细观混凝土数值模型对比分析研究

从骨料的随机分布考虑,假定骨料为球形,分别模拟界面层为实体单元和接触面单元,建立了随机骨料分布模型和随机骨料接触面模型;基于CT图像,应用MATLAB和MIMICS软件,建立了不同特点的混凝土三维重建模型,对比分析以上模型的优缺点,从CT图像的CT数考虑,建立包含混凝土骨料的形状、级配、孔洞等的重建模型,该模型更加接近于真实的混凝土试件,为混凝土的细观数值模型研究提供了一条全新的研究思路,具有一定参考价值。     

基于细观力学的混凝土弹塑脆性损伤研究

将混凝土假定为一种由硬化水泥砂浆、粗骨料、界面粘结带所组成的三相复合材料,在满足骨料级配曲线算法的基础上,采用细观单元的弹塑脆性损伤本构关系,考虑材料的非均质特性,建立了基于细观力学的混凝土弹塑脆性损伤数值模型;分别研究了单轴受拉预置裂纹试样和单轴受压混凝土试样的细观弹塑脆性损伤破坏行为,并揭示了混凝土的宏观表征强度存在明显的尺寸效应,通过将计算结果与 Bazant 尺寸效应公式、单轴受压物理实验曲线进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。数值试验表明：该模型可以清晰地模拟混凝土细观塑性屈服和失效裂纹的萌生和扩展。骨料与水泥砂浆间的界面粘结带相对薄弱,在混凝土试件形成宏观损伤局部化带前,试件的屈服和破坏首先发生在骨料边缘处的界面位置,并沿着界面粘结带扩展、贯通;同时,导致宏观裂纹形成和发展的因素仍以细观单元的拉伸破坏为主。     

混凝土单轴压缩下细观损伤特性的CT研究

混凝土是一种非均质的材料,在细观层次上将混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆和两者之间的界面组成的三相复合材料.本文利用CT技术对混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件实时静力压缩CT图像,提取出图像上各点的CT数并根据分区理论定义了一个基于CT数的统计损伤变量.通过对图像和CT数以及损伤变量的分析表明混凝土试件在静力压缩条件下经历了压密阶段、扩容阶段,损伤急剧增大到破坏的细观损伤演化全过程,以此反映了混凝土细观损伤演化的特性.进而通过细观损伤对混凝土材料裂纹的扩展、贯通以及最后失稳破坏的破坏实质进行了有益的探索.     

单轴压缩条件下混凝土细观损伤演化机理的CT试验研究

混凝土是一种非均质的材料,在细观层次上将混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆和两者之间的界面组成的三相复合材料.本文在对混凝土进行单轴压缩试验的基础上,根据CT扫描图像反映的细观破损过程,分析了基于CT数平均值变化规律的特点;将混凝土材料的损伤过程进行了分段,提出了损伤变量的提取方法.随后结合试验得到的宏观应力应变曲线,经过拟合得到...     

基于降阶均匀化理论的混凝土双尺度力学性能分析

混凝土材料细观特性对宏观力学性能有着重要影响。为进一步分析混凝土细观特性对宏观力学行为的影响规律,将混凝土材料简化为由骨料、砂浆和界面三相组成,编制了随机凸多面体骨料生成、投放和网格剖分算法,建立可用于有限元计算的满足级配要求的随机细观模型。针对直接使用细观力学模型计算量较大的问题,采用降阶均匀化理论,对混凝土细观胞元模型进行预处理并编制了相应的双尺度计算程序。对不同强度混凝土进行了单轴静态压缩双尺度计算,与实验数据和细观力学模拟结果符合较好。研究表明,降阶均匀化理论在加快求解速度的同时具有较高的精度,可以用于混凝土的多尺度力学性能分析。     

基于颗粒流的新老混凝土加固构件轴压性能细观研究

考虑到混凝土是一种非均质材料，为研究新老混凝土界面黏结特性和破坏机理，利用PFC3D细观离散元软件对新老混凝土黏结试块双面剪切性能和增大截面法加固钢筋混凝土构件轴压力学性能进行数值研究。结果表明，对于双面剪切试验，新老混凝土剪切-位移数值曲线与试验曲线基本一致，模型接触断裂主要发生在新老混凝土界面处，裂缝数量随着模型达到峰值后急剧上升，在界面处形成贯通的断裂面；在轴压试验模拟中，轴压力、混凝土应变关系数值曲线与试验结果吻合较好，数值结果能较好地预测软化阶段，模型中接触断裂主要发生在柱中部及下部位置，与实际破坏模式相符。     

爆炸载荷作用下混凝土靶板动态响应的细观模拟

考虑到一些对裂纹要求较严格的混凝土结构可能遭受到冲击载荷的威胁,利用混凝土三维细观力学模型对混凝土板在炸药爆炸（接触爆炸、封闭爆炸）载荷作用下的响应和破坏情况进行数值模拟,并就影响靶板内裂纹扩展结果的因素展开参数讨论。模型考虑了混凝土材料的内部细观结构（包括粗骨料体积分数、尺寸、级配等）以及三相材料力学性能的影响,准确地预测了混凝土板在2种爆炸条件下的裂纹形貌和开坑尺寸。通过与宏观均质模型的模拟结果进行对比可知,细观模型预测的接触爆炸条件下混凝土靶板的开坑形态、尺寸,以及封闭爆炸条件下混凝土盖板的主裂纹数量,均与实验观察更为贴近。此外,参数研究结果表明,三维细观力学模型的全局网格尺寸以及模型内各组分的相对网格尺寸均会对模拟结果的精度产生影响,选择与空气网格尺寸相当的混凝土网格尺寸,可以在获得较准确模拟结果的同时保证计算效率;骨料粒径大小也会影响混凝土板在爆炸载荷作用下的响应和破坏结果。混凝土三维细观力学模型能够反映混凝土结构在冲击载荷作用下的损伤和破坏的细观机理及影响因素,对指导工程设计和结构安全评估具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

基于Python-Abaqus的混凝土三维细观随机模型的建立

混凝土在细观层次上是由粗骨料、砂浆及两者间过渡区(界面层)组成的三相复合材料,建立一个能反映实际骨料级配、含量及形态的随机骨料模型是进行混凝土细观力学数值模拟的前提。本文通过编写Python脚本实现了Abaqus的二次开发,获得了含球形、椭球形(卵石)及凹凸型多面体(碎石)骨料并考虑了界面层的三维混凝土细观随机模型。结果表明,在三级配下可投放球形骨料的体分比可超过55%,对椭球和多面体骨料形状的模拟也较为真实。同时,提出了一种可提高骨料体积含量的布尔切割入侵判别法,并成功地对椭球骨料和多面体骨料进行了投放试验。由于程序已将粗骨料、砂浆和界面层自动分离,在进行网格剖分时可避免复杂的单元属性判别,得到的网格剖分满足粗骨料、砂浆及界面层网格协调性要求。最后,利用建立的几何模型进行了单轴压缩静力学数值模拟,进一步验证了混凝土细观随机模型的可靠性。     

CT技术在混凝土细观损伤检测中的应用

应用X射线CT技术无损检测混凝土内部结构和裂纹演化过程,是对混凝土细观裂纹演化规律的分析和研究.详细总结了目前CT技术在混凝土破损过程中的实时动态观测、CT图像分析、裂纹演化规律、损伤演化与损伤变量分析、混凝土三维图像重建等方面的应用进展.结论表明:CT技术是研究混凝土细观损伤演化过程的有效观测手段,并指出混凝土CT试验目前存在的问题是如何获得各种试验条件下精确的CT图像及其成果的应用研究.     

基于真实细观结构的准脆性材料三维建模及应用初探

采用连续切片的方法获取准脆性材料的表面图像,利用数字图像处理技术检测材料的细观结构并进行矢量化。通过一种简单的变换,将每一切片矢量化的细观结构转换成单层的三维结构,然后将这些切片连续的细观结构逐层叠加,形成整个试件的三维真实细观结构,并针对准脆性材料图像的特点,编制了能够批量处理数字图像并进行细观结构矢量化的程序,建立了与有限元三维网格模型之间的数据接口,模型数据可直接导入岩石三维破裂过程分析RFPA3D系统中,研究真实细观结构对准脆性材料破坏力学行为的影响。以颗粒材料为例,分析了在单轴受压情况下的三维空间裂纹的产生及扩展过程,计算结果显示颗粒分布与界面显著影响材料的破裂模式。     

混凝土三维细观接触面模型数值模拟与CT试验验证

对混凝土三维随机骨料模型进行了改进,在骨料和砂浆之间加入了"面-面接触单元"模拟两者的接触特性,编制了相应的命令程序,称新模型为混凝土接触面模型.采用双折线损伤演化模型进行计算,对数值模拟结果进行了分析研究.从混凝土破坏过程图和荷载-位移曲线图两方面与CT试验结果进行了比较,表明试件破坏时裂纹的萌生、扩展过程与CT试验...     

基于优化模型的结构声学耦合界面载荷传递算法

针对结构声学耦合系统的界面载荷传递问题,提出了一种基于约束最优化模型的局部参数插值算法。耦合界面处结构和流体单元表面坐标通过各自的形状函数进行插值,把界面载荷在互不匹配的网格节点间的传递问题转化为一个点到用自然坐标表示的有限边界曲面的最小距离问题,以便利用成熟稳定的优化算法对其进行高效求解。与已有方法相比,该算法在耦合界面单元为曲面的情况下仍能保持较高的计算精度。本文给出的数值算例验证了本算法的有效性和可靠性。     

Spurious numerical refraction

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of a non-uniform mesh in two dimensions (2D). A change in mesh size will, in general, result in spurious refraction (and reflection) which is entirely numerical (rather than physical) in origin. To facilitate the analysis, the mesh geometry has been highly simplified in that only a single change in mesh size is considered. The analysis is based on a finite element wave model. The domain consists of two conterminous regions discernible only by their different nodal spacings in the x-direction. The interface between the two regions is internal to the mesh and is a straight line. The model is based upon the Crank-Nicolson linear finite element scheme applied to the second order wave equation. The results of the analysis are confirmed by numerical experiments. It is shown that under particular numerical conditions total internal reflection may occur and when this is the case, the transmitted wave is evanescent. An analysis of the energy flux associated with the incident, reflected and trasmitted waves shows that energy is conserved across the interface between the two regions.     

长杆弹撞击陶瓷靶的一种数值模拟方法

陶瓷材料具有高强度和低密度等特点，抗弹性能优越，被广泛用于各类装甲中。长杆弹撞击陶瓷靶时会发生径向流动、质量显著侵蚀而无明显侵彻的界面击溃现象，是陶瓷抗侵彻性能研究中具有重要研究价值的特殊现象。利用有限元软件AUTODYN建立了长杆弹撞击陶瓷靶的二维轴对称计算模型，采用Lagrange和光滑粒子流体动力学（smooth particle hydrodynamics, SPH）算法，模拟了柱形钨合金长杆弹撞击带盖板的碳化硅陶瓷，通过改变长杆弹的撞击速度，得到了界面击溃、驻留转侵彻和直接侵彻3个不同现象。讨论了不同建模算法、边界条件以及材料参数对模拟结果的影响。通过网格收敛性验证和与实验结果进行拟合，综合验证了计算模型中算法、边界条件和参数设定的可靠性。结果表明，在建模中若同时使用SPH算法和Lagrange算法，需要考虑粒子和网格大小对于模拟结果的影响。针对长杆弹撞击陶瓷靶的界面击溃模拟，不建议对陶瓷材料采用SPH粒子建模。相关建模和参数选择方法对后续陶瓷抗侵彻/界面击溃的数值模拟具有重要的指导意义。     

基于滑移界面耦合技术的旋转电机磁场仿真方法

提出了一种基于滑移界面耦合技术的旋转电机磁场仿真方法。首先,对旋转电机问题建立等效弱形式,用Lagrange乘子法施加Coulomb规范条件和滑移界面处的磁矢势连续性条件;然后,采用混合单元方法离散整个求解域中的未知量,采用棱边单元法离散滑移界面处的Lagrange矢量乘子,并采用多点约束法耦合滑移界面处的Lagrange标量乘子自由度,该方法无须在旋转电机模型的非匹配网格中构建生成树,即可自动保证磁矢势解的唯一性;最后,采用旋转线圈案例和简化的永磁同步电机案例验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Numerical simulation of compressible two-phase flow using a diffuse interface method

In this article, a high-resolution diffuse interface method is investigated for simulation of compressible two-phase gas–gas and gas–liquid flows, both in the presence of shock wave and in flows with strong rarefaction waves similar to cavitations. A Godunov method and HLLC Riemann solver is used for discretization of the Kapila five-equation model and a modified Schmidt equation of state (EOS) is used to simulate the cavitation regions. This method is applied successfully to some one- and two-dimensional compressible two-phase flows with interface conditions that contain shock wave and cavitations. The numerical results obtained in this attempt exhibit very good agreement with experimental results, as well as previous numerical results presented by other researchers based on other numerical methods. In particular, the algorithm can capture the complex flow features of transient shocks, such as the material discontinuities and interfacial instabilities, without any oscillation and additional diffusion. Numerical examples show that the results of the method presented here compare well with other sophisticated modeling methods like adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) and local mesh refinement (LMR) for one- and two-dimensional problems.     

A stable and accurate projection method on a locally refined staggered mesh

In this paper, a robust projection method on a locally refined mesh is proposed for two‐ and three‐dimensional viscous incompressible flows. The proposed method is robust not only when the interface between two meshes is located in a smooth flow region but also when the interface is located in a flow region with large gradients and/or strong unsteadiness. In numerical simulations, a locally refined mesh saves many grid points in regions of relatively small gradients compared with a uniform mesh. For efficiency and ease of implementation, we consider a two‐level blocked structure, for which both of the coarse and fine meshes are uniform Cartesian ones individually. Unfortunately, the introduction of the two‐level blocked mesh results in an important but difficult issue: coupling of the coarse and fine meshes. In this paper, by properly addressing the issue of the coupling, we propose a stable and accurate projection method on a locally refined staggered mesh for both two‐ and three‐dimensional viscous incompressible flows. The proposed projection method is based on two principles: the linear interpolation technique and the consistent discretization of both sides of the pressure Poisson equation. The proposed algorithm is straightforward owing to the linear interpolation technique, is stable and accurate, is easy to extend from two‐ to three‐dimensional flows, and is valid even when flows with large gradients cross the interface between the two meshes. The resulting pressure Poisson equation is non‐symmetric on a locally refined mesh. The numerical results for a series of exact solutions for 2D and 3D viscous incompressible flows verify the stability and accuracy of the proposed projection method. The method is also applied to some challenging problems, including turbulent flows around particles, flows induced by impulsively started/stopped particles, and flows induced by particles near solid walls, to test the stability and accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of interlaminar damage propagation in CFRP cross-ply laminates under transverse loading

This paper proposes a numerical simulation of interlaminar damage propagation in FRP laminates under transverse loading, using the finite element method. First, we conducted drop-weight impact tests on CFRP cross-ply laminates. A ply crack was generated at the center of the lowermost ply, and then a butterfly-shaped interlaminar delamination was propagated at the 90/0 ply interface. Based on these experimental observations, we present a numerical simulation of interlaminar damage propagation, using a cohesive zone model to address the energy-based criterion for damage propagation. This simulation can address the interlaminar delamination with high accuracy by locating a fine mesh near the damage process zone, while maintaining computational efficiency with the use of automatic mesh generation. The simulated results of interlaminar delamination agreed well with the experiment results. Moreover, we demonstrated that the proposed method reduces the computational cost of the simulation.     

Numerical modelling of a melting-solidification cycle of a phase-change material with complete or partial melting

A high accuracy numerical model is used to simulate an alternate melting and solidification cycle of a phase change material (PCM). We use a second order (in time and space) finite-element method with mesh adaptivity to solve a single-domain model based on the Navier-Stokes-Boussinesq equations. An enthalpy method is applied to the energy equation. A Carman-Kozeny type penalty term is introduced in the momentum equation to bring the velocity to zero inside the solid region. The mesh is dynamically adapted at each time step to accurately capture the interface between solid and liquid phases, the boundary-layer structure at the walls and the multi-cellular unsteady convection in the liquid. We consider the basic configuration of a differentially heated square cavity filled with an octadecane paraffin and use experimental and numerical results from the literature to validate our numerical system. The first study case considers the complete melting of the PCM (liquid fraction of 95%), followed by a complete solidification. For the second case, the solidification is triggered after a partial melting (liquid fraction of 50%). Both cases are analysed in detail by providing temporal evolution of the solid-liquid interface, liquid fraction, Nusselt number and accumulated heat input. Different regimes are identified during the melting-solidification process and explained using scaling correlation analysis. Practical consequences of these two operating modes are finally discussed.     

An extended finite element method for the simulation of particulate viscoelastic flows

We present an extended finite element method (XFEM) for the direct numerical simulation of the flow of viscoelastic fluids with suspended particles. For moving particle problems, we devise a temporary arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) scheme which defines the mapping of field variables at previous time levels onto the computational mesh at the current time level. In this method, a regular mesh is used for the whole computational domain including both fluid and particles. A temporary ALE mesh is constructed separately and the computational mesh is kept unchanged throughout the whole computations. Particles are moving on a fixed Eulerian mesh without any need of re-meshing. For mesh refinements around the interface, we combine XFEM with the grid deformation method, in which nodal points are redistributed close to the interface while preserving the mesh topology. Our method is verified by comparing with the results of boundary fitted mesh problems combined with the conventional ALE scheme. The proposed method shows similar accuracy compared with boundary fitted mesh problems and superior accuracy compared with the fictitious domain method. If the grid deformation method is combined with XFEM, the required computational time is reduced significantly compared to uniform mesh refinements, while providing mesh convergent solutions. We apply the proposed method to the particle migration in rotating Couette flow of a Giesekus fluid. We investigate the effect of initial particle positions, the Weissenberg number, the mobility parameter of the Giesekus model and the particle size on the particle migration. We also show two-particle interactions in confined shear flow of a viscoelastic fluid. We find three different regimes of particle motions according to initial separations of particles.