Effects of Surface Waves and Marine Soil Parameters on Seabed Stability

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Propagation of elastic waves in water-saturated soils

A brief review of the literatures on the titled subject is given. A set of wave equations, taking the inertial coupling effect between soil skeleton and pore water into account, are established for saturated soils. The preliminary analysis shows that the nature of wave propagation is mainly influenced by permeability coefficient,k. There are three types of waves, two (P-and S-wave) propagating through soil skeleton and one(P-wave) through pore water. For a soil with large value ofk, compression wave velocity through pore water will be greater than that through single-phased water, and ask→∞, the former could be times as great as the latter. For a soil with extremely low permeability, the compression wave velocity could be either less or greater than that through single-phased water, depending on the rigidity of the soil passing through. Some phenomena observed from tests presented in the literature may be reasonably explained by the proposed theory herein, and thus more reliable parameters of soil could be obtained from wave velocity measurements. Further studies on this subject are still needed. This paper is a part of the dissertation of the first author for the Ph.D. degree, the second author is his advisor.     

深圳地区部分岩土类型剪切波速与深度的关系分析

本文对深圳市部分岩土类型的剪切波速与埋深的关系进行了相关分析。在分析中, 考虑了岩土成因、岩土类型、物理状态和场地所处的地貌类型对剪切波速的影响, 取得了对岩土工程有指导意义的重要结果。     

探地雷达测定地基土含水量的实验研究

利用室内模型槽,采用探地雷达开展了测定地基土含水量的室内实验研究。通过对探地雷达反射波法测定的介电常数和烘干法测定的含水量之间的曲线拟合,提出了实验用粉土的含水量与介电常数之间的经验公式。与实测含水量的对比分析表明,Topp公式在一定含水量范围内有良好的适用性,而本文提出的经验公式较Topp公式具有更宽的含水量适用范围和更高的预测精度;针对不同类型土建立相应的含水量和介电常数之间的经验公式是必要的,将有助于提高探地雷达测定地基土含水量的精度。     

土中爆炸波与地下结构相互作用计算方法研究综述

土中爆炸波与结构相互作用是地下工程结构抗爆计算的理论基础,理论研究中通常在宏观试验基础上,引入合理的介质动力本构模型分析波动问题。针对工程防护中的计算模型和解析方法,综述了岩土介质中爆炸波与结构相互作用的现状和研究进展,内容包括土的动力本构模型,自由场中爆炸波的传播、爆炸波与箱型、圆柱形和直墙圆拱型等地下结构的相互作用等。重点阐述了常用的非饱和土和饱和土的动力本构模型、考虑松弛效应的土的综合弹塑性模型,一维平面波在不均匀介质和分层介质中的传播及地下结构爆炸荷载计算方面的研究成果,分析了各种模型和计算方法的适用范围和存在问题。     

Modeling ocean wave propagation under sea ice covers

Operational ocean wave models need to work globally, yet current ocean wave models can only treat ice covered regions crudely. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of ice effects on wave propagation and different research methodology used in studying these effects. Based on its proximity to land or sea, sea ice can be classified as: landfast ice zone, shear zone, and the marginal ice zone. All ice covers attenuate wave energy. Only long swells can penetrate deep into an ice cover. Being closest to open water, wave propagation in the marginal ice zone is the most complex to model. The physical appearance of sea ice in the marginal ice zone varies. Grease ice, pancake ice,brash ice, floe aggregates, and continuous ice sheet may be found in this zone at different times and locations. These types of ice are formed under different thermal-mechanical forcing. There are three classic models that describe wave propagation through an idealized ice cover: mass loading,thin elastic plate, and viscous layer models. From physical arguments we may conjecture that mass loading model is suitable for disjoint aggregates of ice floes much smaller than the wavelength, thin elastic plate model is suitable for a continuous ice sheet, and the viscous layer model is suitable for grease ice. For different sea ice types we may need different wave ice interaction models. A recently proposed viscoelastic model is able to synthesize all three classic models into one. Under suitable limiting conditions it converges to the three previous models. The complete theoretical framework for evaluating wave propagation through various ice covers need to be implemented in the operational ocean wave models. In this review, we introduce the sea ice types, previous wave ice interaction models, wave attenuation mechanisms,the methods to calculate wave reflection and transmission between different ice covers, and the effect of ice floe breaking on shaping the sea ice morphology. Laboratory experiments,field measurements and numerical simulations supporting the fundamental research in wave-ice interaction models are discussed. We conclude with some outlook of future research needs in this field.     

成层地基中变模量埋置框架的波动响应研究

基于埋置框架的回传射线矩阵法,研究土体刚度对埋置框架速度波的影响,探讨接收点对成层地基中的有缺陷埋置框架轴向速度波的影响规律,比较有缺陷埋置框架与有缺陷单桩基础的轴向速度波.结果表明:土体刚度对成层地基中的埋置框架横向速度波影响较大,有缺陷埋置框架与有缺陷单桩基础的轴向速度波有较好的一致性.     

非饱和土-隧道系统动力响应计算的波函数法

针对非饱和地基土中埋置隧道的三维动力响应计算问题, 提出了波函数法.采用无限长的Flügge薄壁圆柱壳模拟圆形隧道衬砌,采用流、固、气组成的三相介质模拟非饱和地基土体.分别采用分离变量法以及Helmholtz矢量分解定理求解薄壁圆柱壳的振动控制方程与非饱和土的波动方程.根据隧-土交界面与地表面处的应力、位移以及孔隙流体压力等边界条件,利用平面波与柱面波的转换性质,实现了隧道内作用单位简谐载荷时隧道衬砌与土体系统动力响应的耦合求解.通过与既有单相弹性介质2.5维有限元-边界元法、两相饱和多孔介质2.5维有限元-边界元法以及三相非饱和介质Pip in Pip半解析法的计算结果进行对比, 验证了本文计算方法的可靠性. 最后,基于该方法, 通过算例分析了不同饱和度下非饱和土-隧道系统的动力响应特征.结果表明, 饱和度对土体动位移与超孔隙水压力的幅值响应有较大影响.该方法的非饱和地基土参数退化后,也可用来计算和分析饱和地基土或单相弹性地基土与隧道系统的动力响应.      

关于传递矩阵法分析饱和成层介质响应问题的讨论

水平成层土体的地震响应分析(自由场分析)是地震工程领域地震波散射问题的前提基础,由于饱和多孔方程的复杂性,以往的研究大多集中于干土情形,对于饱和土情形的研究相对较少.而实际工程中,地下水位以下,土体孔隙中充满流体,应考虑饱和多孔介质模型.基于Biot多孔介质模型,考虑饱和土中固液相对运动引起的衰减,采用Thomson--Haskell传递矩阵方法得到了饱和成层土体在地震波入射情形时的稳态反应,经傅里叶反变换,可得到时域暂态反应.通过SV波从基岩入射至上覆饱和土层的数值算例,验证了该方法的有效性.发现和初步阐明了计算中出现的两类违背因果律(即响应先于输入)的现象:(1)当SV波入射角度大于导致基岩中反射P波为非均匀波的临界角时,会使得计算结果违背因果律.因此,当入射角超过临界角时,非均匀波的表示尚需进一步完善;(2)由于P2波的衰减,当与稳态波衰减有关的渗透率、土层厚度、入射波频率等参数导致衰减系数超过计算机表示精度时,会出现结果违背因果律现象,并据此得到了满足因果律的参数范围,该范围可作为实际计算时的一个上界.该工作为采用传递矩阵法分析水平饱和土层自由场响应提供了指导依据,且地下水位以上可采用干土模型,水位以下采用饱和土模型,更符合实际情形.     

地震波倾斜入射下两相饱和土层响应数值模拟

基于Biot两相饱和多孔介质理论建立了频域内饱和土层的刚度矩阵,对从基岩倾斜入射地震波下饱和土层的波动响应进行了数值研究,入射波采取修正的Kanai-Tajimi谱。通过土层地表面处的水平以及竖直放大系数研究了在不同工况条件下土层的波动响应,研究结果表明,土层的波动响应在入射角接近临界入射角时达到峰值;土层的波动响应随着基岩埋深基以及土层阻尼比的增大显著减小;而土层与基岩的波速比对土层的波动响应的影响存在临界波速比,使土层响应达到极值。对于含有夹层的地质环境,研究了波动响应沿深度的分布,通过与均质土层下响应对比,显示非均质夹层能显著减小土层地表处的波动响应,尤其软夹层能较好地阻止入射波向上的传播。     

多维地震波作用下地铁车站及场地的地震反应

研究了不同类型多维地震波作用下地铁车站及软土场地的地震反应特征。以上海软土场地条件下的某双层地铁车站为背景,采用有限元方法建立了描述场地土与地铁车站结构相互作用的二维非线性力学模型,其中利用等效线性化方法模拟了土的非线性。以不同类型基岩的多维(含水平向和竖向）地震波作为输入,运用ANSYS软件数值分析了软土场地中地铁车站结构及场地的地震反应,比较了不同类型地震波作用下地铁车站结构和场地地震反应的差异．算例结果表明：在长周期地震波作用下地铁车站结构的内力响应峰值以及场地地表的加速度响应峰值和位移响应峰值均明显大于普通地震波作用下的相应值;考虑竖向地震动时双层地铁车站底层中柱的柱底轴力较单一水平向地震动作用的情形有明显增大;地铁车站的存在使结构上覆土层加速度响应峰值和位移响应峰值有所降低．     

不均匀土中有限长桩的横向瞬态波动

将Timoshenko梁模型引入到弹性地基粱中,土体对桩的作用用连续分布的弹簧来模拟,基于回传射线矩阵法,研究了桩顶受到横向冲击荷载作用下有限长桩的横向瞬态波动．经参数分析表明：土体刚度比对上软下硬、上硬下软两层地基中的有限长桩剪力波和弯矩波影响很大;从挠曲波曲线中难以辨别有无软硬夹层．     

Constructing an analytical solution for lamb waves using the cosserat continuum approach

The problem of propagation of a Lamb elastic wave in a thin plate is considered using the Cosserat continuum model. The deformed state is characterized by independent displacement and rotation vectors. Solutions of the equations of motion are sought in the form of wave packets specified by a Fourier spectrum of an arbitrary shape for three components of the displacement vector and three components of the rotation vector which depend on time, depth, and the longitudinal coordinate. The initial system of equations is split into two systems, one of which describes a Lamb wave and the second corresponds to a transverse wave whose amplitude depends on depth. Analytical solutions in displacements are obtained for the waves of both types. Unlike the solution for Lamb waves, the solution obtained for the transverse wave has no analogs in classical elasticity theory. The solution for the transverse wave is compared with the solution for the Lamb wave. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 143–150, January–February, 2007. An erratum to this article is available at .     

在埋置框架中应力波传播的影响因素分析

基于埋置框架的回传射线矩阵法,分析桩土刚度比、荷载作用方向等对埋置框架轴力波、剪力波和弯矩波的影响,并与框架结构进行比较。结果表明:荷载作用方向对埋置框架的轴力波和弯矩波影响较大;由于土体的影响,埋置框架与普通框架的瞬态波有很大不同。     

The stability of travelling waves induced by crossed electric and magnetic fields in nematic liquid crystals

A theoretical study is carried out into the stability of travelling wave solutions to an approximate dynamic equation for the problem in which a nematic liquid crystal is subjected to crossed electric and magnetic fields. The authors recently found three types of travelling wave solutions for this problem [2], each characterised by the control parameter which describes the relationship between the magnitudes of the fields and their crossed angle. Two types of stability are ex amined: the first considers perturbations which vanish outside some finite interval in the moving coordinate of the travelling wave, while the second considers quite general perturbations belonging to a weighted space, the weighting function being determined by the particular solution and the control parameter . When the first type of stability occurs, perturbations decay to zero as time increases. In the second type of stability perturbations may eith er decay to zero or induce a small phase shift to the original travelling wave. Both these versions of stability depend crucially on and on the type of travelling wave solution being considered. Received April 15, 1997     

Impact of M1A1 main battle tank disturbance on soil quality, invertebrates, and vegetation characteristics

Military training commonly results in land degradation, but protocols for assessing and predicting long-term environmental impact are lacking. An ability to assess the impact of repeated disturbance and subsequent recovery is needed to balance training requirements against environmental quality. To develop methodology for assessing soil quality, a study evaluating disturbance resulting from tank maneuvers was initiated on Fort Riley Military Installation, Kansas. The objectives were to identify and quantify soil-quality indicators on two soil types exposed to controlled tank traffic. We examined physical, chemical, and biotic indicators after treatments were applied during wet and dry soil conditions. A randomized complete-block design, with three blocks per soil type and three treatments per block, was used. Treatments consisted of disturbance created by a 63-ton M1A1 tank making five passes in a figure-8 pattern during either dry or wet soil conditions. The M1A1 was operated at a speed of approximately 8 km/h. Control plots received no tank traffic. Soil-quality indicators evaluated were soil compaction, soil penetration resistance, rut depth, soil bulk density, soil texture, soil chemical composition, plant biomass, soil microbial diversity, and nematode and earthworm taxa. Soil-quality indicators were sampled within one week after tank disturbance. Preliminary data indicate soil-texture-dependent treatment effects (p  0.05) for bulk density and porosity. Bulk density increased and porosity decreased on trafficked areas, in the silt loam soil, but showed no change in the silty clay loam soil. Disturbance during wet soil conditions raised penetrometer resistance and gravimetric water content more than disturbance during dry soil conditions (p  0.05). A significant difference in disturbance was measured between the outside and inside portion of the same track (p  0.01 and 0.001, respectively). The outside track caused the greatest amount of disturbance, as measured by the height of the disturbed soil ridge above the track bed. Tank disturbance significantly reduced total vegetative biomass (p  0.05) compared with that of un-trafficked areas. Disturbance under wet soil conditions significantly reduced grass biomass (p = 0.040), whereas disturbance under dry soil conditions significantly reduced forb biomass (p = 0.0247) compared to un-trafficked areas. Total earthworm abundance (p = 0.011) was reduced by 82% when disturbance occurred during wet soil conditions regardless of soil type.     

Shocklets in compressible flows

The mechanism of shocklets is studied theoretically and numerically for the stationary fluid, uniform compressible flow, and boundary layer flow. The conditions that trigger shock waves for sound wave, weak discontinuity, and Tollmien-Schlichting （T-S） wave in compressible flows are investigated. The relations between the three types of waves and shocklets are further analyzed and discussed. Different stages of the shocklet formation process are simulated. The results show that the three waves in compressible flows will transfer to shocklets only when the initial disturbance amplitudes are greater than the certain threshold values. In compressible boundary layers, the shocklets evolved from T-S wave exist only in a finite region near the surface instead of the whole wavefront.     

Wave fronts in elastic membranes

This paper deals with nonlinear wave propagation in hyperelastic membranes from the point of view of wave front analysis. Conditions are formulated under which all three wave types which can propagate sweep out the same system of wave fronts on the membrane. Particular emphasis is placed on the situation arising when the membrane material is homogeneous, uni-directional homogeneous, and homogeneous-isotropic. The general form of the growth-decay equation governing the amplitude of acceleration waves is derived and discussed.     

Propagation of electromagnetic wave in the three phases soil media

IntroductionItisofparamountimportancetogetgeotechnicalparameterssuchasmoisture ,compactness,andshearstrengthforgeotechnicalengineeringtransaction .Butthemethodtofetchthesoilsamplesforlaboratorytestcannotavoidbringingthedisturbance ,andmakethetestresultsinconsistenttotheactualstatusofsoil.Inrecentyears,theapplicationofEMwaveinthedetectinghiddentroublesindamsandundergroundfoundationsdevelopedrapidly .Buttherearestillsomefactorsthatrestricttheadvanceofapplication .Firstly ,thesoilconstitutesthr…     

IS SONIC-BOOM-CLOUD RELATED TO SONIC BOOM?

"音爆云"实质是飞机飞过高湿度空气时因局部流场加速使温度降低至露点以下而形成的水汽凝结云团,将其称为凝结云更为恰当。将凝结云按飞行速度和不同特征分成3类：低亚声速不规则凝结云、高亚声速锥形凝结云和超声速凝结云。本文分别讨论了3类凝结云的形成机制、不同特点及其与激波、突破"声障"和"声爆"的关系。第1类与"声爆"无关;第2类伴随局部弱激波、未突破"声障",与"声爆"基本无关;第3类则与超声速激波及其"声爆"有关。