柔性扑翼的气动特性研究

以往扑翼的气动力计算研究都很少考虑扑翼的柔性,而在鸟的扑翼动作中,在外加气动力和鸟自身的扑动力作用下,扑翼的柔性变形相当大。本文在原有匀速刚性模型的基础上,提出考虑了扑翼扑动速率变化和形状变化的扑翼分析模型,使之更接近鸟翼柔性扑动真实情况。通过计算分析气动特性发现,控制适当的话,柔性变形能大大改善扑翼的气动性能。本文通过模拟鸟扑翼的柔性运动,计算了时柔性扑翼气动力以及平均升力系数和平均推力系数随着扑动角、倾斜角等参数变化的情况,从而从气动的角度解释了为什么鸟在不同的飞行阶段扑翼规律各不相同,并为柔性扑翼飞行器的设计提供了理论依据。     

微型飞行器低雷诺数空气动力学

微型飞行器(MAVs)设计绝不是常规飞行器在尺度上的简单缩小,面临许多技术难题.其中微型飞行器低雷诺数空气动力学是其最为根本的技术瓶颈之一,也是当前受到广泛关注的热点之一.本文紧密结合微型飞行器技术,对这一领域中所面临的低雷诺数空气动力学问题和近两年来该方向国内一些新的进展进行了较为详细的介绍.按照MAVs飞行方式和结构特性进行分类,简单介绍微型飞行器研究中的低$Re$数空气动力学问题.首先介绍了二维和三维固定翼低雷诺数空气动力学问题:包括层流分离泡,翼型升力系数小攻角非线性效应,静态迟滞效应,以及低$Re$数小展弦比机翼气动特性.第2,介绍了拍动翼低雷诺数空气动力学方面的研究工作.包括前人提出的昆虫低$Re$数下获得高升力的多种非定常拍动翼飞行机制:Wagner效应、Weis-Fogh效应(clap-and-fling)、延迟失速效应(delayedstall)、Kramer效应(rotational forces)、尾迹捕获效应(wakecapture)、附加质量效应(addedmass)等.以及国内学者近几年在拍动翼方面取得的一些研究成果.第3,介绍了柔性翼低雷诺数气动问题.研究表明柔性翼对于固定翼微型飞行器提高抗阵风能力,拍动翼微型飞行器产生足够的升力和推力.最后简单介绍了可变形翼(morphingwing)微型飞行器方面的一些研究工作,指出微型飞行器技术可以通过采用可变形翼设计,突破众多的技术瓶颈.另一方面,可变形翼概念可以通过在低成本,低速的MAVs上进行飞行试验,获得非常好的验证平台.      

基于动网格技术的柔性后缘自适应机翼气动特性分析

研究了带柔性后缘的可变弯度自适应机翼在自适应变弯度过程中的气动特性.自适应变弯度过程中的气动力计算采用了基于弹簧理论的非结构动网格技术,求解NS方程时采用有限体积的二阶迎风格式离散,时间推进为隐格式双时间推进方法.通过计算柔性后缘机翼的升力特性、阻力特性及升阻比特性,并与带刚性后缘机翼的气动特性进行比较,发现柔性后缘机翼在后缘偏转时,其最大升阻比对应的迎角随着偏转角增大而降低.在中等迎角及接近失速迎角情况下,柔性后缘机翼升力系数明显优于刚性后缘机翼,并且其升力线变化较为平缓,有效迎角范围更大.     

伸缩翼飞机纵向飞行动力学研究

研究了可变翼展飞机在变翼展过程中的气动特性及纵向飞行动响应。首先基于多刚体系统动力学方法建立了可伸缩机翼飞机的动力学模型,进而获得了纵向飞行动力学方程;然后分析了飞机质心、质量矩、惯性矩随翼展的变化规律;最后通过实时气动力计算和纵向飞行动力学方程联立求解,获得了不同翼展下的飞机升力、阻力、力矩及纵向飞行动响应。结果表明:在相同迎角条件下,大翼展飞机的升力性能与小翼展飞机的升力性能相比有较大的优势;未加控制时机翼收缩导致飞机阻力和升力减小,飞行速度增大;为维持变翼过程的稳定飞行,需要对俯仰运动施加控制。     

个体水平间距对群组中扑翼气动性能的影响

研究群组中个体之间的非定常流动机理,可以为仿生飞行器集群运动提供理论基础。采用基于有限元的计算流体力学方法,对前飞状态的扑翼群组个体之间水平间距对气动性能的影响进行研究。研究发现,水平间距对扑翼气动性能具有显著影响。在一定的垂直间距下,群组中扑翼可以在较小的水平间距下获得最佳的推力性能,在较大的水平间距下可以获得最佳的升力性能。扑翼气动性能的变化主要与群组中前翼和后翼的脱落涡相互作用密切相关。     

扑翼飞行器的凸轮摇杆型扑动机构设计与气动力学分析

为了提高扑翼飞行器的飞行性能,借鉴大型鸟类的飞行运动特征,设计了一种以凸轮摇杆为扑动机构的新型扑翼飞行器,建立了扑动机构的运动学和气动力学模型.结果表明:通过大型鸟类翅翼扑动规律对凸轮机构进行优化设计,得到了扑翼下扑占据整个扑动行程的60％左右;而提出的凸轮摇杆扑动机构的运动学模型,能够求解扑翼飞行器的相关运动参数.基...     

基于三路舵机驱动的扑翼飞行模型气动特性研究

扑动而形成非定常气动现象是扑翼飞行过程中产生高升力的主要原因。本文以Ellington实验的鹰蛾翅膀为原形,设计扑翼实验及数值计算模型。通过压差传感器对翅膀模型上翼面固定位置进行测压,分析前缘涡的产生及脱落情况(考虑动压效应)。测量上下翼面固定位置处的压差,揭示扑翼飞行中产生高升力的主要原因。利用烟风洞观察扑翼模型周围流场结构及特殊涡产生变化情况。另外,根据Ellington提供的升力关系式估算了扑翼模型在一个周期内的平均升力。最后,基于三维欧拉方程对扑翼飞行气动特性进行数值模拟,计算结果与实验吻合良好。     

膜扑翼飞行器的变形研究

最近昆虫翼的变形成了研究热点,而扑翼飞行器的变形力学研究却几乎无人问津.然而,无论昆虫、鸟类还是扑翼飞行器在飞行时,翼的变形都是存在的,要精确计算翼扑动产生的气动力,必须考虑其变形.本文比较了导致变形产生的膜扑翼飞行器的惯性力和气动力在一个周期中的变化情况,发现它们的峰值比值为2左右,然后提出了在随体坐标系中的固支边界条件,采用有限元法计算了惯性力和气动力分别对变形的影响,发现扑翼飞行器的气动力对变形的影响是不可忽略的重要因素,而惯性力与气动力的合力引起的最大正变形发生在下扑初始阶段,最大负变形发生在上扑初始阶段.本文为扑翼飞行器的设计提供了力学分析基础.     

雷诺数对运输类飞机气动特性影响的试验研究

开展了某背景飞机的高低速变雷诺数风洞试验,并对试验结果进行了分析;结合国外的一些变雷诺数风洞试验结论,给出了大展弦比运输类飞机雷诺数对升力、阻力以及俯仰力矩特性的影响规律。试验研究表明:升力特性方面,在中小迎角下,随着雷诺数增大,迎角相同时升力增加,大迎角时最大升力系数增大,失速迎角增大;阻力特性方面,随着雷诺数的增大阻力减小,并且最小阻力系数随着雷诺数对数的增加基本呈线性减小;俯仰力矩特性方面,随着雷诺数增大机翼后部载荷增大,低头力矩增大,稳定性增强。除此之外,文中还从雷诺数对气动特性影响机理角度出发,分析了这些规律形成的原因。     

考虑流固耦合效应的某飞行器力学性能分析

考虑流固耦合效应,研究了飞行器在服役状态下的力学特性。本文采用了一种基于CFD/CSD(Computational Fluid Dynamics/Computational Structure Dynamics)耦合的高精度通用静气弹求解器,该求解器可以同时分析飞行器结构的表面气动性能和结构的力学性能,对某一翼身组合体模型进行了静气弹分析,得出弹性飞行器和刚性飞行器的气动压力变化以及结构的应力分布。建模时流体和结构模型都使用翼身组合模型,且都考虑机身的影响。结果表明:发生静气弹变形后,飞行器的升力系数、阻力系数、力矩系数都相应下降;机翼翼根附近会产生较大的应力分布;当飞行器尤其是机翼表面受到弯矩、扭矩以及气动压力的共同作用时,翼根附近会出现复杂的应力分布状态。这说明在静气弹性分析中,机身的建模也是很有必要的。     

Experimental investigation on aerodynamic performance of a flapping wing vehicle in forward flight

The aerodynamic performance of a flexible membrane flapping wing has been investigated here. For this purpose, a flapping-wing system and an experimental set-up were designed to measure the unsteady aerodynamic forces of the flapping wing motion. A one-component force balance was set up to record the temporal variations of aerodynamic forces. The flapping wing was studied in a large low-speed wind tunnel. The lift and thrust of this mechanism were measured for different flapping frequencies, angles of attack and for various wind tunnel velocities. Results indicate that the thrust increases with the flapping frequency. An increase in the wind tunnel speed and flow angle of attack leads to reduction in the thrust value and increases the lift component. The aerodynamic and performance parameters were nondimensionalized. Appropriate models were introduced which show its aerodynamic performance and may be used in the design process and also optimization of the flapping wing.     

Design and development considerations for biologically inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles

In this paper, the decade of numerical and experimental investigations leading to the development of the authors’ unique flapping-wing micro air vehicle is summarized. Early investigations included the study of boundary layer energization by means of a small flapping foil embedded in a flat-plate boundary layer, the reduction of the recirculatory flow region behind a backward-facing step by means of a small flapping foil, and the reduction or suppression of flow separation behind blunt or cusped airfoil trailing edges by flapping a small foil located in the wake flow region. These studies were followed by systematic investigations of the aerodynamic characteristics of single flapping airfoils and airfoil combinations. These unsteady flows were described using flow visualization, laser-Doppler velocimetry in addition to panel and Navier–Stokes computations. It is then shown how this flapping-wing database was used to conceive, design and develop a micro air vehicle which has a fixed wing for lift and two flapping wings for thrust generation. While animal flight is characterized by a coupled force generation, the present design appears to separate lift and thrust. However, in fact, the performance of one surface is closely coupled to the other surfaces.     

A novel MAV with treadmill motion of wing

The Magnus effect is well known phenomena for producing high lift values from spinning symmetrical geometries such as cylinders, spheres, or disks. But, the Magnus force may also be produced by treadmill motion of aerodynamic bodies. To accomplish this, the skin of aerodynamic bodies may circulate with a constant circumferential speed. Here, a novel wing with treadmill motion of skin is introduced which may generate lift at zero air speeds. The new wing may lead to micro aerial vehicle configurations for vertical take-off or landing. To prove the concept, the NACA0015 aerofoil section with circulating skin is computationally investigated. Two cases of stationary air and moving air are studied. It is observed that lift can be generated in stationary air although drag force is also high. For moving air, the lift and drag forces may be adopted between the incidence angles 20° to 25° where lift can posses high values and drag can remain moderate.     

基于雨燕翅膀的仿生三角翼气动特性计算研究

针对低雷诺数微型飞行器的气动布局, 设计出类似雨燕翅膀的一组具有不同前缘钝度的中等后掠($\varLambda =50^{\circ}$)仿生三角翼. 为了定量对比研究三角翼后缘收缩产生的气动效应, 设计了一组具有同等后掠的普通三角翼. 为了深入研究仿生三角翼布局的前缘涡演化特性以及总体气动特性, 采用数值模拟方法详细地探索了低雷诺数($Re=1.58\times 10^{4})$流动条件下前缘涡涡流结构和气动力随迎角的变化规律. 分析结果表明, 前缘钝度和后缘收缩对仿生三角翼前缘涡的涡流强度和涡破裂位置有显著影响. 相对于钝前缘来说, 尖前缘使仿生三角翼上下表面的压力差增大, 涡流强度也更大, 增升作用也更显著. 相对于普通三角翼构型, 仿生三角翼的前缘斜切使其阻力更大, 但后缘的收缩使涡破裂位置固定在此位置, 因此整个上翼面保持低压, 总的升力更大. 由于小迎角时升力增大更明显, 因此仿生三角翼的气动效率在小迎角时明显大于普通三角翼. 这些结论对于揭示鸟类的飞行机理以及未来微型仿生飞行器的气动布局设计具有重要的研究价值.      

Experimental study on interaction of aerodynamics with flexible wings of flapping vehicles in hovering and cruise flight

Flapping wings are promising lift and thrust generators, especially for very low Reynolds numbers. To investigate aeroelastic effects of flexible wings (specifically, wing’s twisting stiffness) on hovering and cruising aerodynamic performance, a flapping-wing system and an experimental setup were designed and built. This system measures the unsteady aerodynamic and inertial forces, power usage, and angular speed of the flapping wing motion for different flapping frequencies and for various wings with different chordwise flexibility. Aerodynamic performance of the vehicle for both no wind (hovering) and cruise condition was investigated. Results show how elastic deformations caused by interaction of inertial and aerodynamic forces with the flexible structure may affect specific power consumption. This information was used here to find a more suitable structural design. The best selected design in our tests performs up to 30% better than others (i.e., less energy consumption for the same lift or thrust generation). This measured aerodynamic information could also be used as a benchmarking data for unsteady flow solvers.     

连拱式大跨悬挑屋盖抗风气动措施研究

本文对连拱式大跨度悬挑屋盖进行了数值风洞试验,分别探讨了在屋盖悬挑前缘增设通风孔、导流板以及同时布设导流板与通风孔这三种气动措施对悬挑屋盖表面风荷载的影响及其作用机理．研究结果表明,同时布设导流板与通风孔的综合气动措施,能显著影响屋盖结构前缘气流的分离,从而减小屋盖的表面风压,并可减弱屋盖的风致振动．在此类屋盖结构设计中,运用综合气动措施可有效降低屋盖整体的升力系数与弯矩系数,对该类屋盖抗风设计较为有利．     

Aerodynamic Coefficients and Deformation Measurements on Flexible Micro Air Vehicle Wings

This paper documents the elastic deformations and corresponding aerodynamic coefficients of flexible wings used for micro air vehicles (MAVs). These low-aspect ratio wings, developed and fabricated at the University of Florida, incorporate an elastic latex membrane skin covering a thin carbon fiber skeleton. The wings were tested in a unique low-speed wind tunnel facility integrating a visual image correlation (VIC) system with a six-component strain gauge sting balance. Model characteristics are presented, along with the appropriate specimen preparation techniques and wind tunnel instrumentation. The static response characteristics, including full-field displacements and plane strain measurements, for three distinct MAV wing designs are presented. The full-field deformation results show how passive wing flexibility preferably affects aerodynamic performance when compared to a rigid model of similar geometry.     

Experimental analysis of passive bio-inspired covert feathers for stall and post-stall performance enhancement

Technologies inspired by the functioning and behavior of biological beings are commonly developed for aircraft flight. Among the bio-inspired approaches that have grown in interest, particularly for unmanned aerial vehicle flight, is based on the behavior of bird’s cover feathers under higher angles of attack. The covert feathers, when activated by separated flows, promote lift increment that helps in certain maneuvers. This work investigates the benefit in the stall and post-stall performance of employing bio-inspired covert feathers devices attached to an airfoil’s upper surface. To fill the gaps in the recent technical literature, experimental analysis of an SD7003 airfoil was executed in a wind tunnel with the application of bio-inspired covert feathers of different shapes and tapes in three chordwise positions. The bio-inspired devices were conceived to resemble the feathers’ lightness and discrete-distribution along with the wing model. Experiments were carried out measuring the aerodynamic forces and moment at Reynolds number around 170,000 for static and dynamic ramp-up and hold pitching motion. It has been confirmed that the use of bio-inspired covert feathers brought benefits to the stall and post-stall behavior of the airfoil. The maximum lift has increased, and the transition from attached to stalled flow around the airfoil tends to be smoother when the devices were used. Four shapes for the bio-inspired devices and three positions in chordwise direction were considered. The best performance among the case was encountered for a jagged bio-inspired device taped at a quarter-chord position. Indeed, the most forward position for all the devices resulted in higher maximum lift and increment to the respective angle of attack. Ramp-up and hold wind tunnel tests also confirmed the best performance of jagged bio-inspired devices nearer the leading edge. The aerodynamic response to the pitching motion showed that the stall and post-stall regime occur much smoother, indicating that the approach presents good potential for dynamic stall or gust response passive control.