第二届国际多相流、非牛顿流和反应流会议与第四届国际多相流测量技术会议简介

多相流、非牛顿流和反应流广泛存在于石油、化工、冶金、航空、航天、热能、核能和水利等工程中，是流体力学和工程热物理等技术科学的重要分支学科．在中国力学学会的倡议下，曾于1997年由中国力学学会、中国石油学会等四个学会成功地联合召开了第一届国际多相流、非牛顿流和物理化学流学术会议．来自美国、英国、日本、中国、澳大利亚     

湍流扩散多相流

湍流扩散多相流在许多工程和环境科学实际应用中十分常见.流体相中的湍流和扩散相的随机本质使得湍流扩散多相流中遇到的问题远比单一流体中遇到的湍流现象复杂得多.首先评述了湍流扩散多相流研究中实验技术和数值计算方面的现状、各自的优点与局限性,以及该领域研究中未来面临的挑战.主要关注湍流扩散多相流研究中以下3方面重点内容:颗粒、液滴和气泡的选择性聚积;湍流对流体相和扩散相耦合作用的影响以及颗粒物和气泡的存在对流体相中湍流的调节机制.     

工程湍流模式理论综述及展望

本文讨论了国内外湍流模拟的现状和发展趋势．指出湍流模式的建立除了应遵循理性力学原则外，还必须密切结合工程流体的复杂流动现象，如对具有浮力的回流、分离流及强旋流的模拟，对逆梯度的输运模拟，对单相流、多相流，单流体、多流体的湍流牛顿流体及湍流的非牛顿流体的模拟．应加深对湍流机理的认识，改进湍流模拟手段，结合工程实际，提出较为通用的工程湍流模式．     

研究多相介质运动的意义、内容和方法

本文从连续介质假设、守恒方程、本构关系和固壁上的边界条件等方面的分析出发，指出二相流体动力学虽是流体力学的一个分支，但在研究内容上与流体力学有较大差异，从分析二相流特点与稀薄气体、稠密气体、非平衡流动和可压缩流动特点之间的相似性出发，指出二相流研究可借鉴相关学科的研究成果和研究方法。本文用弛豫时间概念解释了二相混合物与均相混合物在运动特征上的差异，以及在描写运动的方法上（双流体模型和单流体模型等）的相应差异。最后以风沙运动、泥沙运动和泥石流运动为例，说明在二相流研究中突出主要因素进行合理简化的重要性，并指出：对于不同类型的二相流、对于具有不同流动参数的同类二相流、对于同一二相流的不同区域或不同的研究目的，简化的方法都会有所不同。     

非牛顿体通用模型线接触弹流润滑的数值分析

基于润滑剂在弹流润滑状态下表现为非牛顿体特性,根据弹流润滑理论,采用一种新的非牛顿体流变模型,建立了适用于非牛顿体的修正Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程,进行了等温弹流润滑的数值计算,并在等温解的基础地温度场分析。数值分析结果表明,由于滑滚比和模型参数对剪应力影响较大,因而在滑滚比和模型参数较大时应进行热弹流计算。通过温度场分析可证明：非牛顿体通过模型可用于等温弹流润滑和热弹流润滑计算。     

气液两相瞬变流的流固耦合模型研究

传统的气液两相流瞬态分析和管道动力响应计算是分开的，存在一定的缺陷．针对石油工业中常见的多相混输问题，介绍了常见的气液两相流瞬态模型和流固之间存在的耦合机理，在不作薄壁管假设的前提下推导出了气液两相瞬变流的流固耦合模型．与现有相似模型的对比分析表明，这一模型比较全面地考虑了流体和管道的特性以及不同的耦合形式，可以适应实验和／或仿真研究的需要．     

多组份流体质量扩散的格子Boltzmann方法

建立了多组份流体、多速度格子Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ模型．利用Ｃｈａｐｍａｎ－Ｅｎｓｋｏｇ渐近展开法推导了流体质量扩散方程和运动方程，并且给出了相应的扩散系数和粘性系数表达式．通过正弦波的衰减过程测量了两流体间的扩散系数．测量值与理论预测值相吻合．作为本模型的一个应用实例，对圆形区域内的静止流体在具有均匀来流速度的另外一种流体中的对流扩散问题进行了数值模拟．     

一种基于黎曼解处理大密度比多相流SPH的改进算法

多相流界面存在密度、黏性等物理场间断,直接采用传统光滑粒子水动力学(smoothedparticle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法进行数值模拟,界面附近的压力和速度存在震荡.一套基于黎曼解能够处理大密度比的多相流SPH计算模型被提出,该模型利用黎曼解在处理接触间断问题方面的优势,将黎曼解引入到SPH多相流计算模型中,为了能够准确求解多相流体物理黏性、减小黎曼耗散,对黎曼形式的SPH动量方程进行了改进,又将Adami固壁边界与黎曼单侧问题相结合来施加多相流SPH固壁边界,同时模型中考虑了表面张力对小尺度异相界面的影响,该模型没有添加任何人工黏性、人工耗散和非物理人工处理技术,能够反应多相流真实物理黏性和物理演变状态.采用该模型首先对三种不同粒子间距离散下方形液滴震荡问题进行了数值模拟,验证了该模型在处理异相界面的正确性和模型本身的收敛性;后又通过对Rayleigh--Taylor不稳定、单气泡上浮、双气泡上浮问题进行了模拟计算,结果与文献对比吻合度高,异相界面捕捉清晰,结果表明,本文改进的多相流SPH模型能够稳定、有效的模拟大密度比和黏性比的多相流问题.      

颗粒在黏弹性流体扩张和收缩流中沉降的格子Boltzmann模拟分析

对于Oldroyd-B型黏弹性流体，本文应用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)，实现了流体在二维1:3扩张流道及3:1收缩流道中流动的数值模拟，获得了黏弹性流体在扩张和收缩流道中的流场分布．结合颗粒的受力和运动规则，基于点源颗粒模型，数值分析了颗粒在扩张流和收缩流中的沉降过程和特征，讨论了颗粒相对质量和起始位置以及雷诺数Re和威森伯格数Wi对颗粒沉降特征的影响．结果表明，颗粒相对质量和起始位置以及Re对颗粒沉降轨迹和落点影响较大，而Wi的影响则较小．     

AN HLLC SCHEME FOR THE SEVEN-EQUATION MULTIPHASE MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO COMPRESSIBLE MULTICOMPONENT

针对Saurel和Abgrall提出的两速度两压力的七方程可压缩多相流模型，改进了其数值解法并应用于模拟可压缩多介质流动问题．在Saurel等的算子分裂法基础上，根据Abgrall的多相流系统应满足速度和压力的均匀性不随时间改变的思想，推导了与HLLC格式一致的非守恒项离散格式以及体积分数发展方程的迎风格式．进一步，通过改变分裂步顺序，构造了稳健的结合算子分裂的三阶TVD龙格一库塔方法．最后通过几个一维和二维高密度比高压力比气液两相流算例，显示了该方法在计算精度和稳健性上的改进效果．     

Stochastic Finite Element Analysis for Multiphase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media

This study is concerned with developing a two-dimensional multiphase model that simulates the movement of NAPL in heterogeneous aquifers. Heterogeneity is dealt with in a probabilistic sense by modeling the intrinsic permeability of the porous medium as a stochastic process. The deterministic finite element method is used to spatially discretize the multiphase flow equations. The intrinsic permeability is represented in the model via its Karhunen–Loeve expansion. This is a computationally expedient representation of stochastic processes by means of a discrete set of random variables. Further, the nodal unknowns, water phase saturations and water phase pressures, are represented by their stochastic spectral expansions. This representation involves an orthogonal basis in the space of random variables. The basis consists of orthogonal polynomial chaoses of consecutive orders. The relative permeabilities of water and oil phases, and the capillary pressure are expanded in the same manner, as well. For these variables, the set of deterministic coefficients multiplying the basis in their expansions is evaluated based on constitutive relationships expressing the relative permeabilities and the capillary pressure as functions of the water phase saturations. The implementation of the various expansions into the multiphase flow equations results in the formulation of discretized stochastic differential equations that can be solved for the deterministic coefficients appearing in the expansions representing the unknowns. This method allows the computation of the probability distribution functions of the unknowns for any point in the spatial domain of the problem at any instant in time. The spectral formulation of the stochastic finite element method used herein has received wide acceptance as a comprehensive framework for problems involving random media. This paper provides the application of this formalism to the problem of two-phase flow in a random porous medium.     

The Discontinuous Solutions of the Transport Equations for Compositional Flow in Porous Media

In the present paper we consider a multicomponent multiphase isothermal flow in porous media with mass exchange between phases. The system of equations of multiphase multicomponent flow has discontinuous solutions, but is not hyperbolic, except some particular cases. For this general, non-hyperbolic system, we propose a free energy condition to select unique physically admissible discontinuous solutions. We also develop a geometrical procedure which provides a tool to analyze the free energy condition. For a two-component mixture, analytical formulae are obtained for the allowed discontinuities.     

Flow visualization of shock/water column interactions

The breakup of a liquid droplet induced by a high speed gas stream is a typical multiphase flow problem. The shock/droplet interaction is the beginning stage of the droplet breakup. Therefore, investigation of the shock/droplet interactions would be a milestone for interpreting the mechanism of the droplet breakup. In this study, a compressible multiphase solver with a five-equation model is successfully developed to study shock/water column interactions. For code validation, interface-only, gas–gas shock tube, and gas–liquid shock tube problems are first computed. Subsequently, a planar shock wave interacting with a water column is simulated. The transmitted wave and the alternative appearances of local high- and low-pressure regions inside the water column are observed clearly. Finally, a planar shock wave interacting with two water columns is investigated. In this work, both horizontal and vertical arrangements of two water columns are studied. It is found that different arrangements can result in the diversity of the interacting process. The complex flow structures generated by shock/water column interactions are presented by flow-visualization techniques.      

Ensemble phase averaged equations for multiphase flows in porous media. Part 1: The bundle-of-tubes model

A bundle-of-tubes construct is used as a model system to study ensemble averaged equations for multiphase flow in a porous material. Momentum equations for the fluid phases obtained from the method are similar to Darcy’s law, but with additional terms. We study properties of the additional terms, and the conditions under which the averaged equations can be approximated by the diffusion model or the extended Darcy’s law as often used in models for multiphase flows in porous media. Although the bundle-of-tubes model is perhaps the simplest model for a porous material, the ensemble averaged equation technique developed in this paper assumes the very same form in more general treatments described in Part 2 of the present work (Zhang, D.Z., 2009. Ensemble Phase Averaged Equations for Multiphase Flows in Porous Media, Part 2: A General Theory. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 35, 640–649). Any model equation system intended for the more general cases must be understood and tested first using simple models. The concept of ensemble phase averaging is dissected here in physical terms, without involved mathematics through its application to the idealized bundle-of-tubes model for multiphase flow in porous media.     

Numerical Simulation of Single-Phase and Multiphase Non-Darcy Flow in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs

A numerical method as well as a theoretical study of non-Darcy fluid flow through porous and fractured reservoirs is described. The non-Darcy behavior is handled in a three-dimensional, multiphase flow reservoir simulator, while the model formulation incorporates the Forchheimer equation for describing single-phase or multiphase non-Darcy flow and displacement. The non-Darcy flow through a fractured reservoir is handled using a general dual-continuum approach. The numerical scheme has been verified by comparing its results against those of analytical methods. Numerical solutions are used to obtain some insight into the physics of non-Darcy flow and displacement in reservoirs. In addition, several type curves are provided for well-test analyses of non-Darcy flow to demonstrate a methodology for modeling this type of flow in porous and fractured rocks, including flow in petroleum and geothermal reservoirs.     

航空发动机轴承腔润滑的气液两相均匀流研究

基于轴承腔中润滑油的两相均匀流动模型,采用湍流模式和有限差分数值方法计算轴承腔内三维定常N-S方程,对腔内润滑油的气液两相均匀流动特性进行研究,以获得气液两相均匀流条件下润滑油流场、压力场和速度场在轴承腔内的分布情况,分析转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力以及润滑油与壁面之间剪切力的影响,同时对单相流和两相均匀流润滑性能差异进行比较.结果表明,转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力和腔内壁面与润滑油间的平均剪切力具有不同影响,而采用2种流动模型计算出的轴承腔润滑油出口压力的差异较大,同时支持了开展航空发动机轴承腔润滑两相流动分析的必要性.     

Microvisual Study of Multiphase Gas Condensate Flow in Porous Media

Gas condensate reservoirs constitute a significant portion of hydrocarbon reserves worldwide. The liquid drop-out in these reservoirs may lead to recovery problems such as near wellbore permeability impairment and uncertainty in the actual location of the target condensate. Such technical issues can be addressed through improved understanding of the formation of condensate and the multiphase flow of gas/condensate/water in the reservoir as characterized by relative permeability curves. The appropriate relative permeability curves in turn can be used in reservoir simulators to assist in optimization of field development. This paper reports results of experiments conducted in micromodels, in support of possible core flow tests, using reservoir fluids under reservoir conditions. In particular, visualizations of condensate formation with and without connate water are presented and the differences between the two cases as well as the possible implications for the relative permeability measurements are discussed. Furthermore, the flow of gas and condensate at different force ratios (capillary and Bond numbers) are presented. It is postulated that a single dimensionless number may not be sufficient to characterize the multiphase flow in gas condensate reservoirs. The physical mechanisms occurring under various field conditions are examined in the light of these observations.     

A filter‐based,mass‐conserving lattice Boltzmann method for immiscible multiphase flows

Some issues of He–Chen–Zhang lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) method (referred as HCZ model) (J. Comput. Physics 1999; 152 :642–663) for immiscible multiphase flows with large density ratio are assessed in this paper. An extended HCZ model with a filter technique and mass correction procedure is proposed based on HCZ's LBE multiphase model. The original HCZ model is capable of maintaining a thin interface but is prone to generating unphysical oscillations in surface tension and index function at moderate values of density ratio. With a filtering technique, the monotonic variation of the index function across the interface is maintained with larger density ratio. Kim's surface tension formulation for diffuse–interface method (J. Comput. Physics 2005; 204 :784–804) is then used to remove unphysical oscillation in the surface tension. Furthermore, as the density ratio increases, the effect of velocity divergence term neglected in the original HCZ model causes significant unphysical mass sources near the interface. By keeping the velocity divergence term, the unphysical mass sources near the interface can be removed with large density ratio. The long‐time accumulation of the modeling and/or numerical errors in the HCZ model also results in the error of mass conservation of each dispersed phase. A mass correction procedure is devised to improve the performance of the method in this regard. For flows over a stationary and a rising bubble, and capillary waves with density ratio up to 100, the present approach yields solutions with interface thickness of about five to six lattices and no long‐time diffusion, significantly advancing the performance of the LBE method for multiphase flow simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平管内油——水两相流动压降规律的实验研究

设计和建造了内径为26．1mm,长30m的水平不锈钢多相流实验环道,利用白油与水进行了油－水两相流流型和压降实验。本文针对各种流型,分析了油－水两相流动的压降规律和油－水混合液有效粘度,指出有效粘度法只适用于油－水分散流型的压降预测,对于分层流型式其它混合流型使用合适该种流型的压降预测模型来计算压降。研究结论对油田现场的油水混输管路的经济运行具有较大的指导意义。