钻孔法测量残余应力过程中钻孔附加应变

本文叙述了钻孔法测量残余应力过程中的附加应变.研究应力水平对附加应变的影响是在单向应力条件下进行的,结果表明,钻孔条件、材料状态以及残余应力达到一定值时,附加应变为零.     

应用固有应变理论计测对接焊钢管残余应力场的实验研究

本文采用改进后的固有应变法对对接焊管接头残余应力计测进行了理论分析,确定了测量方案,研究果结表明对于可处理成轴对称问题的对接焊管残余应力问题只需不太多的测量值就能获得残余应力全场。本文就一个对接焊钢管试件进行了实验,实验计测结果同其它文献较为一致。它显示了应用改进后的固有应变理论决定对接焊钢管残余场的有效性。     

残余应力与残余应变的几何作图法

理想弹塑性材料截面受弯达到部分塑性后完全卸载将存在残余应力与残余应变。本介绍了求解这种残余应力与残余应变的几何尺规作图法。     

钻孔法测量残余应力过程中钻孔附加应变的研究（Ⅱ）

本文应用弹塑性理论研究了被测试样的屈服强度、应力场对钻孔法测量残余应力过程中钻孔附加应变的影响,使用简化的理论模型推导了低速旋转钻头钻孔产生附加应变的一般表达式.结果表明钻孔引入的附加应变与被测试样的原始残余应力状态有关,随应力水平增加而增大,在压应力减小到某一临界值σ时,钻孔附加应变为零。在 Ly12铝合金上的实验测量结果与理论结果一致。     

钻孔偏心下的应变释放系数及残余应力

用钻孔应变释放法测残余应力的基本理论导出在任意钻孔偏心下应变释放系数[A],[B]的精确公式.揭示了各传统近似方法(丝栅中心应变法、纵向线积分平均应变法及有效面积上积分平均应变法)的应变释放系数随r_м/а的变化规律。并采用数值逼近法求解了钻孔偏心时的应变释放系数及残余应力.结果表明,偏心对残余应力影响很大。     

热残余应变对金属基复合材料塑性规律的影响

热残余应变是影响晶须增强金属基复合材料的重要因素。本文利用作者改进的等效夹杂理论定量研究了热残余应变对金属基复合材料塑性强化规律的影响，并对２０％ＳｉＣｗ／Ａｌ材料的拉、压断口做了ＳＥＭ观察，通过其拉、压性能实验验证了本文理论的合理性，说明了考虑热残余应变的必要性。     

用云纹干涉法测复合材料的固化残余应变

云纹干涉法是研究复合材料变形的一种有效方法.本文讨论了用云纹干涉法测量复合材料的固化残余应变,获得了试件表面的位移条纹图,并用电测方法加以验证。     

钻孔偏心对松弛应变和残余应力的影响

用盲孔释放法测残余应力的基本理论导出在任意钻孔偏心下应变释放系数 A、B 的精确公式.同时通过用偏心公式和不偏心公式计算得到的残余应力值的比较,说明钻孔偏心量对残余应力值影响很大.     

基于数字图像相关的激光修复镍基合金疲劳损伤表征方法研究

开展激光修复镍基合金的疲劳试验，对研究修复材料疲劳性能及分析其失效行为具有重要意义。疲劳过程中，试件产生局部损伤，会导致材料力学性能恶化。如何建立光学变形场与疲劳损伤参数的定量关系实现对疲劳损伤的有效表征，是实验力学领域备受关注的问题。从激光修复镍基合金疲劳失效行为研究的需求出发，本文建立了基于单相机三维数字图像相关的疲劳光力学测试系统，并设计了包含“修复基体-修复边界-修复区”的组合型拉伸疲劳试件，在建立的测试系统下可同时测量和表征试件三种区域的全场变形。利用所建立的测试系统，实现了激光修复材料在拉-拉疲劳过程中的全场变形在线测量，得到了不同疲劳周次下的试件基体、修复边界和修复区的位移场与应变场；根据测量得到的应变场提出了疲劳中以试件历经不同循环周次后的残余应变为损伤参量的表征方法，并获得了修复镍基合金试件疲劳过程中残余应变场的演化规律。试验结果表明，在疲劳过程中，试件残余应变场内存在应变集中现象，应变集中幅值随疲劳周次的提高而增加，试件残余应变集中区域内的应变集中值远高于非应变集中区域，因此根据该结果可有效地预测疲劳裂纹萌生的时机与位置。     

锗硅缓冲双轴应变硅材料ε-Si/Ge_(0.3)Si_(0.7)/Ge_xSi_(1-x)/C-Si内部残余应力的显微拉曼实验分析

应变硅技术是一种被称为延续摩尔定律的技术,是集成微电子技术的热点之一。本文以锗硅缓冲双轴应变硅材料(ε-Si/Ge_(0.3)Si_(0.7)/Ge_xSi_(1-x)/C-Si)为研究对象,采用显微拉曼光谱技术,开展了该多层半导体异质结构内部残余应力的实验力学分析。这是面向多层结构残余应力与表/界面力学行为的多尺度实验力学分析,本文首先简述了该应变硅的制造工艺和超低粗糙度横截面样品的加工方法,并推导了针对锗硅合金拉曼-力学测量修正关系,进而对应变硅样品的表面和横截面进行了显微拉曼力学测量实验,给出了多层异质结构内部的残余应力分布,并以此为基础讨论了多层界面的力学行为。     

Hybrid experimental-numerical concept of residual stress analysis in laser weldments

The concept, methodology and instrumentation for hybrid experimental-numerical residual stress analysis in a laser weldment are presented. Grating interferometry and digital speckle photography are applied as complementary experimental methods for the determination of the initial model of residual strains and of the material properties at the various zones of a laser weldment. These data inserted into a finite element model enable one to analyze the formation of the residual stress state of the object, which is compared and modified by means of experimental data in a closed iterative loop. This full hybrid approach is tested successfully on a laser-welded steel specimen in uniaxial tensile tests.     

Pattern formation in fiber-reinforced tubular tissues: Folding and segmentation during epithelial growth

Constrained growth processes in living materials result in a complex distribution of residual strains, which in certain geometries may induce a bifurcation in the elastic stability. In this work, we investigate the combined effects of growth and material anisotropy in the epithelial pattern formation of tubular tissues. In order to represent the structural organization of most organs, we adopt a strain energy density which accounts for the presence of a nonlinear reinforcement made of cross-ply fibers distributed inside a ground matrix. Using a canonical transformation in mixed polar coordinates, we transform the nonlinear elastic boundary value problem into a variational formulation, performing a straightforward derivation of the Euler–Lagrange equations for perturbations in circumferential and longitudinal directions. The corresponding curves of marginal stability are obtained numerically: the results demonstrate that both the three-dimensional distribution of residual strains and the mechanical properties of fiber reinforcements within the tissue are fundamental to determine the emergence of a specific instability pattern. In particular, different proportions of axial and circumferential residual strains can model the epithelial formation of mucosal folds in the esophagus and of plicae circulares in the small intestine. The theoretical predictions are compared with morphological data for embryonic intestinal tissues, suggesting that the volumetric growth of the epithelium can also drive the early stages of villi morphogenesis.     

DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION STUDIES FOR FATIGUE MICRO-CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION OF NI BASED SUPERALLOY

An experimental investigation on the mechanical mechanisms of fatigue micro-crack initiation and propagation of a nickel-based superalloy is presented. By coupling digital image correlation method and scanning electron microscope, the fatigue residual strain distribution at the grain scale has been obtained. The results showed that there is a trend of accumulation for the residual strain. Micro-cracks are more likely to initiate in or near the areas with particularly large residual strain, and propagate along the large-strain paths.     

考虑塑性和刚度不匹配的焊接残余应力估算

现有残余应力计算方法未能考虑材料塑性变形和焊接接头刚度不匹配的影响,使得焊接残余应力计算结果和实际残余应力存在较大偏差.在2219-T87铝合金钨极氩弧焊焊接头残余应力测试基础上,提出一种基于非线性有限元和材料弹性模量分区的残余应力—释放应变曲线的残余应力计算方法,研究了材料塑性变形和接头刚度不匹配对焊接残余应力计算的影响.结果表明,焊接接头中非均质材料塑性不匹配可以引起对于残余应力计算的较大误差;材料塑性变形对残余应力的影响大于接头刚度不匹配对残余应力的影响.所提出方法修正了传统方法在焊接接头的残余应力计算中由于未考虑接头非均质材料塑性不匹配而引起的误差.     

Residual strain evaluation of curved surface by grating-transferring technique and GPA

This paper investigates an advanced grating-transferring technique combined with geometric phase analysis (GPA) for residual strain evaluation of curved surface. A standard holographic grating is first transferred to a pre-produced epoxy resin film and then consolidated to a test region of curved surface. With a rubber mold and silicone rubber the deformed grating is replicated to a sheet metal after hole-drilling for release of residual stress. After that the grating is transferred from the sheet metal to the glass plate, which would be served as an analyzer grating (specimen grating). By GPA the local strain distributions related to the phase difference between the reference grating and analyzer grating for the released stress can be evaluated. A validation test has been conducted on the weld joint of a stainless steel tube and the obtained results demonstrate the ability of the method in measuring the residual strain of curved surface.     

铁磁材料不同应变状态下的磁特性实验研究

通过实验测量了一种铁磁材料—中碳钢在不同应变状态下的磁滞回线．由此得出矫顽力-应变和剩磁-应变的关系曲线,研究了磁场和应力场对钢铁材料的耦合作用,并对现象作了初步的解释．     

Residual strain measurement in composites using the cure-referencing method

This paper describes the details of a novel procedure called the cure-referencing method (CRM) to measure the strains associated with residual stresses on the surface of composite panels. The CRM involves the replication of diffraction gratings onto the surface of composite specimens during the autoclave during cycle. Residual strains associated with the curing process are measured using moiré interferometry at room temperature after the specimens have been taken out of the autoclave. The procedures for both the grating replication and the moiré interferometry experiment are described in detail. A method of high-temperature moiré interferometry was developed to resolve the residual strains due to thermal expansion from those due to chemical matrix shrinkage and stress relaxation. These procedures are demonstrated on unidirectional and multidirectional laminates and on woven textile composites.