Mechanical-mathematical and experimental modeling of well stability in anisotropic media

Virtually allmodern gas and oil production technologies are based on directional drilling, and hence well stability issues are of primary importance. It was established that the stability of slanted wells significantly depends on the deformation and strength characteristics of rocks, on the presence and degree of rock anisotropy, and also on the well geometry and the pressure at the well bottom. We suggest a new approach to this problem by modeling the hole making process with the use of a triaxial independent loading test system (TAILTS) based on the mechanical-mathematical model developed here.     

Analysis of the State for a Coal Massif Enclosing in-Seam Working and a Geological Discontinuity

A model of the geomechanical state for a rock massif with strength anisotropy has been developed. Themassif encloses an in-seamworking near the geological discontinuity. The developed models implemented on the basis of pseudo-load method and displacement discontinuity method. Based on the results obtained, stress diagrams and discontinuity zones of the massif in the vicinity of the mine working are constructed. The regularities of changing the state of the massif when its parameters are varied and the relative positions of the mine working and geological discontinuity are revealed.     

Numerical investigation of convective heat transfer in liquid hydrocarbons stored in underground reservoirs

In planning for the underground storing of liquid hydrocarbons and calculating the technological parameters of underground reservoirs formed by leeching from a rock salt massif, it is necessary to understand the hydrodynamic and heat transfer processes produced by natural convection. The paper is devoted to numerical study of the initial stage of convective heat transfer in a vertical cylindrical cavity completely filled with a liquid hydrocarbon. It is assumed that at the initial time the temperature of the liquid, which is at rest, is homogeneous, Convective flow develops in part due to the initial temperature difference between the liquid and the massif and partly due to the geothermal temperature gradient in the latter. The problem is regarded as coupled, the convective process in the liquid being determined simultaneously with the solution of the heat-conduction problem in the surrounding rock. The Grashof numbers characterizing the intensity of the real process are very large: G lO¹²–lO¹⁵. A numerical solution was obtained for moderate Grashof numbers G lO⁷–lO¹¹. The asymptotic dependences for the integral characteristics of the unsteady process obtained in a series of calculations were extrapolated to the real values of the Grashof number.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 143–148, March–April, 1981.     

隧道及地下工程的基本问题及其研究进展1）

作为隧道及地下工程学科的3个基本问题,隧道围岩稳定性、支护--围岩相互作用和结构体系的动力响应一直都是本学科研究的核心问题,本文围绕上述问题重点分析了隧道围岩力学特性及其载荷效应,建立了深浅层围岩结构力学模型,并通过分析深层围岩中结构层稳定性得到了围岩特性曲线的解析公式,提出了围岩结构性特点及载荷效应的计算方法;通过对隧道支护与围岩作用关系的分析,将支护与围岩的动态作用分为4个阶段：即自由变形、超前支护、初期支护和二次衬砌阶段.由此提出了动态作用全过程的描述方法;基于广义与狭义载荷的理念,提出隧道支护具有调动和协助围岩承载基本功能的观点,明确了两种功能的实现方式,即通过围岩加固、超前加固及锚杆支护实现调动围岩承载,通过支护结构协助围岩承载;针对复杂的隧道支护结构体系,提出了多目标、分阶段协同作用动态优化概念,可使各种支护结构的施作实现时间和空间上的协调,提高可靠性;针对极不稳定的复杂隧道围岩的安全性特点,建立了3种模式的安全事故机理模型,基于工程响应特点提出了安全性分级的新理念,并形成了分级指标体系和分级方法;针对水下隧道及富水围岩条件,建立了3种模式的隧道突涌水机理模型,提出了基于围岩变形控制的安全性控制理论和方法.最后,对本学科发展的热点和核心问题进行了分析和展望.     

澜沧江某电站左岸地下洞室群围岩稳定性的FLAC~(3D)分析

在岩体结构模型概化的基础上,采用FLAC3D数值分析方法,系统研究了澜沧江某大型水电站大跨度、高边墙地下洞室群开挖完成后围岩的二次应力场、变形场和塑性破坏区的变化特征。总结了地下洞室群围岩应力、变形和破坏区的分布特征和变化规律,为洞室群稳定性评价和工程施工设计提供了基础资料和参考依据。     

大跨度采空影响顺倾构造山体侧向变动的复合机理

采空区地表山体侧向变动,不同于一般天然山坡,也与采空区一般上覆岩层的变形破坏有异;它是二者复合机理的效应。本文在分析考察了毗邻电厂的横山顺倾构造山体,剖析了地下采空情况后认为,山体侧向变动中,软弱夹层有决定性作用;变动范围、速率与规模,与地下采空有关。从而又利用地质力学模型试验和数值模拟,探索了采动引起山体应力场及变动规律。结果表明,山体岩层的变形、位移、破坏,由直接顶板向地表发展;采空坍陷诱发了软弱夹层的蠕滑,则产生山体侧向滑移;电厂区地表隆起变形是山体侧向滑移挤压地基土的反映。通过现场实际调究、变形观测资料分析与数值模拟和模型试验的对比研究,提出了“坍落拱梁”的成生效应、挤压蠕滑效应、失稳效应;揭露了顺倾构造山体在采空影响下,具有地表、地下的“复合临空面”的“复合应力场”中“复合变动”的“复合机理”;并提出这种山体侧向变动机理的典型地质模式,借以论证山体稳定性。     

基于损伤-虚拟张拉裂纹模型的地下爆炸围岩破坏规律研究

地下硐室作为爆炸危险物的隐蔽贮藏空间,有潜在的内爆炸风险。为研究内爆炸作用下硐室围岩的动态响应机制,提出了一种基于岩石HJC (Holmquist-Johnson-Cook)模型和节理内聚力单元的损伤-虚拟裂纹模型。分析了模拟方法的可靠性,并在此基础上,通过多物质ALE算法对球形硐室内爆炸过程进行数值模拟,分析了围岩损伤范围和分区破坏规律。研究表明:插入内聚力单元弥补了HJC模型无法模拟低静水压力下张拉破坏的不足,且尺寸效应易于处理。模拟方法同时考虑了岩体内张拉裂纹的扩展和岩石材料的塑性损伤,能够真实地反映岩石破坏的全过程。以红砂岩为例,根据数值模拟结果,填实（耦合装药）爆炸时围岩分区破坏规律明显,破碎区比例半径为0.26 m/kg1/3、裂隙区比例半径为0.47 m/kg1/3。随着硐室尺寸的增大,空气的间隔作用可以减小爆炸荷载对围岩的损伤作用,比例半径达到0.52 m/kg1/3时,可以实现爆炸荷载的完全解耦。     

Gas Leakage Prediction Model of Large-Scale Explosions in Hard Rock Based on Quantification Theory

The toxic gas produced by the underground large-scale contained explosions have a great impact on the surrounding environment safety of the explosion project, so it is of great significance for the safety protection design to predict the leakage of the explosion gases to the environment. Based on the study of the one-dimensional spherically (axially) symmetric fluid dynamic model for seepage of the underground contained explosion gases, the qualitative and quantitative variables which impact the gas seepage, such as the explosion cavity, the gas pressure in the cavity and the rock mass permeability, among which the qualitative variables can describe the uncertainty of the geological mass, were analyzed. In accordance with the physical significance of variables and the quantification theory, the qualitative variables were quantified and such details as the principle for variable selection, significance assessment and recurrence test to establish a quantification prediction model, etc. were discussed. Based on 15 test samples on the hard rock conditions, we have established a quantification model for prediction of the contained explosion gases leakage at the specific site. The prediction accuracy of this model can meet the requirement of this project, and according to this model, it is known that such qualitative factors as groundwater status and rock properties have significant influence on the gas leakage. In this study, the prediction model is established based on physical analysis so that the quantitative prediction model could have its rationality and effectiveness well ensured, and the research methods and results in this paper could be promoted and applied in the similar engineering practices.     

2021-07期目录

在陈宗基院士关于地下硐室长期稳定性力学问题研究的基础上,采用Sadovsky院士关于复杂地质岩体的等级构造学说,围绕深部岩体非均匀构造与封闭应力固有的统计力学属性,研究了岩体非均匀变形与封闭应力特性,以及深部硐室围岩的长期稳定性等两个力学问题。给出了岩体非均匀构造与封闭应力的数学表征;根据质量守恒定律得到了计算深部硐室围岩长期变形的一般公式;得到了围岩变形中劈裂扩容变形占主要部分的结论,并且阐明了深部围岩卸荷时更易出现劈裂破坏的原因。给出了劈裂破坏形态的演进序列与扩容位移的计算方法。将围岩松动圈范围、破裂区位置和边壁位移的计算结果与锦屏一级电站厂房现有监测数据进行了对比,两者相当吻合。     

基于时域自适应算法的单向粘弹性节理岩体的等效分析

在粘弹性节理岩体的数值仿真中,必需合理地计及节理的影响.若将节理与岩体作为独立的材料组分考虑,在节理密集的情况下,时空两方面的计算开销可能是很难承受的.本文通过时域展开技术与一个简单的等效假定,得到了递推格式的粘弹性单向节理岩体的等效本构关系,及等效场的递推求解格式,并由此数值模拟了一个粘弹性节理岩体中的洞室,计算结果与考虑独立组分的ANSYS粘弹性分析进行了比较,二者的计算平均误差约为11.03%,但前者的计算效率为后者16.81倍.本文工作有可能为粘弹性节理岩体的数值模拟提供一条新的途径.     

基于块系构造的大规模地下爆炸不可逆位移计算方法

岩体是复杂的等级构造地质体，本文中假设岩体构造符合Sadovsky院士块系构造等级学说，即岩体中存在稳定的不变量λ和μ_△，从而采用简化的分析模型研究构成岩体的岩块在爆炸地冲击扰动作用下的平动和转动，指出Kocharyan激活块体尺度计算式中忽略的条件，重新推导给出了大规模地下爆炸诱发远区局部不可逆位移计算公式。     

盐岩储库区地面沉降预测与控制研究现状与展望

利用盐岩地层建设地下油气储库群已成为各国发展能源储备的重要方向,然而关于储库区地面沉降的研究至今仍处于探索阶段。由于地面沉降所造成的重大事故屡见不鲜,因此有必要集中力量研究盐岩库区地面沉降问题,为我国盐岩储库群的建设提供可靠的理论依据。本文主要从以下3个方面总结了近几十年来国内外学者在盐岩储库区地面沉降预测方面所做出的努力与成绩： （1）现场监测——法国、德国、美国先后建立了现场监测网络,获得了大量的长期监测数据;  （2）理论计算——我国学者于20世纪90年代末将随机介质理论引入到盐矿水溶开采地面沉降预测中,从而为储库区地面沉降预测提供了新的理论基础;  （3）数值模拟——欧洲学者利用FLAC2D 程序对盐岩储库区的地面稳定性进行了数值模拟,而我国学者则利用在新概率积分法的基础上建立起的预测模型成功进行了沉降预测模拟。此外,为了有效地控制库区地面变形,预留矿柱式水溶开采法在国外众多盐岩地下储库群建设中得以广泛应用。本文最后提出在后续研究中将重点着眼于地表变形随时间的发展过程,并对现有理论模型进行适当的修正以及利用现场实测数据进一步完善预测所需参数的选取方法,从而使预测结果更为准确可靠。     

深埋地下洞室断裂型岩爆机理的数值模拟

针对深部岩体中由断层、节理等不连续性结构面引发的岩爆地质灾害, 根据深埋地下隧洞中潜在发震断裂的分布特征和几何形态建立数值分析模型, 采用离散元单元法模拟存在刚性平直断裂的深部围岩的开挖响应, 并分别考察开挖接近并通过断裂附近时围岩应力状态的变化特征。通过探讨断裂的存在对围岩应力状态改变的作用机理, 揭示出断裂型岩爆是开挖面附近一定范围内存在的断裂构造在高应力作用下发生错动, 导致能量突然释放, 对围岩造成强烈冲击作用的结果, 基本与地震的断层“粘滑”机制相类似。     

三维加锚弹塑性损务模型在溪洛渡地下厂房工程中的应用

本文根据断续裂隙岩体的损伤机制,建立了三维弹塑性损伤本构模型反映裂隙岩体的损伤变形特性。考虑断续裂隙岩体的岩锚支护效应,建立了空间损伤锚柱单元模型模拟锚杆的支护效果。最后将建立的模型应用于溪洛渡水电站地下厂房,进行了洞室群开挖弹塑性损伤及岩锚支护三维非线性有限元计算,获得了一些有益的工程结论。     

Models in the Engineering Mechanics of Polymer-Matrix Composite Systems

This paper discusses the complete system of structural, thermochemical, and mechanical-mathematical models that describe all the phenomena accompanying the formation of polymer-matrix composite materials (PCMs) and structures made of them. The issues of optimizing design engineering and modeling the postprocess behavior of PCM structures are addressed     

Numerical prediction of rock mass damage due to accidental explosions in an underground ammunition storage chamber

Accidental detonations in an underground ammunition storage chamber inside a rock mass may cause severe damage to the rock mass around the chamber, adjacent tunnels and chambers, ground surface, and in the worst case cause sympathetic detonation of explosives in adjacent storage chambers. To prevent such damage, underground ammunition storage chambers are often situated at minimum depth below the ground surface, and spaced at minimum distance from each other, so that damage, should it occur, is limited to the accidental chamber. Different codes and regulations for ammunition storage chambers specify minimum embedment depth and separation distance for underground ammunition storage chambers. They are usually given in terms of the rock mass properties and the weight of explosive stored in chambers. Some empirical formulae, usually based on the peak particle velocity of the stress wave or the maximum strain of the rock mass, are also available to estimate the damage zones in the rock mass from an explosion. All these empirical methods do not include the effects of explosion details, such as the loading density, chamber geometry and explosive distribution. In this paper, a previously calibrated numerical model is used to estimate the damage zones in a granite mass resulting from an accidental explosion in an underground ammunition storage chamber. Effects of various explosion conditions on rock mass damage are investigated. On the basis of the numerical results, some empirical formulae are derived to predict damage zones around the explosion chamber, as well as safe embedment depth of the storage chamber and safe separation distance between adjacent chambers. The numerical results are also compared with available empirical formulae and code specifications. It should be noted that the characteristics of stress wave propagation around an ammunition storage chamber has been published in a preceding paper (Int. J. Blast. Fragm. 5:57–90, 2001.     

爆炸冲击波作用下围岩与被覆结构的动力相互作用

爆炸作用下围岩与被覆结构的动力相互作用对于合理确定防护结构荷载、科学设计被覆结构具有重要意义。运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA非线性显式动力有限元程序和流-固耦合算法,对垂直爆炸作用下不同爆距、不同跨度的地下结构与围岩的动力相互作用进行了数值模拟,应用波动理论进行了动力相互作用力分析,讨论了相互作用动载计算公式在岩石结构中的适用性,得到了围岩与被覆结构的最大相互作用力变化规律。研究结果表明:在距拱顶1~25 m垂直爆炸作用下,14~25 m跨地下结构都发生了拱顶局部破坏,整个拱的混凝土均会产生震动裂缝;当爆距为4 m时,围岩与结构的动力耦合作用最大,可以作为确定最大荷载的依据。     

边坡高填方路基下伏多层采空区稳定性数值模拟评价[

运用快速拉格朗算法分析了多层采空区路基在未处理、注浆处理和注浆处理路基加筋拼接3种工况下路基采空区受力变形和稳定特征。分析结果表明高填方路基在自重荷载和车辆荷载下打破原有采空区平衡状态,注浆加固处理后采空区应力重分布出现新的平衡,但在填方交界区域出现一定的剪应变增量集中,采取加筋处理后剪应力增量下移,路基整体性和变形协调性显著提高。     

Model of the soil and computational complex for the analysis of underground explosions

In underground explosions executed in the interests of ejection, downcomer funnel or bulging hillock formation, the soil properties influence not only the quantitative parameters substantially, but also the qualitative pattern of the explosion. Thus, under the same conditions of charge embedding and power, a downcomer funnel or bulging hillock can be formed depending on the properties of the rock. The majority of explosions are performed in hard rock. Hence, the model of the soil should be suitable to describe its fundamental properties. A model of rocky soil is presented in this paper, the scheme for a numerical computation of the problem is described, and results of certain computations are presented.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 153–160, May–June, 1979.     

小湾水电站饮水沟大规模倾倒破坏现象的工程地质研究

倾倒破坏是陡倾层状岩体一类主要的变形破坏形式,一般发育于地表临空面附近的坡体浅部。根据文献资料,前人研究的倾倒破坏体能保持其完整形态者规模并不大。小湾水电站左岸坝前高边坡由于其特殊地形地貌及其岩体结构条件,使得如此大规模的倾倒变形体能保持其完整形态至今。由于倾倒变形体紧邻大坝且地势较高,一旦失稳,将给小湾水电站的建设造成不可估量的损失。查明倾倒破坏堆积体规模及其岩体结构特征,为倾倒堆积体边坡支护方案选择及稳定性评价参数选取提供依据。更重要的是,揭示这类大规模的倾倒破坏表现特征及其形成条件,对认识复杂条件下岩石高边坡的变形破坏机理具有一定指导意义。本文通过细致的野外调查,揭示了一类发育深度较大的大规模倾倒变形破坏。通过对边坡的详细描述与记录,阐明了这类变形破坏发育的特征和空间展布,并对其形成机制作了简要的分析。