混凝土一维应力层裂实验的全场DIC分析

基于74mm直径分离式Hopkinson杆(SHPB)实验平台进行了混凝土杆的一维应力层裂实验.采用超高速相机(采样频率:2 $\mu$s/frame)结合数字图像相关法(DIC),记录混凝土试件中的动态位移场实时变化情况,探讨了混凝土在拉伸断裂过程中的表面位移场及速度场演化规律.针对实验中出现的多重层裂现象,基于一维应力波传播理论,指出各个位置在发生层裂时,其最大拉应力均由透射压缩波与反射拉伸波叠加而成,各处层裂发生时均处于一维应力状态.并提出了根据层裂位置左右两点速度趋势变化判断层裂发生时刻的判据.该判据可以给出所有层裂的起裂时间,结合DIC分析直接给出了混凝土多重层裂应变.结果显示混凝土的拉伸强度具有明显的应变率效应,在30 s$^{-1}$的应变率下,其拉伸强度的动态增强因子(DIF)可以达到5.与传统的波叠加法和自由面速度回跳法相比,DIC全场分析法不受加载波形限制,可以精确给出每个层裂的位置和起裂时间,从而得到试件在高应变率加载下不同位置处的断裂应变、拉伸强度及相应应变率,提高了测量效率.      

脆性材料中应力波衰减规律与层裂实验设计的数值模拟

对混凝土、岩石类脆性材料的层裂实验进行了有限元模拟,研究了应力波在此类材料中传播的衰减规律,包括两类机制:弹性波因大尺寸试样的几何弥散产生的小幅度线性衰减、与应变率相关的黏塑性波因本构关系导致的指数衰减。在此基础上,提出了包含常数项的指数型应力波峰值拟合公式。建议采用可以忽略应力波衰减影响的细长形试样进行层裂实验。混凝土类脆性材料层裂破坏模拟结果显示,有限元模拟得到的层裂片厚度与一维应力波理论得到的结果非常吻合,验证了按一维应力波理论确定层裂强度的实验方法的有效性。通过对比3种不同入射波形下层裂片的形状和净拉应力波形,发现不对称的入射波形状更有利于实验获得平直的层裂断面和较准确的层裂强度。     

岩石动态巴西圆盘实验中的过载现象

巴西圆盘实验是国际岩石力学与工程学会（ISRM）推荐的测量岩石静态拉伸强度的方法之一,也是该学会推荐的唯一测量岩石动态拉伸强度的方法。但是巴西圆盘实验得到的静态或者动态拉伸强度往往较真实值偏大,其中一个原因是所谓的过载现象,而且其相应的过载效应在动态巴西圆盘测试中尤为明显。为探究岩石材料动态劈裂拉伸强度的过载效应机理及其率相关性,利用SHPB实验装置开展了不同加载率条件下的动态巴西圆盘实验,对岩石材料劈裂拉伸强度的过载特性进行了定量分析;结合颗粒流程序进行了相关实验的数值模拟,得到了圆盘破裂的微观过程。结果表明:（1）动态巴西圆盘实验得到的岩石拉伸强度存在明显的过载现象,圆盘试样拉伸强度的过载比随加载率增加呈对数形式增加;（2）依据动态拉伸强度实验结果对模型参数引入率相关性后,模拟观察到的过载效应更加贴近实验观测。这些结果表明巴西圆盘实验中拉伸强度的过载现象是客观存在的,其机理与试样的圆盘构型以及测试方法有关。结合实验和数值结果,解释了巴西圆盘实验的过载机理,证明了动态巴西圆盘实验修正的必要性并给出了相应的方案,以获取岩石材料的真实动态拉伸强度。     

大理岩动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的SHPB实验研究

提出了获取脆性材料动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的实验步骤及相关记录数据的分析方法。利用直径为100mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆径向冲击巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘试样,测试了大理岩在高应变率加载下的动态力学性能。应力波加载下动态劈裂拉伸圆盘在试样中心产生了约45/s的拉伸应变率。分析了实验的有效性并考虑了试样两个端面应力波波形差异的影响以提高实验结果的精度。结果表明准静态下的公式可适用于动态劈裂拉伸实验;大理岩的动态拉伸强度及弹性模量比静态时有明显的增加。     

Experimental Study of the Dynamic Flexural Strength of Concrete

In this paper, we analyze the increase in the dynamic flexural strength of concrete according to strain rate. A simple beam with center-point loading and a classical electro-mechanical testing machine are used to determine the static flexural strength. The dynamic measurements are conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device in the same three-point bending configuration. The outer faces of the beams are instrumented with strain gauges to record the extreme tensile strains. Moreover, full-field displacement measurements are obtained using digital image correlation (DIC) on images recorded by a very high-speed camera. The strain gauge and DIC measurements are compared and used to determine the onset of failure and to evaluate the rate-related tensile strength. Several tests are performed at strain rates in the range from 1/s to 15/s. As expected, a significant increase in the flexural tensile strength with strain-rate is observed, which is consistent with results from the literature.     

起波钢筋高速动态拉伸力学性能研究

针对提高混凝土梁抗冲击爆炸性能的起波配筋新技术,采用理论分析与动态冲击拉伸试验相结合的方法,揭示了起波钢筋的快速拉伸变形作用机理,分析了拉伸速度、起波矢高等因素对起波钢筋抗拉强度的影响规律,确定了起波钢筋静态弹性极限强度计算方法。提出了起波钢筋等效拉伸应变率新概念,建立了弹性极限强度动力放大系数（dynamic increase factors,DIF）计算模型。研究结果表明,预先弯折起波使得钢筋在受力拉直过程中产生截面弯矩,起波钢筋的力学性能存在明显的应变率效应;起波钢筋弹性抗拉极限强度DIF随起波矢高的增高先增大后减小,存在一个最优起波设计矢高,可以使起波钢筋抗拉强度动态放大系数达到最大。研究成果可为进一步推动起波配筋技术在防护工程中的应用提供依据。     

材料超高温动态拉伸SHTB实验方法的有效性分析

针对高温拉伸分离式Hopkinson杆实验技术,通过数值模拟、实验验证以及几种典型材料的高温动态拉伸性能测试相结合的方法,对此实验技术中存在的几个关键问题进行了深入研究。结果表明:对于平板状钩挂式拉伸试样,通过标距段尺寸优化后,应力分布均匀,流动应力曲线与螺纹拉伸试样一致,且应力上升段后没有剧烈跳动;通过精确气动控制,在加载脉冲到来同时,可实现有效的试样快速同步组装和加载;当试样温度为1 200 ℃时,在冷加载杆与高温试样接触以及应力波加载试样的整个过程中,试样平均温度下降约1.3%,而加载杆端温升低于180 ℃。为了验证此实验技术,对3D打印TC4、镍基单晶高温合金DD6进行了最高温度约1 200 ℃时的高温动态拉伸力学性能实验测试。     

混凝土层裂强度测量的新方法

提出了利用Hopkionson压杆测量混凝土层裂强度的新实验方法:用高聚物材料取代传统的金属材料透射杆,混凝土试件为细长杆,由于高聚物波阻抗比混凝土小,试件中压缩波在试件/吸收杆界面反射后形成拉伸波使试件产生层裂破坏,通过吸收杆上透射波形可以确定混凝土层裂强度。由于波在粘弹性材料中的弥散效应,吸收杆中透射波形会发生变化,但三维有限元分析表明,在利用吸收杆上透射波确定混凝土层裂强度时弥散产生的影响可以忽略。按照一维特征线理论,可以由吸收杆上的应变波形确定出混凝土材料的层裂强度。     

基于ANN-GA协同寻优的动态拉伸试样尺寸优化方法

材料动态拉伸力学性能测试中,动态拉伸试样的几何尺寸对测试结果的准确性与有效性有着较大影响。为对动态拉伸试样的结构进行优化设计,以使其在动态拉伸过程中更好地满足一维应力与变形均匀等基本假设。首先,建立了量化的试样测量准确度指标,即应力平衡达到时间、变形均匀度、非轴向应力相对水平、过渡段相对变形。然后,对试样结构参数进行正交试验设计,通过数值模拟的方法得到了关于试样尺寸与测量准确度指标的正交试验数据库,并对正交试验数据库进行多目标正交试验矩阵分析,得到了试样结构参数对各测量准确度指标影响的主次顺序和规律。最后,以正交试验数据库为训练集,采用人工神经网络（artificial neural network, ANN）协同遗传算法（genetic algorithm, GA）的全局寻优方法对试样的结构尺寸进行优化设计,得到了试样的最优结构尺寸,并对最优尺寸的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,优化后的试样结构在材料动态拉伸力学性能测试精度上的表现明显得以提升。因此,采用ANN-GA协同优化的方法对动态拉伸试样的结构进行优化具有可行性和有效性。     

Modelling of compressive behaviour of concrete-like materials at high strain rate

Uniaxial compression tests are the most common tests for characterizing the strength of concrete-like materials. The dynamic compression strength of concrete-like material is typically obtained by Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests. The increase in material strength under dynamic loading is usually attributed to the strain rate effect and modelled with a dynamic increase factor (DIF). However, it was observed by some researchers that the radial inertial confinement caused apparent increase of dynamic strength of concrete-like specimen in SHPB tests. They attributed the material strength increase to this inertial effect, instead of the strain rate effect. In the present study, numerical analyses are performed to investigate the compressive behaviour of concrete-like material at high strain rates. A homogeneous macroscale model and a heterogeneous mesoscale model are developed in the study. In the macroscale model, the material is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. In the mesoscale model, the test sample is modelled as a three-phase composite consisting of aggregate, mortar matrix and interfacial transaction zone (ITZ) between the aggregate and the mortar matrix. The aggregate is assumed to be circular and the ITZ is modelled as a thin boundary around the aggregate. In the both models, the materials are assumed to be insensitive to the strain rate first. Therefore, the obtained strength enhancement is only due to the inertial confinement. Strain rate sensitive material properties are then used in the two models in the calculations. Numerical simulations of the concrete samples under compression at different strain rates are carried out. The relative contribution of the inertial effect and the strain rate effect on the compressive strength DIF is examined based on the numerical results. The failure process of concrete specimen is also studied.     

Predicting the Dynamic Compressive Strength of Carbonate Rocks from Quasi-Static Properties

In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar testing method was used to quantify the dynamic strength characteristics of rocks with short cylindrical specimens. Seventy dynamic compression tests were conducted on 10 different carbonate rocks with the split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. Experimental procedure for testing dynamic compressive strength and elastic behaviour of rock material at high strain rate loading is presented in the paper. Pulse-shaper technique was adopted to obtain dynamic stress equilibrium at the ends of the sample and to provide nearly a constant strain rate during the dynamic loading. In addition to dynamic tests, the physical properties covering bulk density, effective porosity, P-wave velocity and Schmidt hardness of rocks, and mechanical properties such as quasi-static compressive strength and tensile strength were determined through standard testing methods. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried out to investigate the variation of dynamic compressive strength depending on physical and mechanical properties of rocks and loading rate. A three parameter model was found to be simple and provided the best surface fit to data. It was found that dynamic compressive strength of rocks increases with increase in loading rate and/or increase in rock property values except porosity. Statistical tests of regression results showed that quasi-static compressive strength and Schmidt hardness are most significant rock properties to adequately predict the dynamic compressive strength value among the other properties. However, P-wave velocity, quasi-static tensile strength of rocks could also be used to estimate the dynamic compressive strength value of rocks, as well, except the bulk density and effective porosity.     

Influence of strain rate on mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminum under uniaxial and biaxial states of stress

A technique is presented for determining mechanical properties of materials under dynamic tensile loads. A Dynapak metalworking machine was modified into a test fixture capable of producing the required dynamic loads for uniaxial and certain biaxial tensile tests. Results from uniaxial dynamic tests on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy are presented and compared to “static” data obtained from a universal testing machine. The dependence of tensile strength on strain rate and the augmenting effect of temperature on this dependence can be seen. The results of biaxial tests are described in terms of a modified form of the distortion-energy failure theory.     

Flattened Brazilian Disc Method for Determining the Dynamic Tensile Stress-Strain Curve of Low Strength Brittle Solids

An indirect tensile testing method is proposed to measure the full dynamic tensile stress-strain curve of low strength brittle solids. In this method, the flattened-Brazilian disc (FBD) sample is loaded by modified split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) system. Low amplitude dynamic forces were measured with a pair of piezoelectric force transducers embedded in the incident bar and the transmitted bar. The evolution of tensile stress at the center of the disc sample was determined through finite element analyses using the measured stress in SHPB as inputs. In a traditional Brazilian test, a strain gauge is mounted at the center of the specimen to measure the tensile strain, which is difficult to apply for low strength brittle materials. Thus, two types of non-contact methods, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and the Laser Gap Gauge (LGG), were used to measure the strain. The DIC method was used to monitor the displacement and the strain map of the specimen during the test, from which the strain at the center of the specimen can be obtained. The accuracy of the DIC results was assessed, and the displacement and strain uncertainties of our system were 0.003 mm and 0.003, respectively. LGG was used to monitor the expansion of the disc perpendicular to the loading axis, from which the average tensile strain is deduced. The numerical simulation revealed that the tensile strain at the center of the specimen is proportional to the average tensile strain and that the ratio is not sensitive to the material elastic parameters. The strain measured through LGG was compared with that measured by the DIC method using photos captured with a synchronized high-speed camera. The result of the LGG method was 20 % smaller than that of the DIC process. However, the latter was limited by the number of frames of the high-speed camera. The feasibility of this methodology was demonstrated using a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX).     

大理岩的高应变率动态劈裂实验

首次把平台巴西圆盘试样引入动态劈裂试验。利用直径100mm的分离式Hopkinson杆对大理岩巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘试样进行了动态劈裂实验。结合有限元分析,得到了大理岩的动态劈裂破坏的拉伸强度。分析了巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘的典型破坏方式。结果表明,大理岩的动态拉伸强度随着应变率的提高而增加。利用圆盘中心粘贴的应变片来测大理岩等脆性材料的动态拉伸强度,是一种简便高效的试验方法。和巴西圆盘相比,平台巴西圆盘具有更大的优越性和更好的测量效果。     

Analysis and modelling of the cohesion strength of concrete at high strain-rates

With the exponential increase of computational power, numerical simulations are more and more used to model the response of concrete structures subjected to dynamic loadings such as detonation near a concrete structural element or projectile-impact. Such loadings lead to intense damage modes resulting from high strain-rate tensile loadings in the concrete structure. However, the modelling of the post-peak tensile response of concrete still remains difficult due to the lack of experimental data at high strain-rates. This work aims at improving the modelling of the softening behaviour of concrete based on the following statement: despite the propagation of unstable cracks in the tested specimen cohesion strength exists in the vicinity of triggered cracks and is driving the whole softening behaviour of concrete. This statement is justified in the present work by means of experiments and Monte-Carlo calculations: firstly, concrete samples have been subjected to a dynamic tensile loading by means of spalling experiments. Several specimens have been recovered in a damaged but unbroken state and have been subsequently loaded in quasi-static tensile experiments to characterise the residual strength and damage level in the sample. In addition, Monte-Carlo simulations have been conducted to clarify the possible influence of cohesion strength in the vicinity of cracks. Finally, the DFH (Denoual–Forquin–Hild) anisotropic damage model has been adapted to take into account the cohesion strength in the damaged zone and to describe the softening behaviour of concrete. Numerical simulations of experiments conducted on dry and saturated samples at different levels of loading-rate illustrate the new capability of the model.     

Determination of Yield Surfaces in Accordance With ISO 16842 Using an Optimized Cruciform Test Specimen

Background: For the standard ISO 16842 cruciform test specimen, stresses obtained from the gauge area are far below the ultimate tensile strength due to high stress concentrations at the slit ends which lead to premature failure. Objective: To introduce a new cruciform specimen design which has been optimized with respect to the determination of yield surfaces. Methods: The proposed design differs from the ISO standard by an additional thinning of the gauge area and wider slits in the arms to avoid stress singularities. Compared to other cruciform test piece designs found in the literature, the stress distribution is still homogeneous and there is no need to reduce the size of the gauge area, thanks to the specimen’s well-balanced proportions. Results: Biaxial tensile tests have been conducted with aluminium 5754 alloy samples of different thicknesses. For the standard cruciform test piece, the maximum strain achieved at the gauge area is only 25% of the fracture strain. The optimized cruciform test piece can attain about 66% of the fracture strain before breaking. Conclusions: The optimized specimen design enables the measurement of yield surfaces at higher stress levels. In case of other materials such as elastomers, the slit length has be to adjusted accordingly.

     

薄钢板低周疲劳测试技术研究

汽车钢板材料由于厚度较薄,在低周应变疲劳性能测试中,试样容易发生屈曲,并且受限于试验段的标距,无法使用传统机械式引伸计进行应变的测量,在工程中,其低周疲劳性能的测试是一项技术难点。本文基于数字图像相关技术,提出了一种非接触式的光学引伸计,结合光学显微镜头和防屈曲装置,实现材料表面应变的实时监测。该动态应变测量系统使用普通的CCD相机,采用了优化的计算方法,应变测量的频率可以高达60Hz。该动态应变测试技术可以广泛地应用于各个工程领域的动态变形测量。     

An Experimental Technique for Spalling of Concrete

The spalling strength of concrete is measured by examining the strain wave profiles in a polymer buffer bar behind the slender concrete bar specimen placed between a large diameter (Φ100 mm) Hopkinson bar and the buffer bar. The experimental results indicate that the spalling strength is related to not only the compressive strength of concrete but also the impact velocities (the loading rates). The rate effect of spalling strength mainly results from the different cracking paths in concrete under different impact velocities. However when the input compressive stress to specimen exceeds the threshold required to trigger the compressive damage, the spalling strength decreases due to the evolution and cumulation of compressive damage in concretes. The repeated impact loading experiments indicate that damage plays an important role in the spallation process of concrete. The high speed video of the spalling fracture process shows that multiple spalling fractures may occur in the scab and damage accumulation resulting from stress wave propagation in scab is the main reason for the producing of multiple spallations.     

混凝土动态双轴拉压破坏准则细观数值模拟研究

正常服役期内的混凝土结构往往处于复杂应力状态,并且不可避免地会受到偶发动力载荷作用.对于复杂载荷作用下的混凝土力学性能研究,破坏准则是基础.受试验设备等条件限制,现有的动态双轴拉压破坏准则形式复杂、缺乏更高应变率和侧应力比范围且尚未综合考虑应变率和侧应力比的耦合作用.为进一步提出适用范围更高且更准确的混凝土动态双轴拉压...