倾斜椭圆微孔端面上游泵送气体密封流体动压特性

对倾斜椭圆微孔上游泵送气体密封的流体动压特性开展研究,对转速、密封压力、密封间隙等不同操作参数和方向因子、倾斜角、孔深以及面积比等微孔参数对密封端面动压开启力和泄漏量进行了数值分析.结果显示:倾斜椭圆微孔上游泵送气体密封可产生明显的流体动压效应,文中计算条件下动压效应使得开启力的增幅可达50%;高速条件下,倾斜椭圆微孔上游泵送气体密封可形成完全的反向泄漏.     

高速气流阻塞效应对倾斜微孔端面密封动压特性的影响

以倾斜椭圆微孔端面为研究对象,考虑出口阻塞效应和入口压力损失,对高速气流润滑密封动压特性展开理论研究.采用数值方法重点分析不同密封压力、转速等操作参数和端面宽度等几何参数以及方向因子、倾斜角、孔深及面积比等微孔几何参数下,阻塞效应对开启力和泄漏量等密封特性参数的影响规律.结果表明:入口压力损失使入口处压力降低,出口阻塞效应使出口处压力抬升,导致端面开启力和泄漏量降低.随着转速和密封压力的增加,阻塞效应增强,与强制压力边界下的值相比,当密封压力为10 MPa,转速为50 000 r/min时,开启力降低可达5%以上,泄漏量可降低67%以上.当孔深取2~4μm,微孔倾斜角取20°~40°时较易获得优异的动压开启性能.     

新型自冲击密封的泄漏特性与封严机理初探

新型自冲击密封提出以来持续受到同行学者和行业专家的广泛关注和认可，本文中进一步通过对自冲击密封热力学效应及各类流场的剖析，建立起新型密封热力学效应与泄漏量的关系，从热力学角度分析了新型密封的流场特性与泄漏特性，研究了几何参数、工况参数、密封性能参数及其相互间的联系和规律.结果表明：建立的泄漏公式与仿真结果符合较好(变转速下误差为7.59%)，可以较好的反映热力学效应与泄漏之间的关系；当密封间距h≤200μm时，密封熵增效果随密封间隙变化最为明显；密封介质流入后温度呈逐级上升趋势，至密封出口处达到最高，出口温度随压力和密封间距的增大而增大，随着级数的增大而缓慢减小，转速对出口温度的影响较小.新型密封主要通过间隙内流体的冲击产热进行能量耗散并最终实现封严功能，如何泄压、控温及选择合适的耐高温材料是新型密封尽早实现工业化应用的关键.     

基于软弹流润滑模型的液压格莱圈密封性能分析

基于软弹流理论建立了液压往复格莱圈密封的数值分析模型,该耦合模型包括流体力学、接触力学、变形和热分析.数值求解获得了密封区域的膜厚、流体压力和接触压力分布,以及单个行程的流量和活塞杆表面的摩擦力,揭示了液压往复格莱圈密封的密封机理.通过参数化进一步分析了不同密封表面均方根粗糙度、密封压力和往复速度对密封性能的影响.结果表明:在本研究中,密封区域表现为混合润滑状态,且以微凸体接触摩擦为主;较小的密封表面均方根粗糙度值具有较好的密封性能,增大密封压力会导致泄漏量和摩擦力均增加,而增大往复速度有利于减小泄漏量.     

液体密封端面倾斜椭圆孔上游泵送特性

气液异相介质隔离密封的实现有赖于密封端面几何型槽的上游泵送特性，为探索多孔端面实现液封气密封的设计途径，对液体密封端面倾斜椭圆孔上游泵送特性开展研究. 考虑空化效应，采用有限差分方法对转速、密封间隙、密封压力等操作参数和孔深、倾斜角、方向因子、孔数等结构参数对开启力和泄漏率的影响规律进行了数值分析. 结果显示:液体润滑条件下端面倾斜椭圆孔可产生明显的上游泵送效应，增加周向孔数和方向因子可实现被密封介质的完全零泄漏，同时可产生明显的流体动压效应使端面开启力提高50%以上. 文中密封压力条件下，孔深取5~10 μm，倾斜角取45°，周向孔数大于80，方向因子大于3时，密封可实现完全反向泵送，反向泄漏率的增加与随着孔数、方向因子和孔深的增加而增加.      

型孔形状和方向对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性影响

研究了型孔形状和方向性对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性的影响. 建立了孔型阻尼密封流场特性CFD数值模型，对比分析了不同转速和密封间隙下圆孔阻尼密封、蜂窝密封、迷宫密封和光滑面密封的泄漏特性，研究不同转速下型孔形状、超椭圆系数和倾斜角对广义孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性的影响规律，探讨了方向性型孔阻尼密封阻流控漏机制. 结果表明:紧密排列的孔型阻尼密封相较于迷宫密封和光滑面密封具有显著优异的密封性能；倾斜角为30°、超椭圆系数为2且边数为2的类椭圆型孔阻尼密封在静止时具有最小的泄漏率，且可通过减小周向或轴向排列间距进一步减小泄漏；一定倾斜角条件下，超椭圆系数较大的类椭圆型孔出口尖端附近能形成明显的低速阻流区，从而达到阻流控漏的效果.      

基于平均膜厚和压力流量因子的机械密封泄漏分形模型

研究接触式机械密封端面泄漏模型建立问题.采用分形参数表征机械密封端面形貌,通过引入压力流量因子来反映实际粗糙表面对泄漏通道的影响,推导出了压力流量因子的分形表达式,建立了基于平均膜厚和压力流量因子的泄漏分形模型.通过理论计算对机械密封泄漏率的影响因素进行了分析,并在自制的试验装置上对2套B104a-70型机械密封进行了试验,试验密封流体为20℃清水,压力为0.5 MPa,转速为2 900 r/min,弹簧比压分别为0.15和0.30 MPa.研究结果表明:泄漏率随着弹簧比压的增大略有下降,随着密封流体压力及转速的增大而增大,且端面越粗糙增大的幅度越大;当端面较粗糙时,泄漏率随着端面分形维数的增大或特征尺度系数的减小而迅速减小,而当端面较光滑时,泄漏率的变化很小;泄漏率的理论计算值与试验值吻合较好,特别是在进入正常磨损阶段后相差很小.     

控压钻井环空卡森流体两相螺旋流轴向速度研究

考虑控压钻井环空气液两相流参数、钻井液周向与轴向运动等因素,本文提出了控压钻井环空卡森流体两相螺旋流柱坐标理论模型;通过新疆玛湖油田区块具体实例,分析了摩阻压降、屈服应力、环空外径、空隙率等对控压钻井两相螺旋流轴向速度的影响。结果表明:控压钻井环空卡森流体两相螺旋流流核及流速峰值向钻杆壁面靠近,距离环空内壁与钻杆外壁中心点的偏度可达8.36%;由于柯特流及钻井液动粘切力下降的影响,随杆转速和管径增大,卡森流体最大速度峰值在轴向的分布向环空壁面移动;随屈服应力的增大,流核宽度呈现增大趋势,当钻井液屈服应力为1.9Pa时,卡森流体流核宽度约为19.3mm;随控压钻井环空内空隙率增大,气液两相的粘度下降,螺旋流的轴向速度峰值呈增大趋势。分析螺旋流轴向速度分布可为控压钻井井口回压加载及环空流速控制提供帮助。     

接触式机械密封端面摩擦系数影响因素分析与试验

通过理论模拟计算和试验,研究并分析工作参数和端面形貌分形参数对接触式机械密封端面摩擦系数的影响.依据接触式机械密封端面摩擦系数分形模型,并考虑端面摩擦系数与端面平均温度的相互耦合关系,通过模拟计算,对B104a-70型机械密封端面摩擦系数的影响因素进行分析.计算结果表明,端面摩擦系数随着弹簧比压的增大而增大,随着密封流体压力的增大而减小;当转速较小时,端面摩擦系数随着转速的增大而增大,当转速增大到一定数值后,端面摩擦系数则随着转速的增大而略有减小;端面摩擦系数随着软质环端面分形维数的增大和特征尺度系数的减小而增大,且端面越光滑增大的幅度越大.通过在不同的弹簧比压、密封流体压力和转速下的试验对理论计算结果进行了验证,试验密封流体为15℃清水.结果表明:随着弹簧比压、密封流体压力及转速的变化,摩擦系数理论计算值与试验值的变化规律相同;当转速和密封流体压力均较小时,最大相对误差为21.74%;而当转速达到正常工作转速2 900 r/min时,最大相对误差为5.08%.     

激光多孔端面气体非接触机械密封稳定性分析

基于气体润滑理论,采用与螺旋槽端面密封的对比分析方法,研究了均匀分布激光加工多孔端面气体非接触机械密封的稳定性,数值分析了密封间隙、不对中角度和外界扰动对开启力、泄漏量、气膜刚度以及密封间隙扰动振幅等密封参数的影响规律.结果表明:多孔密封中的动压效应微弱,开启力与气膜刚度与转速无关,密封端面开启时容易发生接触磨损;多孔密封端面压力分布均匀,不对中引起的开启力波动幅度小,但是角向容易产生自激振动,密封环外侧容易发生接触磨损;多孔密封轴向气膜刚度较小,具有更小的扰动振幅,密封端面开启后有利于保持密封间隙的稳定,减少密封端面的接触摩擦.     

离心惯性力效应对超临界二氧化碳干气密封流场与密封特性影响分析

为揭示离心惯性力效应对S-CO₂干气密封流场与密封特性的影响规律，以螺旋槽干气密封为研究对象，引用考虑离心惯性力效应的Reynolds方程，在考虑气膜真实气体效应、黏度随压力与温度双重变化的同时，基于N-S方程与能量守恒定律，建立了绝热状态下考虑离心惯性力效应作用的能量控制方程. 然后，采用有限差分法对压力控制方程与能量控制方程进行耦合求解，并对考虑离心惯性力效应与没有考虑离心惯性力效应下的压力分布、温度分布以及密封特性进行了分析讨论. 研究表明:离心惯性力效应具有削弱流场内压力与温度的作用；从避免凝结流动角度考虑，离心惯性力效应引起的温降将不利于S-CO₂干气密封；考虑离心惯性力效应作用时，气膜开启力在不同槽深与转速下存在最佳工况点，泄漏率随着转速的增加显著减小，而离心惯性力效应与膜厚之间没有强交互作用；考虑离心惯性力效应作用的气膜开启力、泄漏率、出口温度均比不考虑离心惯性力效应作用的小，且这种差异随着转速的增大而增加，而随着膜厚的变化没有改变. 这些结果为进一步研究S-CO₂干气密封奠定了一定的理论基础.      

垂直旋转流场中单颗粒运动状态判别及受力分析

为研究单颗粒在旋转流场中的运动状态及受力情况,以毫米级球形颗粒为例,利用旋转流场颗粒运动装置,通过使用摄像机记录颗粒在流场中的运动轨迹以获取其运动参数,分析了不同转速和颗粒直径条件下颗粒的运动轨迹,拟合得到了颗粒运动状态判别公式以及颗粒运动轨迹公式,分析了颗粒在旋转流场中的受力情况。结果表明,颗粒在旋转流场平衡状态下运动状态主要分为两类,一类是未离开壁面保持静止,另一类是离开壁面保持稳定周向运动;颗粒进行周向运动的轨迹为椭圆形,并且圆心随着转速的增大靠近旋转中心,而随着粒径的增大靠近壁面;颗粒在旋转流场的运动过程中主要受到离心力和旋转科式力作用。     

Spontaneous rotation in the exact solution of magnetohydrodynamic equations for flow between two stationary impermeable disks

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a viscous electrically conducting incompressible fluid between two stationary impermeable disks is considered. A homogeneous electric current density vector normal to the surface is specified on the upper disk, and the lower disk is nonconducting. The exact von Karman solution of the complete system of MHD equations is studied in which the axial velocity and the magnetic field depend only on the axial coordinate. The problem contains two dimensionless parameters: the electric current density on the upper plate Y and the Batchelor number (magnetic Prandtl number). It is assumed that there is no external source that produces an axial magnetic field. The problem is solved for a Batchelor number of 0–2. Fluid flow is caused by the electric current. It is shown that for small values of Y, the fluid velocity vector has only axial and radial components. The velocity of motion increases with increasing Y, and at a critical value of Y, there is a bifurcation of the new steady flow regime with fluid rotation, while the flow without rotation becomes unstable. A feature of the obtained new exact solution is the absence of an axial magnetic field necessary for the occurrence of an azimuthal component of the ponderomotive force, as is the case in the MHD dynamo. A new mechanism for the bifurcation of rotation in MHD flow is found.     

模型昆虫翼作非定常i运动时的气动力特性

基于Navier-Stokes方程的数值解,研究了一模型昆虫翼在小雷诺数(Re=100)下作非定常运动时的气动力特性.这些运动包括翼启动后的常速转动,快速加、减速转动,常速转动中快速上仰(模拟昆虫翼的上挥或下拍、翻转等运动).有如下结果在小雷诺数下,模型昆虫翼以大攻角(α=35°)作常速转动运动时,由于失速涡不脱落,可产生较大的升力系数.其机理是翼转动时,翼尖附近(该处线速度大)上翼面压强比翼根附近(该处线速度小)的小得多,因而存在展向压强梯度,同时存在着沿展向的离心力,此展向压强梯度和离心力导致的展向流动在失速涡的轴向方向,其可避免失速涡脱落.模型昆虫翼在快速加、减速转动和快速上仰运动中,虽然雷诺数小,但由于在短时间内产生了大涡量,也可产生十分大的气动力,例如在快速上仰运动中,升力系数可大于10.     

The characteristics of spiral waves in an axially rotating pipe

An experimental study of the instability of a flow in an axially rotating pipe is performed by means of LDV and flow visualization technique. It is found that the axial velocity of the rotating pipe flow fluctuates like a sine wave at first, then its fluctuating pattern assumes a somewhat sawtooth wave form as a spiral wave appears, which is predicted by means of linear and nonlinear stability analysis. At a certain rotation rate, the amplitude of the velocity fluctuations amounts to 30% of the axial velocity. At the down-stream section, another fluctuating component appears in the velocity, which interferes with the initially appearing component, then the fluctuation becomes one with broad-band spectral components. There is a close analogy between this spectral evolution and that of a Taylor-Couette flow. Deformation of the velocity distribution is obtained from the velocity fluctuating pattern and its phase, and the structure of the spiral wave is considered. The strength, azimuthal wavenumber and angular velocity of the spiral wave obtained from the velocity data are confirmed by flow visualization. The change of pressure loss in the rotating pipe is compared with the case without rotation.     

Three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow between two porous disks

This is a study of conducting flow in the gap between two parallel co-axial nonconducting disks of which one is rotating and the other stationary in the presence of a uniform axial magnetic field. The effect of uniform suction or injection on the velocity distribution is investigated and asymptotic solutions are obtained for R≪M ². Expressions for the average normal force and the torque on the disks are obtained. We find that all components of velocity are affected by uniform suction or injection and in particular we note that the effect of suction or injection on the radial component of velocity predominates over the effect of rotation for a given Hartmann number.     

Melt Motion Due to Peltier Marking during Bridgman Crystal Growth with an Axial Magnetic Field

This paper treats a liquid-metal flow inside an electrically insulating cylinder with electrically conducting solids above and below the liquid region. There is a uniform axial magnetic field, and there is an electric current through the liquid and both solids. Since the lower liquid-solid interface is concave into the solid and since the liquid is a better electrical conductor than the adjacent solid, the electric current is locally concentrated near the centerline. The return to a uniform current distribution involves a radial electric current which interacts with the axial magnetic field to drive an azimuthal flow. The axial variation of the centrifugal force due to the azimuthal velocity drives a meridional circulation with radial and axial velocities. This problem models the effects of Peltier marking during the vertical Bridgman growth of semiconductor crystals with an externally applied magnetic field, where the meridional circulation due to the Peltier current may produce important mixing in the molten semiconductor. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of weak rotation on natural convection in a horizontal porous cylinder

Natural convection in a fluid saturated porous medium confined in a horizontal circular cylinder and rotating about its axis, with isothermal boundary conditions and uniform internal heat sink, is studied by both numerical and perturbation methods. No symmetry with respect to the vertical diameter is expected for the flow and temperature fields and the whole region must be involved in the computation. Only the weak rotation regime, for which the centrifugal force is negligible compared to gravity, is considered. Governing equations for the two-dimensional flow field are solved in both rotating and non-rotating coordinate systems. Results indicate that rotation significantly decreases the radial amplitude of fluid particle trajectories in the radial direction and thus reduces the overall heat transfer.     

螺旋槽端面微间隙高速气流润滑密封特性

考虑入口气流压力损失和出口阻塞效应,建立了微间隙端面高速气体润滑密封分析数学模型,对螺旋槽端面微间隙高速气流润滑密封特性进行研究.重点分析了不同密封间隙、密封压力和转速等工况条件下,入口压力损失和出口阻塞效应对开启力、泄漏率及气膜刚度等密封特性参数的影响规律.结果表明:高速气体阻塞效应使出口压力高于环境压力,压力损失使入口气膜压力下降,导致泄漏率和气膜刚度明显下降,并使开启力增加.随着密封压力和密封间隙的增加,阻塞效应增强,导致泄漏率和气膜刚度显著降低.密封压力10 MPa时,泄漏率降低可达20%,气膜刚度的下降可达30%以上.     

Dynamics of rotating conveying mud drill string subjected to torque and longitudinal thrust

In the view of fluid-structure interactions and rotor dynamics, this paper models the lateral vibration of a vertical downward rotating elastic drill string conveying mud subjected to supporting stabilizers, bit torque and longitudinal thrust. The dynamic model involves the rotational inertia of the drill string tube cross section, the gyroscopic effect caused by rotation, the damping due to friction with the surrounding fluid, the gravity force and mud buoyancy. Damped natural frequency, stability and resonance of the drill string system are determined by quadratic eigenvalue problem and investigated at influences of the stabilizer, rotational angular speed, mud flowing velocity, bit torque and thrust. As a result, the drill string can lose stability both at simultaneous and separate influences of the mud conveying, bit torque and thrust, whereas the rotation, stabilizer and gravity of the drill string can improve system stability; the rotational angular speed causing system resonance decreases with the increase of the mud flowing velocity, bit torque and thrust.