不同形状混合器中二元颗粒的分聚与混合研究

采用实验、模拟及理论的分析方法, 研究了在圆形混合器、椭圆形混合器、正方形混合器中, 不同转速和填充率条件下, 容器形状对二元颗粒体系分聚与混合的影响. 实验中通过改变转速与填充率, 可获得不同的颗粒分聚与混合图样, 对示踪颗粒运动轨迹的分析发现, 在圆形混合器中, 随着混合器转速的增大, 颗粒在径向的随机性减少;在正方形混合器中, 随着混合器转速的增大, 颗粒在径向的随机性增大.模拟结果发现颗粒流动分为两个区域, 在表面的快速流动和在整体的旋转运动. 通过理论分析发现颗粒分聚在圆形混合器中最明显, 在正方形混合器中最弱, 椭圆形混合器介于二者之间.      

基于有效参数法的固定床化学链燃烧数值模拟

本文基于有效参数法和变核颗粒模型,对固定床化学链燃烧进行数值模拟．计算并分析不同颗粒参数对二维固定床化学链燃烧结果的影响．在有效参数模型中,颗粒填充床被看作均匀的流体域．本文主要模拟了组分场和温度场,通过改变颗粒直径、孔隙率、内部粒子直径三组参数,取得了不同条件下二维固定床化学链燃烧床层所能达到的最高温度以及反应所用的时间．通过对不同参数模拟结果的分析,得出颗粒内部结构对反应特性的影响规律．     

滚筒干燥器中颗粒混合运动的三维数值模拟

滚筒干燥器中的颗粒混合运动是关系干燥效率的重要因素.为了研究滚筒干燥器中颗粒的混合特性,基于力学原理,采用离散元方法直接跟踪滚筒中的每一个颗粒.建立了三维数值实验平台,对滚筒中颗粒碰撞、摩擦的混合运动全过程进行了数值模拟,并着重探讨了滚筒转速、抄板半径及抄板数目等关键参数对滚筒中颗粒混合特性的影响.结果表明:随着转速的增加,颗粒混合均匀的速度加快;滚筒内壁抄板半径和数目对颗粒的混合特性也有重要影响;并发现了近壁区域颗粒的混合均匀程度比内部区域好.     

自泵送流体动静压型机械密封自清洁性分析

流体楔入式非接触机械密封在流体动压的形成过程中，为防止流体中固体颗粒对密封端面的损伤，需增设辅助系统以提供洁净的阻塞流体，这增加了密封初期建设和维护周期成本. 针对一种新型的泵出式自泵送流体动压型机械密封，应用Fluent中Laminar模型和DPM模型仿真研究了其在不同颗粒直径、转速、压差、液膜厚度和颗粒体积浓度下的自清洁特性. 结果表明:排屑率整体上随着颗粒体积浓度增大而减小；当颗粒体积浓度足够低时，排屑率均会达到60%以上；随着颗粒直径增大，排屑率先增大后减小，在直径0.7 μm时排屑最高达79.35%.；随着转速增大，排屑率先下降后显著上升，在计算的0~6 000 r/min范围内排屑率达到94%；排屑率受液膜厚度和压差影响较小.      

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BROWNIAN COAGULATION AND MIXING OF NANOPARTICLES IN 2D RAYLEIGH-B?NARD CONVECTION

采用泰勒展开矩方法对二维瑞利-贝纳德热对流系统(1×10⁶ ≤Ra ≤1 ×10⁸) 中纳米颗粒群的混合和凝并特性进行了数值模拟. 结果显示颗粒群随时间演化经历了扩散阶段、混合阶段、充分混合阶段3 个阶段, 随着颗粒群混合和凝并的进行, 颗粒数目浓度减少, 颗粒群的平均体积增大; 得到了颗粒分布函数各特征量与温度相关系数以及各特征量的空间分布标准偏差在3 个阶段的不同特征; 得到了颗粒分布函数各阶矩以及平均体积长时间演化的渐近行为, 结果与零维渐近解析解一致. 最后, 本文进一步研究了无量纲数(包括瑞利数Ra, 斯密特数Sc_M, 达姆科勒数Da) 对颗粒群达到自保持分布时间的影响, 发现该时间随着Ra和Sc_M的增大呈对数率减小, 随着Da的增大呈线性增大     

基于离散单元法的立轴冲击破碎机成砂率数值计算

基于离散单元法对岩石破碎进行数值模拟分析,建立了立轴冲击破碎机物理模型和颗粒粘接模型。然后,选取砧铁安装角度a、叶轮转速n、中心入料量Q、砧铁安装中心距a为研究变量,分别进行了单因素、正交试验分析,以颗粒粘接键断裂数目、颗粒速度、标准差及颗粒分布作为评价指标,对立轴冲击破碎机成砂率的影响进行了显著性分析,并对数据进行多元非线性回归计算,得到了破碎机成砂率的一般规律。最后,通过实验对比验证了数值仿真计算的合理性,1m制砂机的砧铁安装中心距为496mm、砧铁安装角度为45°时成砂率最高。     

竖直振动管中颗粒毛细效应的离散元模拟

将一根细管插入填充有颗粒的静止容器中并对管施加竖直振动,颗粒将在管内发生上升运动,并最终稳定在一定高度,这一现象与液体毛细效应类似,被称为颗粒毛细效应.为探究颗粒毛细效应过程中伴随的颗粒尺度动力学行为及机理,基于离散元方法建立颗粒运动模型,对颗粒毛细效应动力学过程和特性开展数值模拟研究.模拟再现了文献中实验得到的颗粒毛细效应全过程,给出了管内颗粒柱高度随时间的演变规律,结果表明,受到颗粒系统参数的影响,本模拟条件下颗粒毛细效应过程呈现单周期上升、倍周期上升和倍周期稳定三个阶段,在倍周期上升阶段颗粒柱上升速度逐渐减小,平缓过渡到稳定阶段.在此基础上,分析了管内颗粒速度场和填充率分布随时间的演变特性,揭示了颗粒毛细效应过程中由容器传输到管内的颗粒的占比分布.研究发现,管内不同高度位置颗粒的运动并不同步,随着管的振动,管内出现速度波,速度波的传播引起管内颗粒出现膨胀和压缩交替的情况,从而管内颗粒填充率随时间发生周期性波动;在上升阶段,越接近管壁由容器传输到管内的颗粒占比越大,在稳定阶段,管内上层颗粒的对流引起容器传输到管内的颗粒占比发生反转.      

基于离散单元法的颗粒阻尼耗能减振特性研究

采用离散单元法并从能量耗散的角度研究颗粒阻尼对系统减振特性的影响。建立了颗粒介质细观下的法向、切向和滚动方向的粘弹性接触模型和能量耗散模型,通过冲击激励和简谐激励下系统振动响应的多参数能量耗散分析来研究颗粒阻尼的耗能机理和减振特性。数值试验表明,颗粒介质可以在一个较宽的振动幅值范围内有效的发挥其阻尼效应,其耗能具有阶梯状周期性的特点。填充率是影响颗粒阻尼耗能减振效果的主要工程可控参数并对系统共振频率产生重大影响,当填充率接近极值时,系统出现无阻尼共振及共振频率超出无颗粒系统固有频率的现象。系统在最优填充率下共振时,颗粒与箱体保持恒定相位差的超振幅稳态运动。较小粒径的颗粒可以提高能量耗散率并使振动系统更快趋向静平衡状态,而恢复系数和摩擦系数则对法向和切向耗能的比值有较大影响。     

混凝土搅拌车搅拌筒磨损数值分析

混凝土运输过程中搅拌筒的磨损一直是一种常见潜在危害,磨损严重时会导致叶片失效,对搅拌的质量和出料匀质性产生影响。通过实验获取搅拌筒内部的磨损费时费力,因此有必要采取一种数值分析方法对搅拌筒的磨损进行预测并提出改进。本文采用摩擦磨损实验的方法来标定颗粒与搅拌筒之间的Archard磨损常数,采用JKR接触模型表征混凝土的流动性能,采用离散元方法(DEM)对搅拌筒筒体及叶片磨损进行预测分析。通过法向接触能量与切向接触能量的对比,证明搅拌筒中的磨损主要为伴有冲击作用的磨粒磨损,搅拌车搅拌筒中搅拌叶片顶部的磨损较为严重。针对磨损比较严重的叶片顶部进行改进,采用T型耐磨结构等改进叶片结构,叶片顶部结构改进后搅拌筒使用寿命能得到明显提升。     

颗粒增强橡胶细观力学性能二维数值模拟

在细观层次上建立了具有随机分布形态的代表性体积单元,通过细观力学有限元方法对炭黑颗粒填充橡胶复合材料的宏观力学性能进行了研究。采用二维平面应变模型进行单轴压缩模拟仿真,通过施加周期边界条件保证了代表性体积单元变形场的协调性。重点研究讨论了颗粒的随机分布形态和粒径大小、刚度、体积分数对复合材料宏观应力-应变关系曲线和有效弹性模量的影响。结果表明:炭黑颗粒的填充显著提升了橡胶材料的刚度,在炭黑含量Vf=0.2513时,复合材料的有效弹性模量值高于橡胶初始模量值的2倍;复合材料的有效弹性模量随颗粒所占体积分数的增加而增大。     

Numerical simulation of tetrahedral particle mixing and motion in rotating drums

A regular tetrahedron is the simplest three-dimensional structure and has the largest non-sphericity. Mixing of tetrahedral particles in a thin drum mixer was studied by the soft-sphere-imbedded pseudo-hard particle model and compared with that of spherical particles. The two particle types were simulated with different rotation speeds and drum filling levels. The Lacey mixing index and Shannon information entropy were used to explore the effects of sphericity on the mixing and motion of particles. Moreover, the probability density functions and mean values and variances of motion velocities, including translational and rotational, were computed to quantify the differences between the motion features of tetrahedra and spheres. We found that the flow regime depended on the particle shape in addition to the rotation speed and filling level of the drum. The mixing of tetrahedral particles was better than that of spherical particles in the rolling and cascading regimes at a high filling level, whereas it may be poorer when the filling level was low. The Shannon information entropy is better than the Lacey mixing index to evaluate mixing because it can reflect the real change of flow regime from the cataracting to the centrifugal regime, whereas the mixing index cannot.     

Effect of drum structure on particle mixing behavior based on DEM method

The optimization of the drum structure is beneficial to improve the particle motion and mixing in rotary drums. In this work, two kinds of drum structures, Lacy cylinder drum (LC) and Lacy-lifters cylinder drum (LLC), are developed on the basic of cylinder drum to enhance the heat transfer area. The particle motion and mixing process are simulated by DEM method. Based on the grid independence and model validation, the contact number between particles and wall, particle velocity profile, thickness of active layer, particle exchange coefficient, particle concentration profile and mixing index are demonstrated. The influences of the drum structure and the operation parameters are further evaluated. The results show that the contact number between particles and wall is improved in LC and LLC compared to cylinder drum. The particle velocity in LC is higher than that in cylinder drum at high rotating speed, and the particle velocity of the particle falling region is significantly improved in LLC. Compared to cylinder drum and LC, the thickness of active layer in LLC is smaller, while the local particle mixing quality is proved to be the best in the active region. In addition, the particle exchange coefficients between static region and active region in the three drums are compared and LLC is found tending to weaken the particle flow. Besides, the fluctuations of particle concentration in the active region, static region, and boundary region are weakened in LLC, and the equilibrium state is reached earlier. In addition, the overall particle mixing performance in cylinder drum, LC and LLC is analyzed. The particle mixing performance in cylinder drum is the worst, while the difference in mixing quality of LC and LLC depends on the operation conditions.     

2D DEM simulation of particle mixing in rotating drum:A parametric study

Mixing behaviors of equal-sized glass beads in a rotating drum were investigated by both DEM simulations and experiments. The experiments indicated that higher rotation speed can significantly enhance mixing. The particle profiles predicted by 2D DEM simulation were compared with the experimental results from a quasi-2D drum, showing inconsistency due to reduction of contacts in the single-layer 2D simulation which makes the driving friction weaker than that in the quasi-2D test, better results could be rea...     

Lift force on rotating sphere at low Reynolds numbers and high rotational speeds

The lift force on an isolated rotating sphere in a uniform flow was investigated by means of a three-dimensional numerical simulation for low Reynolds numbers (based on the sphere diameter) (Re<68.4) and high dimensionless rotational speeds (Г5). The Navier-Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinate system were solved using a finite volume formulation based on SIMPLE procedure. The accuracy of the numerical simulation was tested through a comparison with available theoretical, numerical and experimental results at low Reynolds numbers, and it was found that they were in close agreement under the above mentioned ranges of the Reynolds number and rotational speed. From a detailed computation of the flow field around a rotational sphere in extended ranges of the Reynolds number and rotational speed, the results show that, with increasing the rotational speed or decreasing the Reynolds number, the lift coefficient increases. An empirical equation more accurate than those obtained by previous studies was obtained to describe both effects of the rotational speed and Reynolds number on the lift force on a sphere. It was found in calcttlations that the drag coefficient is not significantly affected by the rotation of the sphere. The ratio of the lift force to the drag force, both of which act on a sphere in a uniform flow at the same time, was investigated. For a small spherical particle such as one of about 100μm in diameter, even if the rotational speed reaches about 10^6 revolutions per minute, the lift force can be neglected as compared with the drag force.     

Mixing and segregation assessment of bi-disperse solid particles in a double paddle mixer

A double paddle blender's flow patterns and mixing mechanisms were analyzed using discrete element method (DEM) and experiments. The mixing performance of this type of the blender containing bi-disperse particles has been rarely studied in the literature. Plackett-Burman design of experiments (DoE) methodology was used to calibrate the DEM input parameters. Subsequently, the impact of the particle number ratio, vessel fill level, and paddle rotational speed on mixing performance was investigated using the calibrated DEM model. The mixing performance was assessed using relative standard deviation and segregation intensity. Mixing performance was significantly affected by the paddle rotational speed and particle number ratio. Moreover, the Peclet number and diffusivity coefficient were used to evaluate the mixing mechanism in the blender. Results revealed that the diffusion was the predominant mixing mechanism, and the best mixing performance was observed when the diffusivity coefficients of 3 mm and 5 mm particles were almost equal.     

垂直旋转流场中单颗粒运动状态判别及受力分析

为研究单颗粒在旋转流场中的运动状态及受力情况,以毫米级球形颗粒为例,利用旋转流场颗粒运动装置,通过使用摄像机记录颗粒在流场中的运动轨迹以获取其运动参数,分析了不同转速和颗粒直径条件下颗粒的运动轨迹,拟合得到了颗粒运动状态判别公式以及颗粒运动轨迹公式,分析了颗粒在旋转流场中的受力情况。结果表明,颗粒在旋转流场平衡状态下运动状态主要分为两类,一类是未离开壁面保持静止,另一类是离开壁面保持稳定周向运动;颗粒进行周向运动的轨迹为椭圆形,并且圆心随着转速的增大靠近旋转中心,而随着粒径的增大靠近壁面;颗粒在旋转流场的运动过程中主要受到离心力和旋转科式力作用。     

Investigation of dense slurry suspensions with coaxial mixers: Influences of design variables through tomography and mathematical modelling

The coaxial mixers enhance the suspension of concentrated slurries in an agitated reactor. In this research work, the complex slurry suspension and dissemination behavior in a coaxial slurry mixing system (comprised of a close clearance anchor rotating with a low speed and an inner axial impeller rotating with a high speed) was analyzed employing ERT (electrical resistance tomography, a non-intrusive flow visualization technique), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The numerical models were validated by comparing the axial solid concentration profiles generated using the ERT data and the CFD simulation results. The influences of various important parameters such as the diameter of the inner axial impeller, the inner impeller type, and the inner impeller spacing on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the slurry suspensions in a coaxial mixing vessel were thoroughly analyzed. The radial and axial velocity profiles of solid particles were generated using the validated mathematical models. The assessment of energy loss due to the solid–solid collisions, the particle–fluid frictions, and the particle–vessel wall collisions was conducted. The evaluation of optimum inner impeller clearance and inner impeller diameter is essential to attain a high degree of solids suspension and dissemination in a coaxial slurry mixing system.     

Equilibrium charge and triboelectric coefficient of spheres in a rotating container

Contact electrification occurs in many granular material systems due to particle-particle and particle-wall contacts. In this paper, we used a simple device to characterize the electrification of different spheres in a rotating spherical container. The charge of the spheres was quantified by a Faraday cup after rotating for various time and the disperse behaviors of charged spheres were recorded by a camera. The effects of the rotational time, sphere size, rotational speed, sphere material, and relative humidity on the equilibrium charge and triboelectric coefficient were analyzed. The results show that the equilibrium surface charge density is independent of the sphere size and the rotating speed, whereas the larger rotating speed enhances the triboelectric coefficient. It is also shown that charge relaxation constants are two orders of magnitude lower than the charge generation constants for all spheres at a low relative humidity. The increase of water molecules in the air was found to result in the decline of charge generation constant and the rise of charge relaxation constant, which together cause the decrease of the equilibrium surface charge density.     

The effect of side walls on particles mixing in rotating drums

In this paper, we study the effects of the presence and shape of side walls and of the overall length of rotating cylindrical drums on the mixing of particles with differing sizes by application of the discrete element method (DEM). By varying the semi-axis of the spheroidally shaped side walls and the length of the overall drum, we observe the formation of circulation patterns near the side walls. Although there is a vast amount of literature studying mixing regimes in rotating drums, little is known about the effect of the side walls of the drum on particle mixing. The results of our study demonstrate that introducing curved side walls induces a strong circulation pattern near these side walls, but has, paradoxically, a negative impact on mixing and actually promotes segregation. The cause for this segregation is the difference in velocity of differently sized particles near the curved side walls. Large particles accumulate at the curved side walls, whereas small particles move away from the curved side walls. When the length of the drum is increased, the overall effect of the side walls is decreased, although it does remain observable, even in very large drums.     

Using the discrete element method to assess the mixing of polydisperse solid particles in a rotary drum

Despite the wide applications of powder and solid mixing in industry, knowledge on the mixing of polydisperse solid particles in rotary drum blenders is lacking. This study investigates the mixing of monodisperse, bidisperse, tridisperse, and polydisperse solid particles in a rotary drum using the discrete element method. To validate the model developed in this study, experimental and simulation results were compared. The validated model was then employed to investigate the effects of the drum rotational speed, particle size, and initial loading method on the mixing quality. The degree of mixing of polydisperse particles was smaller than that for monodisperse particles owing to the segregation phenomenon. The mixing index increased from an initial value to a maximum and decreased slightly before reaching a plateau for bidisperse, tridisperse, and polydisperse particles as a direct result of the segregation of particles of different sizes. Final mixing indices were higher for polydisperse particles than for tridisperse and bidisperse particles. Additionally, segregation was weakened by introducing additional particles of intermediate size. The best mixing of bidisperse and tridisperse particles was achieved for top–bottom smaller-to-larger initial loading, while that of polydisperse systems was achieved using top–bottom smaller-to-larger and top–bottom larger-to-smaller initial loading methods.