航天器质量特性在线辨识方法及地面验证

针对航天器质量特性在线辨识问题，建立了适用于航天器转动惯量辨识的数学模型，分析了其 可辨识性和数据采样时间的影响机理。基于渐消记忆递推最小二乘辨识理论，提出了一种改进递推最 小二乘法的在线辨识方法，较传统辨识手段具有工程应用性强、跟踪效率高的优点。为了验证所提出 的在线辨识方法的正确性与可行性，提出了一种基于三轴气浮台的地面全物理仿真试验系统，能够真 实模拟外太空微干扰力矩微干扰力的空间动力学环境。全物理仿真试验表明所提出的算法的辨识精度 优于 96.2%，和理论分析精度（98.4%）相符，从而验证了所提出的航天器质量特性在线辨识方法具有 实用性强、精度高、收敛速度快的优点，对航天器质量特性在线辨识的算法设计和地面验证具有一定 的参考应用价值。     

K-L法在结构模型降阶及辨识中的应用

模型辨识时，常需要对结构进行降阶处理，以减少辨识参数，降低计算难度，通过K-L(Karhunen-Loeve)特征值提取的方法对结构模型进行降阶，并通过最小二乘法辨识出降阶后系统的模态参数，可以大大减少辨识参数，降低计算复杂性；最后对一简支梁进行了数值仿真，得到一个3阶模型，辨识出简支梁的固有频率和模态阻尼比与解析解很接近。     

恒温法测爆热的快速系统辨识方法

为了降低经典恒温法爆热测量中出现系统故障而导致测量失败的风险，提出了基于故障前内桶水温升曲线辨识爆热值的测量方法。首先，分析了测量过程的传热机制，建立了量热计的传热模型，解算得到了各测量阶段的内桶水温升曲线；然后，基于系统辨识理论，提出了中间参数的辨识算法，并基于隔离易振荡参数的思路，给出了修正温升与爆热的快速系统辨识算法，通过误差分析证明了爆热辨识值近似收敛于经典值；最后，应用爆热值分布在4～9 kJ/g的8个炸药样品的实验数据对算法进行了检验，并提出了判断收敛时刻的实验判据。结果表明，辨识算法有效隔离了振荡参数的影响，对内桶水温度变化有较强的预测能力，爆热辨识值能在40 min（主末期1/3）内快速稳定地收敛到3.5%的相对误差上限水平内，实验判据能较准确地判断爆热辨识值收敛时刻。本方法理论上还可拓展至绝热法爆热值计算。     

球形弹丸正撞击碎片云头部形状的辨识

为了辨识碎片云头部形状，提出了对其形状进行边缘提取、利用二次函数进行边缘最优拟合、并根据拟合结果作出判断的方法。给出了二次函数对边缘的最优拟合算法。对来自不同文献的4幅碎片云图像，提取了他们头部的边缘曲线，进行了最优拟合和形状辨识。辨识结果显示，3幅图像的头部形状为抛物线，1幅图像的头部形状为椭圆。辨识结果表明，至少有一部分碎片云的头部形状是旋转抛物面, 而不是椭球面。     

基于最小概率DWO的激光陀螺温度误差模型辨识

鉴于激光陀螺温度误差模型的非线性和时变性，从提高模型辨识质量的需要出发，运用基于最小概率DWO（直接加权优化）的非线性系统辨识方法进行激光陀螺温度误差模型辨识研究，提出了一种精度更高的激光陀螺温度误差模型。该模型以带宽作为唯一需要确定的模型参数，避免了以往温度误差模型研究中的结构与参数辨识等复杂问题，从而在保证模型辨识质量的基础上，也相应提高了模型的适应能力，并通过两种温度误差特性有显著区别的激光陀螺（四频差动激光陀螺和二频机抖激光陀螺）的温度实验数据验证了该模型的正确性和适应性。     

相关辨识原理及其在转台中的应用

－相关辨识法是利用相关函数的某些推导结果，从被测信号中提取某个指定周期信号幅值和相位信息的辨识方法。它类似于电子电路中的跟踪滤波器。在转台装配及使用过程中需要调节（减小）转动休的不平衡量，利用相关辨识原理可以准确地辨识转体不平衡量的大小及方向。这种方法可以应用在自动平衡系统中。     

非线性单自由度振动系统物理参数的两种辨识方法

本文讨论两种辨识非一单自由度振动系统物理参数的方法，基于描述函数概念的特参数法和由系统时域输入输出信息辨识系统参数的直接时域法。将这两种方法应用于几类非线性背地里自由度振动系统物理参数辨识，并进行了计算机仿真及直接时域法的实验。结果证明了这两种方法的有效性，还提出了对等 参数法的一种改进措施，将 成会考虑在内，以提高辨识精度。     

加速度计静态模型辨识的一种新方法

文中提出了一种加速度计静态模型辨识的加权最小二乘估计，并对辨识算法的加权阵提出了一种合理的选择方法；在精密光学分度头上对石英挠性摆式加速度计进行了多位置静态翻滚测试，应用提出的新方法较为精确地辨识出加速度计的静态模型     

线振动条件下平台漂移误差模型参数辨识仿真研究

对在振动条件下应用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法辨识平台漂移误差模型参数的问题进行了研究。设计了多位置测漂方案，对理想、非理想线振动条件下的参数辨识问题进行了仿真。所提出的方案能够在线振动激励幅值受限的情况下，辨识出各模型参数。     

神经网络在陀螺漂移误差模型辨识中的应用

神经网络具有很强的自学习、自适应能力及非线性变换特性，为模型的辨识提供了一条十分有效的途径。本文基于反向传播（Back-Propagation）网络的研究，将神经网络应用于陀螺漂移误差模型辨识，通过陀螺的实际测试数据对神经网络的加权进行训练，得到了较为满意的结果。     

乳化炸药密度对其压力减敏的影响

在相同的乳胶基质内分别添加2%、3%、4%、5%的空心玻璃微球，2%、3%、4%、5%的膨胀珍珠岩和0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%的化学发泡剂制备了3组乳化炸药。测试了各组乳化炸药未受压时和受冲击波动态压缩作用之后的水下爆炸冲击波，以波峰值计算他们的压力减敏度。比较了各组乳化炸药的压力减敏度大小，分析了密度对乳化炸药压力减敏的影响。结果表明:密度较大的乳化炸药压力减敏度较小，膨胀珍珠岩或化学发泡剂的添加量越大，乳化炸药越容易产生压力减敏作用；空心玻璃微球的添加量由2%增加到4%，乳化炸药的压力减敏度增加，但当空心玻璃微球的添加量由4%增加到5%后，乳化炸药的压力减敏度反而减小。密度对乳化炸药压力减敏影响的主要原因在于密度调整剂周围的乳胶基质破乳。     

Regional source contributions to fine particulate matter of less studied cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in 2017

Located in the central area of the North China Plain, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region experiences severe air pollution, especially for Hebei province with five cities among the top 10 cities with the worst air quality nationwide. However, less studies have investigated local and regional contributions to cities in Hebei in comparison to Beijing and Tianjin. In this study, a source-oriented version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is used to quantify inter- and intra-province transport of PM_2.5 in 11 cities within Hebei in 2017. PM_2.5 and its components vary seasonally with high levels in winter and low levels in summer. Local contributions to total PM_2.5 within cities are 23%–61%, while intra-province transport contributes 10%–30%, and inter-province transport contributes 23%–46%, with top contributors of Shandong (4%–22%), Henan (3%–15%) and Shanxi (2%–11%). The primary components in most cities are mainly from local sources (30%–80%), and the secondary components are mainly from inter-province contributions (30%–66%). Local sources have the highest contributions to total PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang (∼49%), followed by Shanxi (∼12%) and Xingtai (∼7%). Secondary components from local and intra-province emissions are the major cause of heavy pollution events. These results suggest that both local and regional joint control measures with neighboring cities and provinces are necessary for pollution reduction in Hebei cities.     

爆炸压实/扩散烧结法制备钨铜梯度材料

采用爆炸压实/扩散烧结方法成功制备出高致密度的钨铜梯度材料。首先，使用机械合金化法分别制备50% W-50% Cu，75% W-25% Cu的钨铜合金粉末，并将两种合金粉末依次铺在铜板表面进行预压、通氢烧结，然后进行爆炸压实，最后对爆炸压实后的试件进行扩散烧结，得到高致密度且层间结合紧密的钨铜梯度材料。对样品分析表明，铜在钨铜颗粒间的交界面处富集，其中50% W-50% Cu层中的钨颗粒未发生长大，75% W-25% Cu层中钨与铜出现了在局部区域富集的情况，钨铜层中钨铜的含量与起始加入的钨铜粉末配比保持一致。对各钨铜层进行孔隙度检测可见，50% W-50% Cu层的孔隙度为0.04%，75% W-25% Cu层的孔隙度为0.11%。钨铜层的硬度也呈现出梯度变化，维氏硬度值在125~341之间，远大于铜基体的50。     

材料表面润湿性调控及减阻性能研究

设计合成不同结构的自组装分子,使其可以在不改变表面粗糙度的情况下改变表面的润湿性能;利用低表面能涂层修饰粗糙表面得到超疏水表面.采用流变仪和水洞试验分别在层流和湍流流动状态下测试了具有不同润湿行为的亲、疏水材料的减阻性能.结果表明:在层流流动状态,随着不同表面的接触角从13°增加到45°、113°和161°,减阻率随之从1.8%增大到7.2%、7.9%和14.9%;在湍流流动状态下,自组装涂层接触角为13°、45°和113°的三组模型的平均减阻率为0.8%、1.9%和6.8%,最大减阻率分别可达3.6%、9.2%和18.0%.两种流体流动中均存在材料表面水接触角增加减阻效率增大的行为.     

Modification of a mouldboard plough surface using arrays of polyethylene protuberances

Surface design modifications have recently exhibited a means of reducing soil-tool adhesion. The tribological characteristics of soil-burrowing animals were employed on tillage machinery to study the effect on adhesion. Considering the characteristics of dung beetles, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) protuberances were mounted as embossed arrays on a mouldboard plough. To investigate a suitable geometry of such protuberances, five shapes were studied (flat, semi-spherical, semi-oblate, semi short-prolate and semi long-prolate) using a combination of base diameters and protrusion heights. The dimensionless height to diameter ratio (HDR) was used to characterize the geometry. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the resultant influence of various geometrical shapes and sizes of the protuberances (base diameter: 20–50 mm; protrusion height: 0–50 mm) on lowering the ploughing resistance of the mouldboard plough in Bangkok clay soil. A comparison was made between the modified and the conventional plough in dry (21.8% (d.b.)), sticky (37.2% (d.b.)), wet (49.1% (d.b.)) and flooded (64.3% (d.b.)) Bangkok clay soil at 1, 3 and 5 km/h forward speeds. Percent reduction in ploughing resistance of bionic mouldboard plough in these soil conditions with HDR = 0 was 1–6% in dry soil, 16–22% in sticky soil, 14–20% in wet soil and 8–12% in flooded soil. With HDR = 0.25 the ploughing resistance was reduced by 2–7% in dry soil, 18–36% in sticky soil, 17–33% in wet soil and 15–28% in flooded soil. Similarly with HDR = 0.5, it reduced by 10–16% in sticky soil, 6–17% in wet soil and 12–26% in flooded soil. Whereas, HDR > 0.5 increased the ploughing resistance by 7–29%.     

Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of CuO/water nanofluid under turbulent flow in a helically dimpled tube

An experimental investigation on the convective heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in the plain and helically dimpled tube under turbulent flow with constant heat flux is presented in this work using CuO/water nanofluid as working fluid. The effects of the dimples and nanofluid on the Nusselt number and the friction factor are determined in a circular tube with a fully developed turbulent flow for the Reynolds number in the range between 2500 and 6000. The height of the dimple/protrusion was 0.6 mm. The effect of the inclusion of nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and pressure loss in the turbulent flow region were investigated. The experiments were performed using helically dimpled tube with CuO/water nanofluid having 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% volume concentrations of nanoparticles as working fluid. The experimental results reveal that the use of nanofluids in a helically dimpled tube increases the heat transfer rate with negligible increase in friction factor compared to plain tube. The experimental results showed that the Nusselt number with dimpled tube and nanofluids under turbulent flow is about 19%, 27% and 39% (for 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% volume concentrations respectively) higher than the Nusselt number obtained with plain tube and water. The experimental results of isothermal pressure drop for turbulent flow showed that the dimpled tube friction factors were about 2-10% higher than the plain tube. The empirical correlations developed for Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of Reynolds number, pitch ratio and volume concentration fits with the experimental data within ±15%.     

铝土矿矿泥固化技术的试验研究

铝土矿选洗过程中排尾形成的高含水量矿泥,传统上采用建库堆存,泌干固结时间长,污染环境。试验研究结果表明,选用由72%水泥、20%石膏、5%石灰、3%硫酸钠组成的复合固化剂,或由72%石灰、20%石膏、5%粉煤灰、3%硫酸钠组成的复合固化剂,按固化剂与矿泥质量比1:10掺加,对矿泥进行固化处理,其固化体强度高、耐久性好,且成本低廉,具有广泛的工程应用价值。     

基于圆筒实验的RDX/Al炸药反应进程

对RDX炸药和2种铝粉质量分数分别为15%、30%的RDX基含铝炸药进行?50mm圆筒实验,研究铝粉含量对炸药做功能力的影响,根据格尼公式分析铝粉与爆轰产物的反应进程。结果表明:在圆筒实验记录的时间范围内,铝粉质量分数为15%的含铝炸药做功能力最强,RDX炸药次之,铝粉质量分数为30%炸药做功能力最弱;34μs时刻,铝粉质量分数为15%的炸药,铝粉的反应度为0.49,而铝粉质量分数为30%炸药铝粉的反应度仅为0.21,含铝炸药中铝粉的反应时间在50~200μs之间。     

Laser velocimetry measurements in a laboratory vaned diffuser

Laser velocimetry measurements were made within a laboratory radial vaned diffuser with three different blade configurations. Measurements were made through passages with four, six and eight blades installed at off design conditions. Also, in the eight blade diffuser measurements were made between the blade passage exit and diffuser exit so that the complete secondary flow could be defined. The flow was found to separate from the blades and form large separation zones. The separation zones consisted primarily of two vortices rotating in opposite directions. At the passage exit the separation region encompassed 23% of the circumferential area for the four blade diffuser, 45% for the six blade and 40% in the eight blade diffuser. Separation occurred at 23%, 27% and 50% from the leading edge of the blades for the 4, 6 and 8 bladed diffusers, indicating that more blades better controlled the separation. Turbulence intensities ranged from approximately 5% to 15% in the primary flow and reached a few hundred percent in the secondary flow within the separation regions.     

Convective heat transfer of nanofluids with correlations

To investigate the convective heat transfer of nanofluids, experiments were performed using silver–water nanofluids under laminar, transition and turbulent flow regimes in a horizontal 4.3 mm inner-diameter tube-in-tube counter-current heat transfer test section. The volume concentration of the nanoparticles varied from 0.3% to 0.9% in steps of 0.3%, and the effects of thermo-physical properties, inlet temperature, volume concentration, and mass flow rate on heat transfer coefficient were investigated. Experiments showed that the suspended nanoparticles remarkably increased the convective heat transfer coefficient, by as much as 28.7% and 69.3% for 0.3% and 0.9% of silver content, respectively. Based on the experimental results a correlation was developed to predict the Nusselt number of the silver–water nanofluid, with ±10% agreement between experiments and prediction.