高分子材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化

将基于应变软化玻璃状高分子材料微观特征建立的ＢＰＡ８－链分子网络模型引入ＵｐｄａｔｉｎｇＬａｇｒａｎｇｅ有限元方法，建立了适于变形局部化分析的大变形弹塑性有限元驱动应力法．在此基础上，数值模拟了初始各向同性高分子材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化的传播过程．探讨了ＢＰＡ模型对具有加工硬化特性的结晶性高分子材料变形分析的适应性；分析了局部化传播过程中颈缩截面的非均匀应力三轴效应；最后，讨论了网格尺寸以及初始几何不均匀性对颈缩扩散以及应力三轴效应的影响     

韧性材料颈缩主应力面上应变分布假定的研究

为了深入研究韧性材料主应力面的应变分布情况，讨论Bridgman关于主应力面上应变均布假定的精度．本文首先结合断口学基本理论与在室温条件下拉伸断裂的Q235钢、40Cr钢和45#钢断口电子显微镜扫描结果，从微观角度分析其韧窝分布后发现应变均布假定存在一定的误差；然后基于体积守恒和Aramis三维应变观测系统测得的试验结果，将计算值和试验值进行对比分析发现，三种材料中除含碳量较高的45#钢外，应变均布假定并不适用于分析颈缩主应力面上应变分布．本文的研究成果可为进一步研究韧性材料颈缩大塑性阶段的应力、应变本构关系提供一定的参考．     

基于试验与有限元耦合技术的延性材料全程单轴本构关系获取方法

摘 要: 材料拉伸直至断裂的全程单轴本构关系对材料大变形和断裂机理研究具有重要意义。传统拉伸试验获取的材料真应力-真应变曲线在试样颈缩后不可测。借助可以精确测量三维变形的DIC(Digital image correlate) 技术和有限元分析技术(Finite element analysis),本文提出了基于漏斗试样拉伸试验获取材料全程单轴本构关系的新方法,即TF(Test and FEA)方法。该方法将TF方法获取的材料全程单轴应力应变关系曲线作为有限元软件中的材料本构关系对漏斗试样拉伸变形过程进行模拟,其模拟载荷-位移曲线、漏斗根部直径-位移曲线和漏斗变形轮廓线等均与试验结果吻合良好,试样表面模拟应变也与DIC测试结果吻合, 根据不同半径漏斗试样模拟获得的全程真应力-真应变曲线保持良好一致性。最后,还对试样颈缩断面的力学行为进行了讨论,并给出了304不锈钢、汽轮机叶片材料2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNBN和 1Gr12Ni3Mo2VN、汽轮机转子材料30Cr2Ni4MoV的全程单轴本构关系模型参数、破断应力和破断应变。     

国产聚碳酸脂材料的拉伸力学行为

本文通过实验研究了国产聚碳酸脂材料的拉伸力学行为,得到了这种材料在不同应变速率下的真实应力—应变曲线。实验结果表明:聚碳酸脂为应变率敏感材料,在达到峰值应力之前,泊松比接近0.5,出现颈缩之后,其泊松比远超过极限值0.5,作为光塑性模型材料,应将应变控制在5.8%以内。     

平板内后分叉的局部化带

已知剪切带状分叉将引发裂隙．为模拟其后继效应，本文利用大应变有限元的空单元技术设计了自动释放损伤单元内残余应力的方法．这种损伤松弛可以具有各向同性或各向异性的性质．结果显示，受单向拉伸平板中心的水平裂隙会向斜角方向辐射局部化带，带内有明显厚度颈缩及平面错动．由此说明实验所观察到的这类局限于带内的变形应属于后分叉的效应     

AA7075-T6复杂加载状态下断裂极限研究

为研究航空铝合金AA7075-T6板材在复杂加载状态下的韧性断裂力学性能,设计4种包含不同应力状态的拉伸试验和液压胀形试验来获取材料的硬化特性和断裂参数。通过不同应变率和不同轧制方向的拉伸试验得到相应的应力-应变曲线,分别采用不同硬化模型和DF2016韧性断裂准则对其硬化行为和断裂特性进行表征。结果表明AA7075-T6狗棒试件在应变率为1 s^-1和10 s^-1时重复性较好,应变率为100 s^-1时应力-应变曲线出现明显的抖动,但随着应变率的增加没有出现明显的应变率强化效应。而且对比7个轧制方向的应力-应变结果发现,不同角度的拉伸强度和断裂应变基本相同。因此在研究范围内AA7075-T6表现为一种各向同性且关于应变率不敏感的材料。采用Swift-Voce硬化模型的预测效果最好,DF2016韧性断裂准则可以准确预测AA7075-T6在剪切、单轴拉伸、平面应变拉伸和等轴拉伸等不同应力状态的断裂位置。     

预延伸非晶聚合物材料各向异性变形局部化

给出一种可描述预延伸各向异性特性的背应力张量三维表达式，引入大变形弹塑性有限元驱动应力法，结合ＢＰＡ８ 链细观分子网络模型，模拟了预延伸各向异性非晶聚合物材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化力学行为．详细讨论了预延伸比（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＲａｔｉｏ；ＩＤＲ）和预延伸方向（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ；ＩＤＤ）对变形抗力、颈缩规律、剪切带方向以及试件中心部位链延伸比的影响．     

图像相关法在高分子材料拉伸性能研究中的应用

本文对聚碳酸酯(PC)和丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS)的合金(PC/ABS)高分子材料不同环境温度下的拉伸性能进行了试验研究。根据图像相关分析法编制了图像法位移测量分析软件,并对该分析软件的适用性进行了分析。系统研究了PC/ABS高分子材料拉伸试验时三个方向的位移场和应变场。根据测得的位移场研究了该高分子材料拉伸过程中应变和应变率的变化以及应力应变变化规律,并对试验结果进行了详细分析。结果表明,文中采用的图像法位移测量系统具有较高的测试精度;拉伸过程中,试件厚度方向的收缩变形大于宽度方向的收缩变形;颈缩过程区具有非常高的应变率,颈缩后的平直颈缩区的应变率快速下降到一个很低的应变率继续缓慢变形;尽管载荷位移曲线出现了较大的载荷下降现象,PC/ABS拉伸时的真应力应变曲线没有明显的应力下降现象出现,因此,载荷下降现象主要由颈缩时的截面减小引起;高分子材料PC/ABS的屈服应力随环境温度的升高而降低。     

正交各向异性材料应力应变关系的表述形式

<正> 现行复合材料力学教材中,所建立的正交各向异性材料的三维应力-应变关系,在由空间问题简化到平面问题时,不能取到在表达形式上与空间问题及平面应力和平面应变相类似的刚度系数和柔度系数;在说明由正交各向异性还原到各向同性,且仍保持空间问     

正交各向异性材料电阻应变测量的横向效应修正

本文讨论了电阻应变片测量正交各向异性材料应变的横向效应修正。将测量各向同性测量的表观弹性模量、表观泊松比推广应用于正交各向异性材料，得出了一组与广义虎克定律形式上相同的计算式，并讨论了横向效应对应力测量精度的影响。     

形成不同拉压允许应力Michell桁架的有限元方法

提出了形成具有不同拉压允许应力材料的Michell桁架的有限元方法。采用正交异性材料模型,以结点位置杆件的密度和方向作为设计变量,由结点位置的值插值得到有限单元内部的材料性质,材料在设计域内连续分布,这样避免了单元之间材料性质的突变,因此从根本上避免了单元铰接、棋盘格现象以及单元依赖性等数值计算不稳定性问题。提出了一种基于优化准则法的迭代算法,用以形成不同拉压允许应力材料的Michell桁架。由有限元分析得到结点位置处的主应力方向作为杆件方向,根据主应力方向的应变和材料拉压允许应力调整杆件密度。最后由结点位置的杆件方向形成Michell桁架中连续分布杆件。     

Stress analysis of an orthotropic material under diametral compression

The diametral compression test is commonly used to determine the tensile strength of brittle materials. For isotropic materials a simple relation based on specimen geometry and the applied load at failure is used to calculate the tensile strength. Previous to this work the effect of material orthotropy and material orientation on the specimen stress state had not been completely determined. In this study, both isotropic and orthotropic specimens were analyzed using a finite element analysis and experimentally verified by strain gage and photoelastic measurements. Further, this work investigated the effect of the applied load area on the specimen stress state. Results of this work show that there is a significant difference between the theoretical calculations based on the assumption of material isotropy when compared to an orthotropic material. This difference can be as much as 45 percent depending on the degree of orthotropy and the orientation. It was also determined that the applied load area and material orientation significantly influence the specimen stress state. An applied load area of 8 percent of the circumference was found to reduce the stresses in the applied load region.     

Determining material true stress–strain curve from tensile specimens with rectangular cross-section

The uniaxial true stress logarithmic strain curve for a thick section can be determined from the load–diameter reduction record of a round tensile specimen. The correction of the true stress for necking can be performed by using the well-known Bridgman equation. For thin sections, it is more practical to use specimens with rectangular cross-section. However, there is no established method to determine the complete true stress–logarithmic strain relation from a rectangular specimen. In this paper, an extensive three-dimensional numerical study has been carried out on the diffuse necking behaviour of tensile specimens made of isotropic materials with rectangular cross-section, and an approximate relation is established between the area reduction of the minimum cross-section and the measured thickness reduction. It is found that the area reduction can be normalized by the uniaxial strain at maximum load which represents the material hardening and also the section aspect ratio. Furthermore, for the same material, specimens with different aspect ratio give exactly the same true average stress–logarithmic strain curve. This finding implies that Bridgmans correction can still be used for necking correction of the true average stress obtained from rectangular specimens. Based on this finding, a method for determining the true stress–logarithmic strain relation from the load–thickness reduction curve of specimens with rectangular cross-section is proposed.     

A Finite Element Analysis of a Tapered Flat Sheet Tensile Specimen

A uniaxial tension sheet metal coupon with a tapered instead of a straight gage section has been used for centering the location of diffuse neck and for measuring sheet stretchability in a non-uniform strain field. A finite element analysis of such a tensile coupon made of automotive steel sheet metals has been carried out to assess the effect of the tapered gage section geometry and material plastic strain hardening characteristics on the development of local plastic deformation pattern and local stress state, especially beyond the onset of diffuse necking but before localized necking. In particular, the finite element analysis was used in this study to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an experimental data analysis method for estimating the post-necking effective plastic stress-strain curve based on the direct local surface axial plastic strain measurements for base metal, heat-affected zone, and weld metals of a dual-phase steel DP600. It is concluded that the estimated lower and upper bounds of the effective stress-strain curve at large strains are not satisfactory for low strain-hardening materials such as heat-affected zone and weld metals with the tapered tension coupons. A simple correction method utilizing only the additional local surface strain measurement in the transverse direction is proposed and it is shown to be effective in correcting the estimated effective stress-strain curve of dual-phase steel weld metals obtained for two tapered gage section geometries.     

Numerical study of the plastic behaviour in tension of welds in high strength steels

The influence of the mismatch between material properties and constraint on the plastic deformation behaviour of the heat affected zone of welds in high strength steels is investigated in this study, using finite element simulations. An elastoplastic implicit three-dimensional finite element code (EPIM3D) was used in the analysis. The paper presents the mechanical model of the code and the methodology used for the numerical simulation of the tensile test of welded joints. Numerical results of the tensile test of welded samples with different hypothetical widths for the Heat Affected Zone and various material mismatch levels are shown. The analysis concerns the overall strength and ductility of the joint and in relation to the plastic behaviour of the heat affected zone. The influence of the yield stress, tensile strength and constraint on the stress and plastic strain distribution in the soft heat affected zone is also discussed.     

Crack tip field in a linear elastic–plastic strain-hardening material

The strip necking model for strain-hardening materials is studied in this paper, in which the stress distributed over the strip necking zone is assumed to be ultimate stress. The bi-linear stress–strain relation which can model certain features of plastic flow is adopted in this model. The stress and strain fields are calculated based on this model in this paper. The size of the strip necking region is determined by balancing the stress intensity factor due to remote loading with that due to assumed closing forces equal to the ultimate tensile strength of the material distributed over the strip necking zone. It is interesting that the strip necking region size and the crack tip opening displacement depend not only on the remote load, but also the material hardening parameters, which is different from the results of strip yield model. The results agree with experiments well, and the model has wider application.     

Orthotropic elastic–plastic material model for paper materials

Paper and paperboard generally exhibit anisotropic and non-linear mechanical material behaviour. In this work, the development of an orthotropic elastic–plastic constitutive model, suitable for modelling of the material behaviour of paper is presented. The anisotropic material behaviour is introduced into the model by orthotropic elasticity and an isotropic plasticity equivalent transformation tensor. A parabolic stress–strain relation is adopted to describe the hardening of the material. The experimental and numerical procedures for evaluation of the required material parameters for the model are described. Uniaxial tensile testing in three different inplane material directions provides the calibration of the material parameters under plane stress conditions. The numerical implementation of the material model is presented and the model is shown to perform well in agreement with experimentally observed mechanical behaviour of paper.     

利用有限元构造Michell桁架的一种方法

提出了一种新的形成Michell桁架的有限元分析方法.该方法以纤维增强正交各向异性复合板为材料模型,根据有限元分析结果调整各单元的纤维密度和方向.采用所提出的一种迭代格式,经过少量迭代,形成满足Michell准则的应变、内力场.该方法适于不同几何形状、支撑条件及荷载情况.算例结果表明该方法是有效的.