仿生人工软骨材料的摩擦磨损性能及润滑机理研究

采用原位复合法制备聚乙烯醇水凝胶(PVA-H),采用模板-滤取法制备多孔超高分手量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)材料,对比研究了这2种材料在相同条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过改变试验转速和载荷获得Stribeck曲线,并对其润滑机理进行分析.结果表明:干摩擦条件下,多孔UHMWPE和PVA-H的摩擦系数和磨损量均较大;在水润滑和牛血清润滑条件下,二者的摩擦磨损性能均得以改善,且PVA-H具有更低的磨损量.Stribeck曲线分析表明:仿生UHMWPE具有的多孔结构使得在其一定的区域内可以形成混合润滑区域;PVA-H具有更好的亲水性能和多孔结构,对应的Stribeck曲线谷底较宽,能够形成较宽的混合润滑区域和流体润滑区域,从而降低了接触区域的磨损量.     

超高分子量聚乙烯/Al_2O_3生物摩擦学特性的研究

在自制销 -盘摩擦磨损试验机上评价了超高分子量聚乙烯 (UHMWPE)与 Al2 O3陶瓷摩擦副在干摩擦和生理盐水、蒸馏水及人血浆润滑条件下的摩擦学特性 ,用扫描电镜观察试样磨损表面形貌并分析磨损机理 .结果表明 :在干摩擦和生理盐水及蒸馏水润滑条件下的起始摩擦系数较接近 ,血浆润滑条件下的起始摩擦系数最低 ;稳态摩擦系数在干摩擦时最大 ,蒸馏水润滑条件下最小 ,生理盐水和人血浆润滑条件下较接近并比蒸馏水润滑下的高 ;干摩擦下UHMWPE的磨损率最大 ,血浆润滑条件下的最小 .干摩擦下 UHMWPE磨损表面可见大量不规则的细小纤维状磨屑 ,蒸馏水润滑下 UHMWPE磨损表面可见明显的塑性变形和疲劳剥落迹象 ,而血浆润滑条件下 UHMWPE磨损表面则可见大量的疲劳微裂纹     

离子注入超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能研究

对人工关节软骨材料——超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)进行O+和C+离子注入改性,采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了离子注入UHMWPE试样在血浆润滑条件下同Si3N4陶瓷球对摩时的摩擦磨损性能;用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了注入和未注入试样及其磨痕表面形貌,用红外光谱仪(IR)分析了注入和未注入试样的化学特征.结果表明:经O+和C+离子注入处理的UHMWPE试样表面发生了碳化并形成了类金刚石结构;O+和C+注入处理均有利于增强UHMWPE的耐磨性能,而O+离子注入试样的耐磨性能优于C+离子注入试样,经450keV、5×1015/cm2的O+离子注入试样的耐磨性能最佳;未注入UHMWPE试样在血浆润滑条件下同陶瓷对摩时主要呈现粘着、塑性变形和犁沟特征,而注入UHMWPE试样在相同条件下主要呈现表面硬化层疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展、剥落及磨粒磨损特征.     

表面粗糙度对UHMWPE微动摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用SRV-4微动摩擦磨损试验机,研究了在干摩擦和水润滑条件下,表面粗糙度对UHMWPE微动摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:干摩擦时,随着UHMWPE表面粗糙度的增加,摩擦系数先降低后升高,比磨损率则单调递增.利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对磨损表面形貌进行分析观测,发现干摩擦时表面粗糙度较小的UHMWPE磨损表面有少量犁沟,并伴随轻微的塑性变形,随着表面粗糙度的增加,摩擦副接触表面间的黏合点增多,黏着磨损加剧,且在对偶钢球的表面形成转移膜.而在水润滑条件下,摩擦系数和比磨损率显著降低,随着表面粗糙度的增加,摩擦系数和比磨损率同干摩擦时的变化趋势一致,磨损以磨粒磨损为主.     

老化状态下的UHMWPE干摩擦行为研究

利用CBZ-1摩擦磨损试验机对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)在老化状态下的干摩擦性能进行分析与研究.考察了试样在不同老化状态的硬度及不同滑动速度下所产生的摩擦热,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了试样的磨损形貌,通过表面轮廓仪分析对偶件的表面粗糙度,探讨了不同老化状态试样的磨损机理.结果表明:老化对不同分子量UHMWPE干摩擦性能产生了明显的影响;随着老化温度的升高及老化时间的延长,UHMWPE干摩擦性能逐渐恶化;在一定的老化状态下,高转速所产生的摩擦热会进一步加剧UHMWPE摩擦性能的恶化;在40℃,60℃以及120 h,240 h的老化条件下UHMWPE磨损机制以疲劳磨损与磨粒磨损为主.在80℃以及480 h,600 h的老化条件下,磨损机制主要是黏着磨损与疲劳磨损.     

火炮用PCrMo钢激光熔覆MoS_2润滑涂层摩擦学性能研究

PCr Mo钢是导致火炮系统故障的磨损失效零部件主要材料.为了提高零部件的寿命,将固体润滑技术引入火炮抗磨减磨设计中.选取8~10μm和3~5μm两种粒度下二硫化钼作为固体润滑材料,采用激光熔覆工艺在PCr Mo钢试样表面制备润滑涂层.通过对涂层宏观性能表征,发现粒度小的涂层熔覆厚度较好;采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分别对涂层表面、剖面微观形貌和化学成分进行分析,发现涂层表面有凹坑产生,且凹坑中氧的含量明显高于光滑表面;涂层剖面与基体结合处存在一定的缝隙,涂层元素与基体元素发生了熔渗.进一步开展的摩擦磨损试验表明:与PCr Mo钢裸基材试样相比,两种粒度下润滑涂层试样摩擦系数和磨损量皆降低,磨损量分别为14.84%和42.01%,其中大粒度下涂层摩擦性能较优.二硫化钼润滑涂层起到了很好的润滑效果,可以作为火炮磨损零部件减磨的有效手段.     

Fe-Mn-Si形状记忆合金耐磨性的研究

采用真空中频熔炼炉制备Fe-16.86Mn-4.50Si-10.30Cr-4.20Ni试验合金,在M-200型摩擦磨损试验机上评价其在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪观察和分析试验合金的磨损表面及其磨损机理.结果表明,试验合金在油润滑条件下的耐磨性显著高于干摩擦下的耐磨性,而且其磨损量并不随载荷增加而增大,如当载荷300 N时的磨损量比100 N时的磨损量小.同1Cr-18Ni-9Ti不锈钢的耐磨性相比,在干摩擦下试验合金的耐磨性较差,而在油润滑下的耐磨性较好.在油润滑下试验合金的磨损表面存在大量ε马氏体,而在干摩擦下其磨损表面没有ε马氏体,由于摩擦力诱发y→ε马氏体相变导致Fe-Mn-Si合金在干摩擦和油润滑条件下具有不同的磨损机理,从而使得合金在油润滑下具有优良的耐磨性.     

GO增强UHMWPE在透明质酸钠润滑介质下的摩擦学性能研究

采用UMT-3MT往复式滑动摩擦磨损试验机,研究在透明质酸钠(SHA)润滑介质下,氧化石墨烯(GO)对基体材料超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)摩擦学性能的影响.利用高分辨扫描电子显微镜(HR-SEM)和MicroXAM非接触式3D表面轮廓仪观察试样表面磨痕形貌并计算其磨损率.结果表明:在SHA润滑介质下,无机填料GO的添加显著降低UHMWPE基复合材料的磨损率,但是,GO的添加对复合材料稳态摩擦系数和残留在SHA润滑介质中的磨粒特征无明显影响.无机填料GO的添加增强了UHMWPE在SHA润滑介质下的耐磨性能.     

织构化柱塞对压裂泵密封副的摩擦学性能影响

采用精密机械雕刻技术在压裂泵柱塞试样表面雕刻微凹坑阵列表面织构,利用MDW-100型微机控制立式万能摩擦磨损试验机对具有不同尺寸形状的微凹坑柱塞-丁晴橡胶密封试样进行摩擦磨损试验,研究了织构化柱塞试件与丁晴橡胶摩擦副在流体动压润滑条件下的润滑特性.结果表明:压裂泵柱塞试件表面合理织构组合可以显著地提高柱塞密封系统摩擦副的润滑和减摩性能,其中面积比为5.86%、均匀分布的圆柱形与条形混合凹坑织构是较优的,其摩擦副的摩擦系数、温升及磨损量相对于无织构试件分别降低了80%、90%及79.3%,且表面磨痕也显著低于无织构及其他织构组合的柱塞密封摩擦副.     

Al_2O_3内衬抽油管中3种扶正器材料的摩擦磨损行为研究

研究了纤维增强尼龙、球墨铸铁及淬火处理球墨铸铁3种扶正器材料在干摩擦和油井产出水润滑条件下与陶瓷的磨损行为,采用激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、数字温度计、差示扫描量热仪和X射线光电子能谱分析仪对试验材料的组织、磨损机制和磨损表面的化学结构变化进行分析.结果表明:在润滑条件下3种材料的摩擦系数略小于干摩擦的摩擦系数,其中尼龙的摩擦系数最小.在干摩擦和油田产出水润滑条件下,3种材料中淬火处理球墨铸铁的磨损量最小.在油田产出水润滑条件下尼龙的磨损量超过干摩擦的磨损量,远大于铸铁的磨损量,可归因于热变形、降解以及机械微切削因素的共同作用.     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.