用原理和影响爆炸物作用载荷的因素,阐述了爆炸物爆炸冲击对车辆的破坏和人员损伤的各类不同形式。在此基础上分析了相关的实验、表征和模拟技术的研究进展,总结了国内外车辆爆炸防护结构的研究现状,包括轻质防护材料和结构的研发趋势,展望了车辆爆炸防护结构设计的研究趋势。     

岩石巴西圆盘动态劈裂的流形元法模拟

利用二阶流形元法,通过引入裂纹产生与扩展判据,对冲击载荷作用下岩石平台巴西圆盘的动态拉伸劈裂过程进行了数值模拟,再现拉伸波作用下圆盘被劈裂的过程。模拟现象与实验结果相符,动态平衡时的应力分布与有限元结果基本一致。从而验证了流形元在模拟冲击载荷作用下材料动态破坏过程的有效性和可行性。     

玻璃纤维增强铝合金层合板低速冲击响应分析

基于ABAQUS/Explicit建立了GLARE的有限元模型,分析了其在低速冲击载荷作用下的动态响应,讨论了低速冲击过程中冲头与层合板之间的接触力随冲头位移的变化过程,并进一步分析了低速过程中结构的破坏过程及能量平衡。研究发现:冲头承受的载荷在冲击过程中会发生剧烈变化,且在击穿GLARE前,载荷受冲击速度影响很小;冲头的动能损失基本转化成了层合板结构增加的内能,主要包括铝合金板的塑性变形能、整体材料应变能、因损伤破坏吸收的能量;其中铝合金板的塑性变形能占比最高,可通过进一步设计铝合金板来提高GLARE的抗冲击性能。本文为GLARE层合板在结构冲击防护中的设计及应用提供了重要的参考依据。     

PMMA反射拉伸动态破坏的数值模拟

利用PMMA等透明材料弹丸撞击靶板可以直观再现和观测金属弹体撞击靶板的某些响应和破坏特性,研究PMMA在冲击载荷作用下的动态性能可为更好的分析和认识PMMA结构的动态响应提供支撑.基于文献中的实验构型,本文运用LS-DYNA开展了柱锥形PMMA试件在压缩入射波加载下动态响应的数值模拟,研究由于应力波在试件锥段的汇聚效应,以及在自由端的反射拉伸效应.分析了柱锥形PMMA试件的动态响应过程以及拉伸破坏特性,数值模拟获得了与实验相一致的试件破坏现象.     

用动态焦散线方法研究圆环在冲击载荷作用下的破坏机理

本文用动态焦散线实验方法并结合理论分析,深入地研究了圆环在冲击载荷作用下的破坏问题。考察了试件的几何尺寸和支承材料对破坏模态及破坏过程的影响。用应力波传播的几何理论(rays-theory)分析了应力波在圆环内部的传播过程,着重分析了圆环中应力波聚焦的现象。理论分析和实验结果在破坏时刻和破坏位置上吻合的很好。     

强动载荷下结构的柔性防护和刚性防护

通过研究柔性防护和刚性防护方面的实例,结合作者的研究结果,对应力波效应和材料动态特性效应如何影响强动载荷下的结构安全防护进行了分析和讨论。研究表明,在研究强动载荷下的结构安全防护时,不论结构承受的是爆炸冲击波还是弹体的直接撞击,都应该考虑结构与周围介质中的波传播效应与材料的应变率效应,以及这两者之间的互相联系和互相耦合。     

非线性应力波传播理论的发展及应用

应力波传播理论是分析结构和材料在爆炸/冲击载荷作用下的响应及破坏特性的基础,在国防和民用工程上有重大价值。本文对作者们近半个世纪来在非线性应力波传播理论的发展及其工程应用方面所开展的主要研究作一回顾和讨论,包括：几类非线性应力波相互作用及失效,非线性粘弹性波传播理论及应用,动态破坏和应力波相互作用,以及应力波理论在防护工程中的应用等。     

脆性材料动态强度应变率效应

通过求解波动方程,结合有限结构-时间破坏准则,得到了动态载荷下脆性材料单轴拉伸强度应变 率效应的解析表达式。分析结果表明:材料动态强度的应变率效应具有明显的结构响应特征,即材料动态强 度除与应变率和静态参数相关外,还显著地依赖于外载荷结构及其与材料间的相互作用,因而动态强度不是 表征材料动态破坏的内禀材料性质;此外,由于在不同的外载荷条件下材料将表现出不同的动态强度,这是导 致实验结果离散性大的内在因素。     

Ein Näherungsverfahren zur Berechnung der kompressiblen laminaren Grenzschicht mit kontinuierlich verteilter Absaugung

Ohne ZusammenfassungAus dem Institut für Strömungsmechanik der Technischen Hochschule Braunschweig (Leiter: Prof. Dr.H. Schlichting). Gekürzte Fassung der von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen der Technischen Hochschule Braunschweig genehmigten Dissertation 1962. Berichter: Prof. Dr.H. Schlichting; Mitberichter: Prof. Dr.H. Blenk, Privatdoz. Dr.-Ing.K. Gersten. — Ausführliche Fassung: Zur Berechnung der kompressiblen laminaren Grenzschicht mit kontinuierlich verteilter Absaugung, Bericht 61/28 des Inst. f. Strömungsmechanik der T. H. Braunschweig (1961); auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der Jahrestagung der Wiss. Ges. für Luftfahrt in Braunschweig, 9. 10.–12. 10. 1962.     

Mechanics of granular materials: The discrete and the continuum descriptions juxtaposed

In recent years a discussion could be followed where the pros and cons of the applicability of the Cosserat continuum model to granular materials were debated [Bardet, J.P., Vardoulakis, I., 2001. The asymmetry of stress in granular media. Int. J. Solids Struct. 38, 353–367; Kruyt, N.P., 2003. Static and kinematics of discrete Cosserat-type granular materials. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 511–534; Bagi, K., 2003. Discussion on “The asymmetry of stress in granular media”. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1329–1331; Bardet, J.P., Vardoulakis, I. 2003a. Reply to discussion by Dr. Katalin Bagi. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1035; Kuhn, M., 2003. Discussion on “The asymmetry of stress in granular media”. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1805–1807; Bardet, J.P., Vardoulakis, I., 2003b. Reply to Dr. Kuhn’s discussion. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1809; Ehlers, W., Ramm, E., Diebels, S., D’Addetta, G.A., 2003. From particle ensembles to Cosserat continua: homogenization of contact forces towards stresses and couple stresses. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 6681–6702; Chang, C.S., Kuhn, M.R., 2005. On virtual work and stress in granular media. Int. J. Solids Struct. 42, 3773–3793]. The authors follow closely this debate and try, with this paper, to provide a platform where the various viewpoints could find their position. We consider an ensemble of rigid, arbitrarily shaped grains as a set with structure. We establish a basic mathematical framework which allows to express the balance laws and the action–reaction laws for the discrete system in a “global” form, through the concepts of “part”, “granular surface”, “separately additive function” and “flux”. The independent variable in the balance laws is then the arbitrary part of the assembly rather than the single grain. A parallel framework is constructed for Cosserat continua, by applying the axiomatics established by [Noll, W., 1959. The foundation of classical mechanics in the light of recent advances in continuum mechanics. In: The axiomatic method, with special reference to Geometry and Physics, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam pp. 266–281, Gurtin, M.E., Williams, W.O., 1967. An axiomatic foundation of continuum thermodynamics. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 26, 83–117, Gurtin, M.E., Martins, L.C., 1976. Cauchy’s theorem in classical physics. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 60, 305–324]. The comparison between the two realisations suggests the microscopic interpretation for some features of Cosserat Mechanics, among which the asymmetry of the Cauchy-stress tensor and the couple-stress.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
VIBRATION DAMPING By A.D. Nashif, D.I.G. Jones, J.P. Henderson
ELASTICITY, THEORY AND APPLICATIONS By H. Reismann and P.S. Pawlik
MODAL TESTING: THEORY AND PRACTICE By D.J. Evvins     

Unterschallströmung um nicht angestellte,dicke Rotationskörper

Ohne ZusammenfassungDissertation Göttingen. Referent Prof. Dr. A. Betz. Korreferent Prof. Dr. W. Tollmien. Die Arbeit wurde in der Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt Göttingen e. V. durchgeführt.Hiermit danke ich meinem verehrten Lehrer Herrn Prof. Dr. Albert Betz für die stete Förderung und seinen hilfreichen Rat bei der Durchführung der Arbeit. Herrn Dr. F. W. Riegels danke ich für wichtige Literaturhinweise und Herrn Dr. F. Keune für eine kritische Diskussion des Rechenverfahrens.     

Energieumsetzung in Querschnittserweiterungen bei verschiedenen Zulaufbedingungen

Ohne ZusammenfassungMünchener Dissertation. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. D. Thoma, Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Nusselt. Die Arbeit wurde mit Unterstützung der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft durchgeführt.     

Die Querschwingungen elastisch gebetteter Saiten,Stäbe,Membranen und Platten

Ohne ZusammenfassungHabilitationsschrift Karlsruhe. Ref.: Prof. Dr.Th. Pöschl, Korref.: Prof.K. v. Sanden.     

Stress intensity factors for two offset parallel circular cracks: Part III — Elastic layer

Part III of this work is concerned with the interaction of two penny-shaped cracks in the mid-plane of an elastic layer. Two cases, namely the stress free boundary case and the fixed boundary case, are considered. It is shown that these two cases are mathematically equivalent. As in Part I (G.A.C. Graham and Q. Lan, J. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 20, 207–225 (1994) [1])_for the problems of an infinite solid and Part II (G.A.C. Graham and Q. Lan, J. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 20, 227–237 (1994) [2]) of a semi-infinite solid, the problem is reduced to a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. These integral equations are then solved when the crack size is small compared to the distance between them and the cracks are far away from the boundaries. It is also shown that the problem decouples when the cracks are subjected to normal loading and shear loading. Asymptotic solutions are presented for these two loadings.     

Stress intensity factors for two offset parallel circular cracks: Part I — Infinite elastic solid

The method (W.D. Collins, Proc. R. Soc. London A274, 507–528 (1963); W.S. Fu and L.M. Keer, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 7, 361–372 (1969) [1,2]) used to solve co-planar penny-shaped cracks is generalized to investigate interaction of arbitrarily located penny-shaped cracks. The solution (M.K. Kassir and G.C. Sih, Three-dimensional Crack Problems (Noordhoff International, 1975) [3]) for the problem of an isolated crack in an infinite solid is applied together with the superposition principle to reduce the problem to a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. These integral equations are then solved iteratively when the cracks are far apart. Some asymptotic solutions for the stress intensity factors are presented and comparisons are made whenever possible. Numerical solutions reveal some interesting phenomena.     

Electrical phenomena on exposing a cable to neutrons and gamma rays

The discussion concerns the effects of ionizing radiation on pulse formation between conductors in a cable.I am indebted to G. M. Gandel'man, F. M. Gudin, G. F. Ioilev, and S. A. Kuchai for valuable discussions.     

Laminar mixing of planar supersonic chemically reacting jets of unequal pressure

A study is made of the influence of a transverse pressure gradient on the mixing of reacting jets of fluorine and hydrogen. The real picture is simulated by a system of simplified Navier-Stokes equations. A comparison is made with calculations based on the complete Navier-Stokes equations and also boundary layer equations. Features of the shock waves are analyzed under conditions of strong heat release in the mixing layer. The influence of these features on the gain in laser situations is considered.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 18–23, May–June, 1982.We thank G. N. Volchkova, Yu. P. Golovachev, V. A. Pospelov, M. Kh. Strel'ts, and M. L. Shur for helpful discussions.