Design of patterned multilayer films with eigenstrains by topology optimization

We develop a formal approach to design shaped microstructures from multilayer films with eigenstrains in the layers. The eigenstrains are inelastic strains that vary from layer to layer resulting in elastic misfit between the layers. Examples include thermal expansion mismatch between the layers, piezoelectric strains, and strains in shape memory alloys. In our approach, the eigenstrains are manipulated by spatially patterning the films to generate structures that, although fabricated by a conventional, planar thin film technology, deform into desired three-dimensional shaped surfaces. The material patterns in the individual layers are determined by topology optimization allowing the creation of arbitrarily complex, geometric layouts. In contrast to existing topology optimization methods for patterning plate structures, the goal of the proposed approach is to generate large deformations via eigenstrains, rather than to increase the stiffness of plate via reinforcement patterns. The optimization methodology is demonstrated by the design of two- and three-layer thin film structures. The performance of the optimized designs is verified by experiments showing the importance of accounting for a nonlinear kinematics in order to obtain the desired shape in the deformed configuration. While our approach is demonstrated in the context of the design of three-dimensional microstructures, it can be easily applied to a variety of problems where it is desired to control the complex shape of plate-like structures by spatial actuation—the spatial actuators are represented by eigenstrains.     

钢筋混凝土开孔深梁有限元分析与设计研究Finite element analysis of RC deep beams with openings and researching of the design method

钢筋混凝土深梁受力不同于浅梁,梁腹开孔后受力更趋复杂。现有的设计方法对深梁行为的解释不够完备,设计结果的适用性难以判断,设计规范也没有给出开孔深梁的设计条文。为研究深梁设计方法的有效性,本文采用了非线性有限元分析方法,引入适合混凝土结构非线性分析的断裂塑性模型,并考虑钢筋粘结滑移效应,对一系列开双孔或偏孔钢筋混凝土深梁试验进行仿真分析,所得结果与试验结果吻合良好,能够准确预测深梁在裂缝、破坏形态及承载力等方面的受力特征。研究表明现有的深梁设计方法中,压拉杆模型方法相较内力法和应力图形法更加经济有效。在仿真分析的基础上,提出了一种对开孔深梁具有普遍适用性的非线性设计方法,其设计结果具有高承载力、较好延性、经济的配筋量和充分的材料利用率的优点。     

基于功能度量法的刚性结构可靠性拓扑优化

相对尺寸优化和形状优化，结构拓扑优化可以更大程度上节约材料和改善设计；实际工程中必然存在着各种不确定性因素，从而考虑不确定性的可靠性拓扑优化逐渐成为研究热点。本文考虑载荷和材料参数的不确定性，采用功能度量法进行可靠性评估，基于变密度法开展了刚性结构的可靠性拓扑优化设计。通过四角支撑平面板、L型梁和二维三维悬臂梁算例，分析拓扑构型与体积分数随目标可靠指标、随机变量个数以及变异系数的变化情况，结果表明，可靠性拓扑优化设计能得到既符合最优传力路径又满足可靠性要求的刚性结构。     

Optimum design of band-gap beam structures

The design of band-gap structures receives increasing attention for many applications in mitigation of undesirable vibration and noise emission levels. A band-gap structure usually consists of a periodic distribution of elastic materials or segments, where the propagation of waves is impeded or significantly suppressed for a range of external excitation frequencies. Maximization of the band-gap is therefore an obvious objective for optimum design. This problem is sometimes formulated by optimizing a parameterized design model which assumes multiple periodicity in the design. However, it is shown in the present paper that such an a priori assumption is not necessary since, in general, just the maximization of the gap between two consecutive natural frequencies leads to significant design periodicity.The aim of this paper is to maximize frequency gaps by shape optimization of transversely vibrating Bernoulli–Euler beams subjected to free, standing wave vibration or forced, time-harmonic wave propagation, and to study the associated creation of periodicity of the optimized beam designs. The beams are assumed to have variable cross-sectional area, given total volume and length, and to be made of a single, linearly elastic material without damping. Numerical results are presented for different combinations of classical boundary conditions, prescribed orders of the upper and lower natural frequencies of maximized natural frequency gaps, and a given minimum constraint value for the beam cross-sectional area.To study the band-gap for travelling waves, a repeated inner segment of the optimized beams is analyzed using Floquet theory and the waveguide finite element (WFE) method. Finally, the frequency response is computed for the optimized beams when these are subjected to an external time-harmonic loading with different excitation frequencies, in order to investigate the attenuation levels in prescribed frequency band-gaps. The results demonstrate that there is almost perfect correlation between the band-gap size/location of the emerging band structure and the size/location of the corresponding natural frequency gap in the finite structure.     

基于拓展多尺度有限元的点阵材料结构最小柔顺性设计

本文应用拓展的多尺度有限元法（Extended Multiscale Finite Element Method),以微观构件的截面积为设计变量,研究了体积约束下点阵材料构成结构的最小柔顺性设计问题。建立了适应具有复杂几何形状和载荷边界的点阵材料结构的优化模型,应用序列二次规划算法对悬臂梁和L形梁算例在线性边界条件和周期性边界条件下进行了优化设计,讨论了点阵材料微结构尺寸效应对优化结果的影响,验证了优化模型和求解算法的可靠性,为点阵材料应用于复杂实际工程结构的优化设计提供了新的技术手段。     

基于移动可变形孔洞方法的超弹性结构拓扑优化

现有隐式拓扑优化方法在进行超弹性结构拓扑优化设计时，具有设计变量多、中间设计有限元分析存在严重的收敛性和设计结果无法直接导入CAD/CAE系统等问题。为解决这些问题，提出了一种基于移动可变形孔洞的显式拓扑优化方法来进行承受大变形的超弹性结构设计，材料本构采用常用的Mooney-Rivlin模型。首先，介绍了移动可变形孔洞方法的基本思想和可变形孔洞的显式描述方法；其次，构造了基于移动可变形孔洞方法的超弹性结构拓扑优化的数学列式，给出了相应的灵敏度结果；最后，通过数值算例验证了本方法的有效性。数值结果表明，该方法可以通过较少的设计变量和非常稳健的优化过程，给出边界由B样条曲线描述且可与CAD/CAE软件无缝连接的超弹性结构设计。     

Wave propagation analysis in anisotropic and inhomogeneous uncracked and cracked structures using pseudospectral finite element method

The work deals with the development of an effective numerical tool in the form of pseudospectral method for wave propagation analysis in anisotropic and inhomogeneous structures. Chebyshev polynomials are used as basis functions and Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto points are used as grid points. The formulation is implemented in the same way as conventional finite element method. The element is tested successfully on a variety of problems involving isotropic, orthotropic and functionally graded material (FGM) structures. The formulation is validated by performing static, free vibration and wave propagation analysis. The accuracy of the element in predicting stresses is compared with conventional finite elements. Free vibration analysis is carried out on composite and FGM beams and the computational resources saved in each case are presented. Wave propagation analysis is carried out using the element on anisotropic and inhomogeneous beams and layer structures. Wave propagation in thin double bounded media over long propagating distances is studied. Finally, a study on scattering of waves due to embedded horizontal and vertical cracks is carried out, where the effectiveness of modulated pulse in detecting small cracks in composites and FGMs has been demonstrated.     

基于拓扑优化的车辆底部防护组件改进设计

为提升车辆底部防护组件的抗爆性能,降低车身底板变形对车内乘员的威胁,基于混合自动元胞机法对防护组件中的加强梁进行拓扑优化设计,得到了加强梁的最佳材料分布形式,随后根据拓扑优化结果进行了工程诠释和重新设计。为了进一步提升防护组件的抗爆性能,采用多目标优化的方法对加强梁进行优化设计,以基板的挠度峰值、基板的最大动能和防护组件质量为优化目标,防护组件的质量为约束条件,以及梁的厚度、截面尺寸为设计变量,得出加强梁各参数组合的最优方案。结果表明,相比于初始设计,该方案在不增加结构质量的情况下,防护组件的抗爆性能得到显著提升,改进后基板的挠度峰值降低了5%,基板的最大动能降低了11.58%。     

Design optimization for manufacturability of axisymmetric continuum structures using metamorphic development

In this study, optimal shapes/profiles of axisymmetric continuum structures optimized for performance and manufacturability are sought, using a topology/shape optimization method called metamorphic development (MD). The optimization seeks to find an optimum cross-sectional profile and minimum weight design, subjected to von-Mises stress constraints under coupled thermal and pressure loadings. Both quadrilateral and triangular finite elements (FE) were used to ‘metamorphically’ develop the structure. Two different design optimization approaches were taken, by defining a set of finite ‘restricted’ and ‘unrestricted’ design domains. Manufacturability of the optimized structures was considered. Prior to manufacturing, a post-optimization process was performed. A comparison was then performed for both sets of optimized solutions to demonstrate whether the ‘restricted’ design domain solution gave greater or lesser performance characteristics compared to the ‘unrestricted’ design domain solution which could only be manufactured by additive manufacturing technologies (AMT). The results of the optimization demonstrated the success of the MD method in generating practical design solutions which meet both performance requirements and manufacturing considerations.     

基于拓扑优化和深度学习的新型结构生成方法

计算机辅助设计已广泛应用于结构计算和分析,但如何利用计算机智能生成最佳的新型结构还面临巨大挑战。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于拓扑优化和深度学习的新型结构智能生成方法。该方法首先通过结构拓扑优化分析获得不同参数下的优化结果制作训练集图片,并将训练集标签定义为相应的工况类型,然后应用最小二乘生成对抗网络(LSGAN)深度学习算法进行训练并生成大量的新型结构,最后建立评价指标和评估体系对生成的模型进行评价比较,根据需求选择最佳结构设计方案。结合一个铸钢支座节点底板设计的工程案例,详细阐述了上述方法的应用过程,并借助三维重构技术和增材制造技术实现结构模型的一体化制造。研究结果表明,基于拓扑优化和深度学习的新型结构智能生成方法不仅可以自动生成新的结构,而且可以进一步优化结构的材料用量和力学性能。     

Thermodynamic optimization of finned crossflow heat exchangers for aircraft environmental control systems

This paper shows that the main geometric features of a flow component can be deduced from the thermodynamic optimization of the global performance of the largest flow system that incorporates the component. This approach represents a departure from the usual approach, where a flow component is optimized in isolation. The example chosen is the counterflow heat exchanger of the environmental control system (ECS) used on modern aircraft. The heat exchanger is fitted with a diffuser and a nozzle for the ram air, and the ECS runs on the boot strap air cycle, employing an additional compressor and turbine. Two heat transfer surface types are considered, finned and smooth parallel plates. Numerical results are reported for the external geometric aspect ratios of the heat exchanger, and for the plate-to-plate spacing of the smooth-plates model. It is shown that the optimized geometry for the core with finned surfaces is nearly the same as the optimized geometry for the core with smooth plates. Several of the optimized geometric features are robust with respect to changes in external parameters that vary from one application to the next. The method illustrated in this paper – the thermodynamic (constructal) optimization of flow geometry – is applicable to any system that runs on the basis of a limited amount of fuel (exergy) installed onboard, e.g., automobiles, ships, portable tools.     

连续体拓扑优化的浮动参考应变能密度法

采用浮动区间法分析连续体结构拓扑优化问题. 该方法的要点是：将结构的 拓扑优化过程看作骨骼生长过程,而生长过程由浮动应变能密度区间控制,即一点处材料的 增减由该点处材料的应变能密度与参考区间比较确定. 参考区间的更新由优化问题的主动约 束给出. 通过两个数值算例验证了该方法的可行性.     

考虑可制造性约束的声子晶体多目标拓扑优化

对声子晶体进行拓扑优化可得到具有目标带隙特性的声子晶体结构, 在减振、隔声等领域具有潜在应用价值. 然而, 优化结果常会出现孤立材料单元而导致的制造困难问题. 针对该问题, 本文提出协同考虑带隙性能和可制造性约束的二维多相声子晶体多目标拓扑优化方法. 以在特定频率段带隙最宽和结构质量最小为优化目标, 在对微结构进行连通性分析的基础上, 引入考虑可制造性因素的附加约束, 并利用有限元法和具有精英选择策略的非支配排序遗传算法对该优化模型进行数值求解. 通过数值算例验证了本文模型及方法的合理性和有效性. 结果表明, 附加可制造性约束的拓扑优化模型可有效避免二维声子晶体构型中出现孤立材料单元的情况, 优化结果在满足带隙性能预期指标的同时也可兼顾到实际可制造性要求. 与仅仅考虑带隙性能的单目标优化结果相比, 本文提出的同时兼顾带隙性能和可制造因素的多目标优化模型可以针对实际应用和制造条件, 实现不同目标间的平衡, 具有显著优势和良好的应用前景.      

基于功能度量法的桁架结构非概率可靠性拓扑优化方法研究

在结构优化中,拓扑优化相比于尺寸优化和形状优化,设计空间更加广泛,因而能够取得更大的效益.近年来,结构拓扑优化逐渐成为人们研究的热点和难点.随着科学技术的发展,工程结构越来越复杂,材料本身和外部环境的不确定性影响加剧,因此在拓扑优化中需要考虑不确定性的影响.本文研究了桁架结构的非概率可靠性拓扑优化问题,用区间模型来量化不确定性,并利用参数顶点组合法来完成不确定性的传播分析,利用基于面积比的非概率可靠性指标构建可靠性拓扑优化模型,提出了功能度量法对原可靠性约束进行等价转化,从而克服了收敛性问题.采用移动渐近方法(MMA)对优化问题进行了求解.数值算例表明,本文提出的功能度量法能够很好地适用于桁架结构的非概率可靠性拓扑优化问题.     

Non-probabilistic reliability method and reliability-based optimal LQR design for vibration control of structures with uncertain-but-bounded parameters

Uncertainty is inherent and unavoidable in almost all engineering systems. It is of essential significance to deal with uncertainties by means of reliability approach and to achieve a reasonable balance between reliability against uncertainties and system performance in the control design of uncertain systems. Nevertheless, reliability methods which can be used directly for analysis and synthesis of active control of structures in the presence of uncertainties remain to be developed, especially in non-probabilistic uncertainty situations. In the present paper, the issue of vibration con- trol of uncertain structures using linear quadratic regulator （LQR） approach is studied from the viewpoint of reliabil- ity. An efficient non-probabilistic robust reliability method for LQR-based static output feedback robust control of un- certain structures is presented by treating bounded uncertain parameters as interval variables. The optimal vibration con- troller design for uncertain structures is carried out by solv- ing a robust reliability-based optimization problem with the objective to minimize the quadratic performance index. The controller obtained may possess optimum performance un- der the condition that the controlled structure is robustly re- liable with respect to admissible uncertainties. The proposed method provides an essential basis for achieving a balance between robustness and performance in controller design ot uncertain structures. The presented formulations are in the framework of linear matrix inequality and can be carried out conveniently. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the present method.     

考虑结构自重的基于NURBS插值的3D拓扑描述函数法

在许多如大坝、桥梁等大型土木工程结构中,结构的自重是初始设计阶段必须考虑的重要载荷之一,因此研究自重载荷作用下的结构拓扑优化设计问题具有十分重要的意义.针对考虑自重载荷作用的拓扑优化问题所面临的主要困难,总结了现有处理考虑自重载荷的拓扑优化问题的三类主要方法;提出一种基于非均匀有理B样条(non-uniform rational B-splines,NURBS)基函数插值的拓扑描述函数方法,基于此方法研究了考虑设计依赖自重载荷作用的2D/3D结构优化设计问题.在列式下,高阶NURBS基函数被同时用于三维NURBS实体片中的几何场、位移场及设计变量场插值,实现了几何模型、分析模型和优化模型的有效统一,确保了位移场及设计变量场的高阶连续性;详细推导了基于NURBS基函数插值的考虑自重载荷作用的三维结构拓扑优化模型及其灵敏度列式,并采用移动渐进线方法(method of moving asymptotes,MMA)进行了优化求解;多个算例验证了方法的有效性和稳定性,结果表明,优化迭代过程稳健,收敛快,能够有效地克服自重载荷作用下连续体结构拓扑优化中经常遇到的低密度区域材料的寄生效应及目标函数的非单调性等问题.     

航空发动机叶片抗冲击动力学拓扑优化研究

本文运用了结合混合元胞自动机(Hybrid Cellular Automaton, HCA)方法和基于LS-DYNA显式有限元算法的动力学拓扑优化方法来解决非线性动力学拓扑优化问题,并形成了该方法迭代过程的数学模型．运用该方法,对某航空发动机叶片进行了动力学拓扑优化设计,给出了优化后结构的材料分布,并与优化前结构进行了对比分析．结果表明,优化后结构相比于优化前在材料分布上更加合理,在减少质量的同时降低了结构在冲击过程中的最大应力,实现了航空发动机的抗冲击优化,为航空发动机动态优化设计提供了有效分析方法．     

Topology optimization of a plate coupled with acoustic cavity

Optimization of the topology of a plate coupled with an acoustic cavity is presented in an attempt to minimize the fluid–structure interactions at different structural frequencies. A mathematical model is developed to simulate such fluid–structure interactions based on the theory of finite elements. The model is integrated with a topology optimization approach which utilizes the moving asymptotes method. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in simultaneously attenuating the structural vibration and the sound pressure inside the acoustic domain at several structural frequencies by proper redistribution of the plate material.Experimental verification is carried out by manufacturing topology optimized plates and monitoring their vibration and sound radiation into a rigid acoustic cavity. The measured sound pressure and plate vibration are found to be in good agreement with the predictions of the mathematical model.The presented theoretical and experimental techniques present valuable tools in the design of a wide variety of critical structures which must operate quietly when subjected to fluid loading.     

On the determination of material parameters for internal variable thermoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive models

The work presented in this paper deals with the determination of material parameters used in internal variable constitutive models. In order to determine the best suited material parameter set, in the less computationally expensive way, two optimization approaches are used: (i) a gradient-based method and (ii) a continuous evolutionary algorithm (EA) method. The first approach uses a combination of the steepest descent gradient and the Levenberg–Marquardt techniques. The performance of this method is known to be highly dependent on the starting set of parameters and its results are often inconsistent. The EA-based technique provides a better way to determine an optimized set of parameters (the overall minimum). Thus, the difficulty of choosing a starting set of parameters for this process is minor. The main application in this work is a 16 parameter thermoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive model. Experimental data was obtained from tensile and shear tests at different temperatures and used to compare with numerical results and to determine the correct set of material parameters. Numerical constraints were introduced to enforce physical requirements on the material parameters. Both methods are used to determine the 12 material parameters needed for an AA1050-O aluminium alloy. Although the EA-based method achieved a slightly better result, it proved to be computationally more expensive than the gradient-based method.     

Debonding analysis of FRP–concrete interface between two balanced adjacent flexural cracks in plated beams

A cohesive interface modeling approach to debonding analysis of adhesively bonded interface between two balanced adjacent flexural cracks in conventional material (e.g., concrete or wood) beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP plates is presented. Both the strengthened beam and strengthening FRP are modeled as two linearly elastic Euler–Bernoulli beams bonded together through a thin adhesive layer. A bi-linear cohesive model, which is commonly used in the literature, is adopted to characterize the stress-deformation relationship of the FRP–concrete interface. Completely different from the single-lap or double-shear pull models in which only the axial pull force is considered, the present model takes the couple moment and transverse shear forces in both the substrates into account to study the second type of intermediate crack-induced debonding (IC debonding) along the interface. The whole debonding process of the FRP–concrete interface is discussed in detail, and closed-form solutions of bond slip, interface shear stress, and axial force of FRP in different stages are obtained. A rotational spring model is introduced at locations of the two adjacent flexural cracks to model the local flexibility of the cracked concrete beam, with which the relationship between the local bond slip and externally applied load is established and the real bond failure process of the FRP-plated concrete beam with the increasing of the externally applied load is revealed. Parametric studies are further conducted to investigate the effect of the thickness of adhesive layer on the bond behavior of FRP–concrete interface. The present closed-form solution and analysis on the local bond slip versus applied load relationship for the second type of IC debonding along the interface shed light on the bond failure process of structures externally strengthened with FRP composite plates and can be used effectively and efficiently to predict ductility and ultimate load of FRP-strengthened structures.