New Derived from Anosov Diffeomorphisms with Pathological Center Foliation

In this paper we focused our study on derived from Anosov diffeomorphisms (DA diffeomorphisms ) of the torus \(\mathbb {T}^3,\) it is, an absolute partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism on \(\mathbb {T}^3\) homotopic to a linear Anosov automorphism of the \(\mathbb {T}^3.\) We can prove that if \(f: \mathbb {T}^3 \rightarrow \mathbb {T}^3 \) is a volume preserving DA diffeomorphism homotopic to a linear Anosov A,  such that the center Lyapunov exponent satisfies \(\lambda ^c_f(x) > \lambda ^c_A > 0,\) with x belongs to a positive volume set, then the center foliation of f is non absolutely continuous. We construct a new open class U of non Anosov and volume preserving DA diffeomorphisms, satisfying the property \(\lambda ^c_f(x) > \lambda ^c_A > 0\) for \(m-\)almost everywhere \(x \in \mathbb {T}^3.\) Particularly for every \(f \in U,\) the center foliation of f is non absolutely continuous.     

A Note on the Convergence of Singularly Perturbed Second Order Potential-Type Equations

In this paper we study the limit as \(\varepsilon \rightarrow 0\) of the singularly perturbed second order equation \(\varepsilon ^2 \ddot{u}_\varepsilon + \nabla _{\!x} V(t,u_\varepsilon (t))=0\), where V(t, x) is a potential. We assume that \(u_0(t)\) is one of its equilibrium points such that \(\nabla _{\!x}V(t,u_0(t))=0\) and \(\nabla _{\!x}^2V(t,u_0(t))>0\). We find that, under suitable initial data, the solutions \(u_\varepsilon \) converge uniformly to \(u_0\), by imposing mild hypotheses on V. A counterexample shows that they cannot be weakened.     

Boundedness for Some Doubly Nonlinear Parabolic Equations in Measure Spaces

In the context of measure spaces equipped with a doubling non-trivial Borel measure supporting a Poincaré inequality, we derive local and global sup bounds of the nonnegative weak subsolutions of

$$\begin{aligned} (u^{q})_t-\nabla \cdot {(|\nabla u|^{p-2}\nabla u)}=0, \quad \mathrm {in} \ U_\tau = U \times (\tau _1, \tau _2] , \quad p>1,\quad q>1 \end{aligned}$$

and of its associated Dirichlet problem, respectively. For particular ranges of the exponents p and q, we show that any locally nonnegative weak subsolution, taken in \(Q (\subset \bar{Q}\subset U_\tau )\), is controlled from above by the \(L^\alpha (\bar{Q}) \)-norm, for \(\alpha = \max \{p, q+1\}\). As for the global setting, under suitable assumptions on the boundary datum g and on the initial datum, we obtain sup bounds for u, in \(U \times \{ t\}\), which depend on the \(\sup g\) and on the \(L^{q+1}(U \times (\tau _1, \tau _1+t])\)-norm of \((u-\sup g)_+\), for all \(t \in (0, \tau _2-\tau _1]\). On the critical ranges of p and q, a priori local and global \(L^\infty \) estimates require extra qualitative information on u.

     

Complex Dynamics in a ODE Model Related to Phase Transition

Motivated by some recent studies on the Allen–Cahn phase transition model with a periodic nonautonomous term, we prove the existence of complex dynamics for the second order equation

$$\begin{aligned} -\ddot{x} + \left( 1 + \varepsilon ^{-1} A(t)\right) G'(x) = 0, \end{aligned}$$

where A(t) is a nonnegative T-periodic function and \(\varepsilon > 0\) is sufficiently small. More precisely, we find a full symbolic dynamics made by solutions which oscillate between any two different strict local minima \(x_0\) and \(x_1\) of G(x). Such solutions stay close to \(x_0\) or \(x_1\) in some fixed intervals, according to any prescribed coin tossing sequence. For convenience in the exposition we consider (without loss of generality) the case \(x_0 =0\) and \(x_1 = 1\).

     

On Some Nonlinear Fractional Equations Involving the Bessel Operator

Under different assumptions on the potential functions b and c, we study the fractional equation \(\left( I-\varDelta \right) ^{\alpha } u = \lambda b(x) |u|^{p-2}u+c(x)|u|^{q-2}u\) in \(\mathbb {R}^N\). Our existence results are based on compact embedding properties for weighted spaces.     

Convergence of Radially Symmetric Solutions for (<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">q</Emphasis>)-Laplacian Elliptic Equations with a Damping Term

This study considers the quasilinear elliptic equation with a damping term,

$$\begin{aligned} \text {div}(D(u)\nabla u) + \frac{k(|{\mathbf {x}}|)}{|{\mathbf {x}}|}\,{\mathbf {x}}\cdot (D(u)\nabla u) + \omega ^2\big (|u|^{p-2}u + |u|^{q-2}u\big ) = 0, \end{aligned}$$

where \({\mathbf {x}}\) is an N-dimensional vector in \(\big \{{\mathbf {x}} \in \mathbb {R}^N: |{\mathbf {x}}| \ge \alpha \big \}\) for some \(\alpha > 0\) and \(N \in {\mathbb {N}}\setminus \{1\}\); \(D(u) = |\nabla u|^{p-2} + |\nabla u|^{q-2}\) with \(1 < q \le p\); k is a nonnegative and locally integrable function on \([\alpha ,\infty )\); and \(\omega \) is a positive constant. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for all radially symmetric solutions to converge to zero as \(|{\mathbf {x}}|\rightarrow \infty \). Our necessary and sufficient condition is expressed by an improper integral related to the damping coefficient k. The case that k is a power function is explained in detail.

     

Damköhler-Shelkin Paradox in the Theory of Turbulent Flame Propagation,and a Concept of the Premixed Flame at the Intermediate Asymptotic Stage

We formulated a paradox in the theory of turbulent premixed flame in the flamelet regime: discrepancy between the Damköhler (1940) and Shelkin (1943) estimate of the turbulence flame speed \(U_{t} \sim {u}^{\prime }\) in the case of strong turbulence (\({u}^{\prime }>>S_{L} \)) and numerous experiments that show a strong dependence of U_t on the speed of the instantaneous flame S_L. We name this discrepancy the Damköhler-Shelkin paradox. The first aim of the research is to validate and clarify this estimate, which is based on intuitive considerations, as the paradox must be a statement that seems contradictory to observations but is actually true. We analysed the turbulent flame in the context of the original hyperbolic combustion equation that directly describes the leading edge of the flame, which is a locus of the Zel’dovich “leading points” controlling the speed of the turbulent flame. Analysis of the corresponding characteristic equations results in the expression for speed on the steady-state turbulent flame \(U_{t} ={u}^{\prime }\sqrt {1+(S_{L} /{u}^{\prime })^{2}} \), which is the case when \({u}^{\prime }>>S_{L} \) becomes \(U_{t} \cong {u}^{\prime }\). This result confirms and improves the Damköhler-Shelkin estimate \(U_{t} \sim {u}^{\prime }\). The second aim is to resolve the Damköhler-Shelkin paradox. We explain the discrepancy with observations by the fact that turbulent flames are transient due to insufficient residence time in the real burners to reach statistical equilibrium of wrinkle structures of the random flame surface. We consider the transient flame in the intermediate asymptotic stage when the small-scales wrinkles are in statistical equilibrium, while at the same time the large-scale wrinkles are far from equilibrium. The expressions for the flame speed and width, which we deduce using the dimensional analysis and general properties of the ransom surface, \(U_{t} \sim ({u}^{\prime }S_{L})^{1/2}\) and \(\delta _{t} \sim ({u}^{\prime }Lt)^{1/2}\), show that this transient flame is in fact a turbulent mixing layer travelling with constant speed U_t depending on S_L, the intermediate steady propagation (ISP) flame. Qualitative estimations of the times required for the small-scale and large-scale wrinkles to reach statistical equilibrium show that the turbulent Bunsen- and V-flames correspond to the intermediated asymptotic stage, and the turbulent flames with a complete equilibrium structure of the wrinkled flamelet surface are not attainable under laboratory conditions. We present the results of numerical simulations of the impingent flames, which count in favour of the belief that these flames are also transient.     

Topological Pressure of Generic Points for Amenable Group Actions

Let (X, G) be a G-action topological dynamical system (t.d.s. for short), where G is a countably infinite discrete amenable group. In this paper, we study the topological pressure of the sets of generic points. We show that when the system satisfies the almost specification property, for any G-invariant measure \(\mu \) and any continuous map \(\varphi \),

$$\begin{aligned} P\left( X_{\mu },\varphi ,\{F_n\}\right) = h_{\mu }(X)+\int \varphi d\mu , \end{aligned}$$

where \(\{F_n\}\) is a Følner sequence, \(X_{\mu }\) is the set of generic points of \(\mu \) with respect to (w.r.t. for short) \(\{F_n\}\), \(P(X_{\mu },\varphi ,\{F_n\})\) is the topological pressure of \(X_{\mu }\) for \(\varphi \) w.r.t. \(\{F_n\}\) and \(h_{\mu }(X)\) is the measure-theoretic entropy.

     

Exact solution and invariant for fractional Cattaneo anomalous diffusion of cells in two-dimensional comb framework

This paper presents an investigation on anomalous diffusion of cells in a two-dimensional comb framework with effects of fractional Cattaneo flux. Formulated governing equation is an evolution equation with the coexisting characteristics of parabolic (diffusion) and hyperbolic (wave) for \(\alpha \) in (0, 1). Exact solution is obtained by the special fractional integral transformations, and a novel invariant is established, i.e., \(\left\langle {x^{2}\left( t \right) } \right\rangle \cdot \left\langle P \right\rangle = 0.5\) (the mean square displacement multiplied by the total number of cells along the x-axis = 0.5). Moreover, the characteristics of cells distribution, the total number and the mean square displacement of cells along the x-axis with different involved parameters, especially with the fractional parameter evolution, are shown graphically and analyzed in detail. For the cells distribution versus x, it turns from parabolic and hyperbolic with the decrease in t or the increase in \(\alpha \) or \(\xi \). It is monotonically decreasing for the cells distribution versus \(\alpha \) with different x, t and \(\xi \). For the distribution versus t with different \(\alpha \) and \(\xi \) or versus \(\alpha \) with different t, it is monotonically decreasing for the distribution of total number while monotonically increasing for the distribution of mean square displacement. It is remarkable that the anomalous subdiffusion happens along the x-axis for arbitrary parameters which is different from the classical Cattaneo diffusion.     

Global Attractors of Sixth Order PDEs Describing the Faceting of Growing Surfaces

A spatially two-dimensional sixth order PDE describing the evolution of a growing crystalline surface h(x, y, t) that undergoes faceting is considered with periodic boundary conditions, as well as its reduced one-dimensional version. These equations are expressed in terms of the slopes \(u_1=h_{x}\) and \(u_2=h_y\) to establish the existence of global, connected attractors for both equations. Since unique solutions are guaranteed for initial conditions in \(\dot{H}^2_{per}\), we consider the solution operator \(S(t): \dot{H}^2_{per} \rightarrow \dot{H}^2_{per}\), to gain our results. We prove the necessary continuity, dissipation and compactness properties.     

Stationary Solutions and Connecting Orbits for <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-Laplace Equation

We deal with one dimensional p-Laplace equation of the form

$$\begin{aligned} u_t = (|u_x|^{p-2} u_x )_x + f(x,u), \ x\in (0,l), \ t>0, \end{aligned}$$

under Dirichlet boundary condition, where \(p>2\) and \(f:[0,l]\times {\mathbb {R}}\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}\) is a continuous function with \(f(x,0)=0\). We will prove that if there is at least one eigenvalue of the p-Laplace operator between \(\lim _{u\rightarrow 0} f(x,u)/|u|^{p-2}u\) and \(\lim _{|u|\rightarrow +\infty } f(x,u)/|u|^{p-2}u\), then there exists a nontrivial stationary solution. Moreover we show the existence of a connecting orbit between stationary solutions. The results are based on Conley index and detect stationary states even when those based on fixed point theory do not apply. In order to compute the Conley index for nonlinear semiflows deformation along p is used.

     

FEM solution to natural convection flow of a micropolar nanofluid in the presence of a magnetic field

The two-dimensional, laminar, unsteady natural convection flow in a square enclosure filled with aluminum oxide (\(\hbox {Al}_{2} \hbox {O}_{3}\))–water nanofluid under the influence of a magnetic field, is considered numerically. The nanofluid is considered as Newtonian and incompressible, the nanoparticles and water are assumed to be in thermal equilibrium. The mathematical modelling results in a coupled nonlinear system of partial differential equations. The equations are solved using finite element method (FEM) in space, whereas, the implicit backward difference scheme is used in time direction. The results are obtained for Rayleigh (Ra), Hartmann (Ha) numbers, and nanoparticles volume fractions (\(\phi\)), in the ranges of \(10^3 \le Ra \le 10^7\), \(0\le Ha \le 500\) and \(0 \le \phi \le 0.2\), respectively. The streamlines and microrotation contours are observed to show similar behaviors with altering magnitudes. For low Ra values, when \(Ha=0\), symmetric vortices near the walls and a central vortex in opposite direction are observed in vorticity. As Ra increases, the central vortex splits into two due to the circulation in the effect of the buoyant flow. Boundary layer formation is observed when Ha increases for almost all Rayleigh numbers in both streamlines and vorticity. The isotherms have horizontal profiles for high Ra values owing to convective dominance over conduction. As Ha is increased, the convection effect is reduced, and isotherms tend to have vertical profiles. This study presents the first FEM application for solving highly nonlinear PDEs defining micropolar nanofluid flow especially for large values of Rayleigh and Hartmann numbers.     

Long-time Dynamics of Resonant Weakly Nonlinear CGL Equations

Consider a weakly nonlinear CGL equation on the torus \(\mathbb {T}^d\):

$$\begin{aligned} u_t+i\Delta u=\epsilon [\mu (-1)^{m-1}\Delta ^{m} u+b|u|^{2p}u+ ic|u|^{2q}u]. \end{aligned}$$

(*)

Here \(u=u(t,x)\), \(x\in \mathbb {T}^d\), \(0<\epsilon <<1\), \(\mu \geqslant 0\), \(b,c\in \mathbb {R}\) and \(m,p,q\in \mathbb {N}\). Define \(I(u)=(I_{\mathbf {k}},\mathbf {k}\in \mathbb {Z}^d)\), where \(I_{\mathbf {k}}=v_{\mathbf {k}}\bar{v}_{\mathbf {k}}/2\) and \(v_{\mathbf {k}}\), \(\mathbf {k}\in \mathbb {Z}^d\), are the Fourier coefficients of the function \(u\) we give. Assume that the equation \((*)\) is well posed on time intervals of order \(\epsilon ^{-1}\) and its solutions have there a-priori bounds, independent of the small parameter. Let \(u(t,x)\) solve the equation \((*)\). If \(\epsilon \) is small enough, then for \(t\lesssim {\epsilon ^{-1}}\), the quantity \(I(u(t,x))\) can be well described by solutions of an effective equation:

$$\begin{aligned} u_t=\epsilon [\mu (-1)^{m-1}\Delta ^m u+ F(u)], \end{aligned}$$

where the term \(F(u)\) can be constructed through a kind of resonant averaging of the nonlinearity \(b|u|^{2p}+ ic|u|^{2q}u\).

     

Delta Shock Waves in the Shallow Water System

We consider a Riemann problem for the shallow water system \(u_{t} +\big (v+\textstyle \frac{1}{2}u^{2}\big )_{x}=0\), \(v_{t}+\big (u+uv\big )_{x}=0\) and evaluate all singular solutions of the form \(u(x,t)=l(t)+b(t)H\big (x-\gamma (t)\big )+a(t)\delta \big (x-\gamma (t)\big )\), \(v(x,t)=k(t)+c(t)H\big (x-\gamma (t)\big )\), where \(l,b,a,k,c,\gamma :\mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) are \(C^{1}\)-functions of time t, H is the Heaviside function, and \(\delta \) stands for the Dirac measure with support at the origin. A product of distributions, not constructed by approximation processes, is used to define a solution concept, that is a consistent extension of the classical solution concept. Results showing the advantage of this framework are briefly presented in the introduction.     

New oblique-incidence method for direct photoelastic measurement of principal strains

In most photoelastic-coating analyses, separation of principal stresses is accomplished by the oblique-incidence method, with rotation about one of the principal stress axes. Then, the relationship between relative retardation (\(\delta _\theta\)) and the principal strains (∈ _x and ∈ _y ) has the form

$$\delta _{\theta x }=A _{ \in x }+B _{ \in y} $$     

Time Periodic Traveling Curved Fronts in the Periodic Lotka–Volterra Competition–Diffusion System

This paper is concerned with time periodic traveling curved fronts for periodic Lotka–Volterra competition system with diffusion in two dimensional spatial space

$$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \dfrac{\partial u_{1}}{\partial t}=\Delta u_{1} +u_{1}(x,y,t)\left( r_{1}(t)-a_{1}(t)u_{1}(x,y,t)-b_{1}(t)u_{2}(x,y,t)\right) ,\\ \dfrac{\partial u_{2}}{\partial t}=d\Delta u_{2} +u_{2}(x,y,t)\left( r_{2}(t)-a_{2}(t)u_{1}(x,y,t)-b_{2}(t)u_{2}(x,y,t)\right) , \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

where \(\Delta \) denotes \(\frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2} }+ \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2} }\), \(x,y\in {\mathbb {R}}\) and \(d>0\) is a constant, the functions \(r_i(t),a_i(t)\) and \(b_i(t)\) are T-periodic and Hölder continuous. Under suitable assumptions that the corresponding kinetic system admits two stable periodic solutions (p(t), 0) and (0, q(t)), the existence, uniqueness and stability of one-dimensional traveling wave solution \(\left( \Phi _{1}(x+ct,t),\Phi _{2}(x+ct,t)\right) \) connecting two periodic solutions (p(t), 0) and (0, q(t)) have been established by Bao and Wang ( J Differ Equ 255:2402–2435, 2013) recently. In this paper we continue to investigate two-dimensional traveling wave solutions of the above system under the same assumptions. First, we establish the asymptotic behaviors of one-dimensional traveling wave solutions of the system at infinity. Using these asymptotic behaviors, we then construct appropriate super- and subsolutions and prove the existence and non-existence of two-dimensional time periodic traveling curved fronts. Finally, we show that the time periodic traveling curved front is asymptotically stable.

     

Mixing and Bimolecular Reaction Kinetics in a Plane Poisseulle Flow

Mixing and a nonlinear bimolecular chemical reaction (reactant A + reactant B → product; reaction rate r?=?κc ₁ c ₂) in laminar shear flow are investigated. It is found that asymptotically the dominant balance between the rates of production and dissipation of the mean-squared concentration fluctuations \((\sigma_{c_1 }^2 ,\sigma_{c_2 }^2)\) and cross-covariance of concentration fluctuations \((\overline {c_1 c_2 })\) occurs under nonreactive and reactive conditions. Longitudinal dispersion of the cross-sectional averages (C ₁, C ₂), and variances and the cross-covariance of reactant concentrations can be asymptotically quantified by the classic Taylor dispersion coefficient (D) even under reactive conditions. The characteristic time-scale (τ) over which molecular diffusion dissipates concentration variance and the cross-covariance of reactant concentrations is also shown to be the same under nonreactive and reactive conditions. A variational estimate of τ is shown to be close to the values inferred from detailed numerical simulation. The production-dissipation balance implies that the cross-sectional averaged reaction rate follows \(\overline r =\kappa_{eff} C_1 C_2 \) and \(\kappa _{eff} \approx \kappa \left[ {1+2D\tau \left( {{\partial \ln C_1 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial \ln C_1 } {\partial x}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial x}} \right)\left( {{\partial \ln C_2 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial \ln C_2 } {\partial x}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial x}} \right)} \right]\). The effective reaction rate parameter (κ _eff ) is higher than that of well-mixed batch test reaction rate constant (κ) for initially overlapping species and κ _eff is smaller than κ for initially non-overlapping species.     

Steady Nearly Incompressible Vector Fields in Two-Dimension: Chain Rule and Renormalization

Given bounded vector field \({b : {\mathbb{R}^{d}} \to {\mathbb{R}^{d}}}\), scalar field \({u : {\mathbb{R}^{d}} \to {\mathbb{R}}}\), and a smooth function \({\beta : {\mathbb{R}} \to {\mathbb{R}}}\), we study the characterization of the distribution \({{\rm div}(\beta(u)b)}\) in terms of div b and div(ub). In the case of BV vector fields b (and under some further assumptions), such characterization was obtained by L. Ambrosio, C. De Lellis and J. Malý, up to an error term which is a measure concentrated on the so-called tangential set of b. We answer some questions posed in their paper concerning the properties of this term. In particular, we construct a nearly incompressible BV vector field b and a bounded function u for which this term is nonzero. For steady nearly incompressible vector fields b (and under some further assumptions), in the case when d = 2, we provide complete characterization of div(\({\beta(u)b}\)) in terms of div b and div(ub). Our approach relies on the structure of level sets of Lipschitz functions on \({{\mathbb{R}^{2}}}\) obtained by G. Alberti, S. Bianchini and G. Crippa. Extending our technique, we obtain new sufficient conditions when any bounded weak solution u of \({\partial_t u + b \cdot \nabla u=0}\) is renormalized, that is when it also solves \({\partial_t \beta(u) + b \cdot \nabla \beta(u)=0}\) for any smooth function \({\beta \colon{\mathbb{R}} \to {\mathbb{R}}}\). As a consequence, we obtain new a uniqueness result for this equation.     

Infinitely Many Stability Switches in a Problem with Sublinear Oscillatory Boundary Conditions

We consider the elliptic equation \(-\Delta u +u =0\) with nonlinear boundary condition \(\frac{\partial u}{\partial n}= \lambda u + g(\lambda ,x,u), \) where \(\frac{g(\lambda ,x,s)}{s} \rightarrow 0, \hbox { as }|s|\rightarrow \infty \) and g is oscillatory. We provide sufficient conditions on g for the existence of unbounded sequences of stable solutions, unstable solutions, and turning points, even in the absence of resonant solutions.     

Exact solution of 3D Timoshenko beam problem using linked interpolation of arbitrary order

For arbitrary polynomial loading and a sufficient finite number of nodal points N, the solution for the 3D Timoshenko beam differential equations is polynomial and given as \({{\varvec \theta} = \sum_{i=1}^N I_i {\varvec \theta}_i}\) for the rotation field and \({{\bf u} = \sum_{i=1}^{N+1} J_i {\bf u}_i}\) for the displacement field, where I _i and J _i are the Lagrangian polynomials of order N?1 and N, respectively. It has been demonstrated in this work that the exact solution for the displacement field may be also written in a number of alternative ways involving contributions of the nodal rotations including \({{\bf u} = \sum_{i=1}^N I_i \left[ {\bf u}_i + \frac 1 N ( {\varvec \theta} - {\varvec \theta}_i ) \times {\bf R}_i \right]}\), where R _i are the beam nodal positions.