疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值试验的可靠性分析

本文用30块30CrMnSiA合金铜的CCT试件所测得的ΔK_(th)试验数据检验了随机变量ΔK_(th)的分布特性,确认材料与厚度相同的试件在相同应力比下所测得的ΔK_(th)值基本遵循正态分布。在此基础上对ΔK_(th)试验进行了如下可靠性分析:具有指定可靠度与置信度的ΔK_(th)值,不同材料ΔK_(th)的统计对比,最少试件数。     

不同应力路径下盐岩破坏声发射时序特征研究

利用RMT-150B岩石力学多功能系统和声发射监测系统,对不同应力路径下的盐岩破坏过程进行试验研究。在试验结果基础上,分析了盐岩常规单轴加载、分级加卸载和多级加载过程中的声发射时序特征和变形特征。试验表明:盐岩常规单轴加载变形表现明显的阶段性特征,声发射信号阶段性特征也比较明显;分级加卸载试验中,存在比较明显的记忆效应,在低应力水平有较明显的声发射Kaiser效应,而在70%峰值应力卸载再加载时,则出现Felicity效应;多级加载试验表明,在低应力水平稳压对盐岩造成的损伤不大,很少有新生裂纹;而在高应力水平稳压时,会有大量由新生微裂纹和裂纹扩展产生的声发射事件。     

坝前淤泥土与新填坝体接触面抗剪强度试验研究及工程应用

坝前淤泥面与新填筑坝体接触面是"坝前淤泥面加坝"技术的薄弱环节。为了探究不同工况下淤泥坝基、新填筑坝体,以及淤泥土-新填土接触面的剪切强度特性,以宁夏南部山区西吉县南川水库坝前淤泥面加坝工程为研究对象,通过常规应变式直剪仪、改进常规应变式直剪仪分别进行剪切试验,分析了淤泥土含水率和压实度变化时,淤泥土、新填土、淤泥土-新填土接触界面的抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角的变化规律。试验结果表明:新填土抗剪强度最大,不同工况下淤泥土-新填土接触界面的抗剪强度介于淤泥土和新填土的抗剪强度之间;淤泥土含水率在12%~16%之间存在最优含水率,超过该含水率后,淤泥土及淤泥土-新填土接触界面之间的抗剪强度均显著降低;当淤泥土含水率从8%增加至12%、16%时,黏聚力减小8%左右后迅速减小至22%,具有明显的阶段性,而淤泥土-新填土接触界面的黏聚力呈现先增加后减小的趋势;当含水率相同时,随着压实度的增加,淤泥土、淤泥土-新填土接触面的黏聚力、内摩擦角总体呈增大趋势。最后根据试验结果对"坝前淤泥面加坝"工法的工程应用提出了相关建议。     

考虑参数随机性的压实黄土蠕变变形不确定性分析

现有蠕变模型的计算值为确定值,未能考虑岩土材料和参数评估过程中的随机性。为反映岩土材料的变形随机特性,基于多次重复的一维固结蠕变试验,本文研究了分级和分别加载条件下压实黄土的蠕变特性,建立了考虑参数随机性的改进Merchant模型,提出了一种蠕变变形的不确定性预测方法,并通过延安高填方工程进行了验证。结果表明,压实黄土具有明显的衰减蠕变特性,引入非线性元件的Merchant模型能更好描述土体的应变时间关系,考虑参数随机性的模型计算值近似服从正态分布;通过不确定性预测方法可以获得蠕变变形值的概率云图,且工程实测蠕变变形值落在预测范围的95%的置信区间内,说明了考虑参数随机性的蠕变变形不确定性预测方法的有效性。     

原状土e-lgp曲线的S形函数表达及简化加载固结试验方法

为能够较为合理地确定土体压缩参数并简化固结试验加载过程,结合京沪高铁李窑试验段地基原状细粒土样标准固结试验数据,对比分析了多项式和三种S形曲线函数在描述原状土e-lgp曲线发展规律时的差异性,探讨了先期固结压力的合理计算原则,提出了简化加载级数的固结试验方法。结果表明,多项式函数易受数据波动而导致整体拟合偏差,S形曲线函数的待定参数可良好稳定地反映曲线最小曲率半径点和直线段斜率,为较理想的e-lgp曲线数学函数表达式;通过分析Arvidsson法、Gregory法和Casagrande法,确定先期固结压力时的不同取值原则,获得了先期固结压力值的变化区间,提出土体由超固结过渡到欠固结状态时存在正常固结状态带的概念,用于判断土体固结特性较为客观合理;利用土体初始孔隙比和两级或三级荷载下的变形值可确定S形曲线函数待定参数,据此建立了简化加载级数的固结试验方法。上述研究成果可为准确判定土体固结特性、快速获取土体压缩参数提供理论指导。     

循环载荷下淤泥轻量土的细观变形机理研究

基于新型室内固结试验及有限元数值模拟分析方法,研究了淤泥轻量土在循环载荷作用下的细观多相变形机理及其宏、细观变形特性之间的相互关系。结果表明,EPS(expanded polystyrene)颗粒掺量及其粒径大小对淤泥轻量土的细观变形特性有显著的影响。试验发现,在所选用的配合比中EPS掺量相差2.0%时,而淤泥轻量土最大体积变形量却相差了4.1%。在相同循环次数下,试样中上、中、下三个点位的EPS颗粒变形量及其应力应变大小关系并不相同,上点位的EPS颗粒变形量最大。通过对不同循环周期下淤泥轻量土各相细观变形关系定量计算分析发现,EPS颗粒变形量在其整个变形过程中占主导地位,平均占到约60%～80%。该研究可为后续有关EPS淤泥轻量土的微细观结构之间多相耦合作用的研究及其在软土路基填土工程中的应用提供一定的理论支持。     

冻结黏土侧限压缩变形的S-M模型

为合理设计冻结壁及确保施工安全,掌握人工冻土侧限条件下压缩变形特性非常必要。对山西省某煤矿深部黏土在不同冻结温度、含水率下,采用分级加载的方式进行侧限一维压缩试验,得到一维压缩应力-时间-轴向压缩变形之间的关系,并根据曲线变化分析可知:同一含水率及加载应力下,温度越低,轴向压缩变形量越小;相同温度下,随着含水率和加载应力的增加,压缩变形量也逐渐增大。引入Singh-Mitchell(S-M)模型,同时考虑温度、含水率和加载应力为模型自变量,建立改进S-M模型,通过对轴向压缩变形取对数的方式计算改进S-M模型参数。将改进S-M模型计算结果与侧限一维压缩变形试验结果进行比较,研究发现:模型计算曲线与试验曲线吻合度较高,模型计算曲线能够反映冻土从初始变形状态到稳定变形状态的变形特性,能准确预测压缩变形曲线的变化趋势,且改进S-M模型涉及参数较少,实际应用价值高。     

STUDY OF MESO-STRUCTURE DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF SILT LIGHTWEIGHT SOIL UNDER CYCLIC LOADING1)

基于新型室内固结试验及有限元数值模拟分析方法,研究了淤泥轻量土在循环载荷作用下的细观多相变形机理及其宏、细观变形特性之间的相互关系。结果表明,EPS(expanded polystyrene)颗粒掺量及其粒径大小对淤泥轻量土的细观变形特性有显著的影响。试验发现,在所选用的配合比中EPS掺量相差2.0%时,而淤泥轻量土最大体积变形量却相差了4.1%。在相同循环次数下,试样中上、中、下三个点位的EPS颗粒变形量及其应力应变大小关系并不相同,上点位的EPS颗粒变形量最大。通过对不同循环周期下淤泥轻量土各相细观变形关系定量计算分析发现,EPS颗粒变形量在其整个变形过程中占主导地位,平均占到约60%$\sim$80%。该研究可为后续有关EPS淤泥轻量土的微细观结构之间多相耦合作用的研究及其在软土路基填土工程中的应用提供一定的理论支持。     

正常固结饱和黏性土三剪有限变形弹塑性本构模型研究

基于三剪统一强度准则,利用等量代换法和坐标平移法分别推导出正常固结饱和黏性土的三剪破坏应力比,并将其与修正剑桥模型相结合,得到三剪统一屈服面方程。为反映饱和黏性土的变形非线性及大变形特性,基于有限变形理论,建立了正常固结饱和黏性土的三剪统一有限变形等量代换法和坐标平移法2种弹塑性本构模型。为验证模型的适用性,取江西红黏土制备三种不同压实度的试样,在不同围压下进行常规三轴固结不排水和固结排水压缩试验。将试验数据与本文所提2种有限变形模型及相应的2种小变形模型计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,随着变形的发展,有限变形模型相对于小变形模型更接近试验结果,能较好地反映黏性土因高孔隙率（低初始压实度、小围压及压缩变形前期）而产生的大变形特性,虽然小变形模型的计算偏差会随着土样初始压实度和所施加围压的增大而减小,但有限变形模型对不同压实度和围压的计算偏差均相对较小,其中,等量代换法有限变形模型在初始压实度较大或者围压较高时所得计算偏差相对最小。对所提本构模型所做真三轴分析表明,中间主应力影响系数b和初始压实度对土体的强度和变形特性具有一定的影响。主应力差、孔隙水压力和体应变与b值呈正相关性,主应力差与初始压实度呈正相关性,孔隙水压力和体应变与初始压实度呈负相关性。     

220kV盐津变电所北部边坡变形机制分析

该填土边坡位于云南省盐津县,场地岩土层主要由人工填土、耕植土和粉质粘土等第四系松散堆积层,以及全-强风化泥岩和中-微风化细砂岩等下伏基岩组成。全-强风化泥岩呈紫红色,岩质软弱,具有遇水软化成泥且强度迅速降低的特点。经过2d的强降雨之后,该填土边坡开始蠕滑变形,从地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、水文地质条件等场地条件和人类活动等方面对边坡的变形机制进行了分析。结果表明:边坡变形特征是一种推移式蠕滑变形,场地平整填方加载是造成边坡变形的诱发因素,不良的地形地貌、地质结构和地下水条件是导致边坡蠕滑变形的内在因素。     

高烈度区浸水高填石路堤变形和稳定性的数值模拟研究

填石路堤已经成为山区高等级公路较普遍的路堤形式,但对填石路堤的地震稳定性研究较少。汶川地震以后,我国已处于地震活跃期,因此对西部高烈度山区修建的浸水高填石路堤进行地震作用下的稳定性研究具有十分重要的意义。本文以雅泸高速公路K112+908.16~K113+675段的浸水高填石路堤为研究对象,对在折线地基上填筑的高填石路堤在各种工况下的变形和稳定性情况进行了三维数值仿真。研究结果表明,加强侧向约束,减少侧向变形是保证路堤稳定及在车载作用下不发生开裂的前提; 路堤在浸水条件下,由于填石和下覆土体渗透性能良好,计算后发现稳定性未有太大改变,但要注意波浪的淘蚀破坏作用; 高填方路堤在Ⅷ度地震作用下将以单纯侧滑方式发生破坏,潜在滑动面为路堤与基底的交界面,只有提高界面强度才能有效提高路堤的抗震性能; 提高填石路堤压实度可以有效提高强度,减小变形,但是并非越大越好,应展开压实度与基底承载力之间关系的研究。     

冻融循环次数和含水率对尾细砂力学性质的影响研究

为研究冻融循环次数和含水率对尾细砂力学性质的影响,利用GDH-2005B型高低温试验箱对尾矿砂试样进行冻融循环,并通过FST-200型应变控制式三轴剪力仪开展五种冻融循环次数(1次、3次、5次、7次、9次)和五种含水率(11%、13%、15%、17%、19%)尾矿砂试样常规三轴试验。研究表明:(1)相同含水率时,随着冻融循环次数的增大,变形模量逐渐减小,内聚力和内摩擦角均呈现降低的趋势;经历9次冻融循环后,内聚力降低至17.4kPa,内摩擦角降为14.82°。(2)相同冻融循环次数条件下,随着含水率的增大,尾矿砂的峰值应力降低,对应峰值应变增大;围压100kPa时,含水率19%的尾矿砂在经历9次冻融循环后应变为18.21%,应力为139.37kPa;各冻融循环次数下的尾矿砂抗压强度均呈现下降的趋势,内聚力和内摩擦角均随着含水率的增大而减小。研究成果可为尾矿砂物理力学性质理论的丰富以及尾矿砂相关工程的安全运营提供参考。     

Dynamics of inelastic deformation of porous rocks and formation of localized compaction zones studied by numerical modeling

The paper presents a numerical analysis of the inelastic deformation process in porous rocks during different stages of its development and under non-equiaxial loading. Although numerous experimental studies have already investigated many aspects of plasticity in porous rocks, numerical modeling gives valuable insight into the dynamics of the process, since experimental methods cannot extract detailed information about the specimen structure during the test and have strong limitations on the number of tests. The numerical simulations have reproduced all different modes of deformation observed in experimental studies: dilatant and compactive shear, compaction without shear, uniform deformation, and deformation with localization. However, the main emphasis is on analysis of the compaction mode of plastic deformation and compaction localization, which is characteristic for many porous rocks and can be observed in other porous materials as well. The study is largely inspired by applications in petroleum industry, i.e. surface subsidence and reservoir compaction caused by extraction of hydrocarbons and decrease of reservoir pressure. Special attention is given to the conditions, evolution, and characteristic patterns of compaction localization, which is often manifested in the form of compaction bands. Results of the study include stress-strain curves, spatial configurations and characteristics of localized zones, analysis of bifurcation of stress paths inside and outside localized zones and analysis of the influence of porous rocks properties on compaction behavior. Among other results are examples of the interplay between compaction and shear modes of deformation.To model the evolution of plastic deformation in porous rocks, a new constitutive model is formulated and implemented, with the emphasis on selection of adequate functions defining evolution of yield surface with deformation. The set of control parameters of the model is kept as short as possible; the parameters are carefully selected to have simple and intuitive physical interpretation whenever possible. Results demonstrate that evolution of the yield surface with deformation has major influence on the resulting characteristics of deformation patterns, which is not sufficiently acknowledged in the literature.     

微纳米晶金属的应变率敏感性及应变硬化行为分析

基于亚微米、纳米晶粒组织塑性变形过程中多种变形机制(位错机制、扩散机制及晶界滑动机制)共存,建立了理论模型,用于定量研究亚微米、纳米晶粒组织的塑性变形行为.以铜为模型材料,计算分析了晶粒尺度、应变率以及温度对亚微米、纳米晶粒组织塑性变形行为的影响.结果表明:相比粗晶铜,亚微米晶铜表现出明显的应变率敏感性,并且应变率敏感系数随晶粒尺度及变形速率的减小而增大;同时,增大变形速率或降低变形温度都能提高材料的应变硬化能力,延缓颈缩发生,进而提高材料的延性.计算分析结果与实验报道吻合.     

超临界CO_2作用下煤体膨胀变形规律试验研究

为解决采用应变片对超临界CO_2作用下煤体膨胀变形进行点测量时,试验结果离散性大、超临界CO_2作用导致应变片易脱离破损等问题,自主研发了具有施加热流力载荷功能的膨胀体积应变测量装置,对不同温度、压力的超临界CO_2作用下,煤体膨胀体积变形规律进行研究。结果表明:煤体膨胀体积应变随超临界CO_2作用时间增加呈现先增大后趋于稳定的变化规律;当孔隙压力不变时,膨胀体积应变随超临界温度的升高而增加,温度越高,达到稳定膨胀变形所需时间越长;当温度不变时,随着超临界孔隙压力增加,膨胀体积应变也随之增大,但达到稳定膨胀变形所需时间随孔隙压力的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势;超临界CO_2作用下,煤体体积应变随温度和孔隙压力均呈"S型"Logistic函数规律变化;膨胀体积应变对超临界温度和孔隙压力的变化率具有分区性,其变化率大小排序依次为:近临界区跨临界区高临界区。     

Initiation and propagation of localized deformation in elasto-plastic strips under uniaxial tension

This paper deals with the evolution of inhomogeneous deformation in shape memory alloy strips and mild steel strips under uniaxial tension. New experiments on NiTi strips, which initially are in an austenitic phase, show that at a critical stress level martensite nucleates in sharp bands inclined at 55° to the axis of loading. Under prescribed end displacement martensite subsequently spreads either by steady-state propagation of inclined transition fronts or via a criss-cross pattern of finger-like features. Similar events have been reported in the literature regarding the evolution of Lüders bands in fine grained steel strips and wires. The similarity of macroscopic events, despite the different mechanisms of instability at the micro-level, prompted us to approximate the material behavior as a finitely deforming elasto-plastic solid with a trilinear up-down-up nominal stress-strain response. Two such stress-strain responses were used in finite element simulations of strip tension tests. In the first the true stress-strain response maintains its stability and in the second the intermediate branch has a negative slope. While both material models produced inhomogeneous deformations with features similar to those of the experiments, the larger initiation peak associated with the second gave results which closely resembled specific experiments. The numerical simulations confirmed that the evolution of events seen in experiments on SMAs and mild steels is strongly influenced by overall geometric (structural) effects. Furthermore, the success of this simple continuum constitutive model strongly suggests that continuum level events remain dominant players in such fine grained materials.     

闪长岩单轴加载过程中声发射和弹性波速度变化规律的研究

为研究闪长岩在单轴加载过程中的声发射和各向波速变化规律,在单轴阶段加载和循环阶段加载条件下,对闪长岩岩样破裂过程中的声发射累计数、不同应力水平不同方向的波速、切线模量、轴向应变速率进行了研究。实验结果表明:(1)随着应力水平的增高,声发射事件数不断增加,在高应力水平(约80%峰值强度)时,声发射累计数急剧增多,随后切线模量出现震荡变化。(2)在加载过程中,压密程度及裂纹扩展方向对波速产生了巨大的影响,导致不同方向波速在不同的应力水平呈现出不同的变化规律,由此可以推测破裂面位置和破裂模式。在较高应力水平下(约60%峰值强度),平行于加载方向的波速趋于稳定,而垂直于加载方向的波速则持续下降,故用垂直于加载方向传播的波速预测岩石的破坏更具可靠性。(3)随着应力的增加,应变速率有逐渐减小的趋势,但临近岩石破裂时无异常变化出现,说明利用变形观测难以预测此类岩石的破坏。以上研究表明,根据纵波波速、声发射累计数和切线模量的变化可以有效预测岩石的破坏。     

Deformation processes below a plate sinkage test on sandy loam soil: theoretical approach

Mathematical models to predict the mode and extent of deformation occurring below sinkage plates are presented in the first part of this paper which encompasses the theoretical approach to the subject. These models are based on previous work by Earl (Earl R. Assessment of the behaviour of field soils during compression. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 1997;68:147–57)who developed a procedure to predict the likely mode of deformation using confined compression tests carried out alongside plate sinkage tests. This work suggested that soil behaviour, during increasing compression under a sinkage plate, is governed by three processes; (i) compaction below the plate with constant lateral stress, (ii) compaction with increasing lateral stress, and (iii) displacement and compaction of soil laterally. The aim of this second part to the paper is to observe soil deformation processes occurring below a circular sinkage plate to examine (i) whether the three phases of deformation referred to above occur in practice, and (ii) the accuracy of the models for predicting the soil deformation processes that occur. Tests were carried out on sandy loam soil under controlled conditions in a soil bin. Observations of deformation processes, recorded using long-exposure photography, revealed that during the initial stages of sinkage (a few millimetres), the corresponding disturbance of soil below the plate extended disproportionately further and was cylindrical in form. As sinkage progressed, the deformation process went through a transitional stage before reaching the more widely recognised form of the development of an inverted cone of compacted soil directly below the plate which moved with the plate causing lateral soil movement and compaction. Predictions for a medium density sandy loam were found to be in broad agreement with soil behaviour under a semi-circular sinkage plate observed behind a sheet of tempered glass under controlled conditions in a soil tank.     

淮南六方堤多层土堤基塑流稳定性计算

本文研究了台阶状六方堤堤体荷重的弗里哀级数展开式和堤基应力计算系数的计算原理,通过堤基应力计算和塑流判别,对六方堤多层土堤基塑流稳定性进行了评价。     

基于数字图像相关方法对冲击载荷下泡沫铝全场变形过程的测试

应用分离式霍普金森压杆(以下简称SHPB)和高速摄影装置研究了冲击载荷下泡沫铝试件全场变形的测量方法。使用SHPB对泡沫铝试件进行冲击压缩实验,同时用高速摄影装置对实验过程进行全程跟踪拍摄。将得到的高速摄影图像采用数字图像相关方法进行分析,由此可得到冲击压缩过程中泡沫铝试件全场应变的分布和变化规律。此研究揭示了冲击载荷下泡沫铝试件局部化变形的发展过程,为研究泡沫铝在不同冲击载荷下不同变形模式的内在机制提供了新的可靠的方法。