一种新实验应力分析方法——声弹性实验应力分析方法简介

1940年S.OKA发现了应力引起的声双折射现象.此后,随着发射和检测超声波技术的进展,近年来有人提出各种方法用来测定应力引起的声双折射、声速和声频谱变化.测出这些变化便能定出施加在物体上的外力和残余应力.目前,超声波应力分析方法引起了人们的广泛注意,并开始形成一门与光弹性力学相类似的新学科——“声弹性力学”.     

平面声弹性技术的研究

本文从弹性波理论出发。导出了微正交各向异性材料平面应力问题的应力—声关系。借助于一个新引进的参数S,给出了一个独立的新方程,使这类问题的解决大为简化。在实验技术方面,研制了垂直入射平面偏振横波的可旋转换能器,建立了平面声弹性实验系统,改进了耦合和测速技术。     

弱正交异性材料残余应力测量的声弹性方法

为了适应工程材料的残余应力无损测量的要求,本文将横波和纵波声弹性相结合,建立适用於弱正交异性材料的平面声弹性残余应力测量方法,并应用该方法及自行研制的横波换能器对焊接试件的二维残余应力进行了测试。     

固体声弹性理论、实验技术及应用研究进展

固体的声弹性对于固体的应力状态超声无损测量具有极其重要的作用.康奈尔大学的鲍亦兴教授曾经总结了1984年以前的固体声弹性理论、实验技术及工程应用方面的研究成果.系统总结了最近20多年来固体声弹性的基本理论、实验技术及其在材料科学、岩土工程等领域应力状态超声无损检测应用方面的研究进展.      

超声表面波检测金属材料表面应力的实验研究

本文应用声弹性理论研究了表面波在金属材料表面的传播速度和表面应力之间的关系,优化了表面波声弹性公式,建立了应力和表面波相对传播时间差的关系。通过构造实用的微型表面波探头,采用数字相关法计算了不同应力下的表面被传播时间差,确定了A3钢的表面波传播时间差与应力的关系式。同时分析了试件表面粗糙度和平整度对表面波速度变化的影响,最后给出了金属材料在不同表面条件下的实验分析结果。     

十次对称二维准晶材料的位错动力学问题

论文采用Bak准晶弹性动力学模型研究了十次对称二维准晶材料的位错动力学问题。将Stroh公式推广到了准晶材料动力学问题的研究中,给出了位移和应力一般解的表达式。讨论了位错移动速度、声子场和相位子场耦合弹性常数对声子场、相位子场位移和应力的影响。     

声程差与应力强度因子的关系

基于弹性状态下力对材料声折射率及试件厚度的影响,推导了含裂纹的试件受力前后,超声纵波经其前后表面反射及透射时声程的变化,得到了应力强度因子与声程差的关系,为通过声程差的变化确定裂尖应力强度因子打下了基础。     

超声纯横波法测试45#钢的内部应力

声各向同性的金属材料在应力作用下,材料表现出声各向异性,这是用声弹性法分析材料内部应力的基础。本文用垂直于应力方向传播的超声纯横波对45#钢进行测试,测试时横波的偏振化方向分别平行和垂直于应力方向。实验结果表明:材料在拉、压应力作用下,相互正交的两超声纯横波的声速都发生了变化,且声各向异性因子与应力成线性关系。利用此关系可测试材料内部应力,提供了一种无损测试材料内部应力的方法,另外本实验方法也可以对材料内部残余应力进行评估。实验中利用回振法测量声速,可测量声速的微小变化,精度高。     

微机化的纵横波螺栓轴向应力检测仪研制

介绍了一种既可测安装过程中的螺栓应力又可测已紧固螺栓轴向应力的一种仪器 ,该仪器是以单片机和计算机为核心 ,用超声纵横波声时进行在线检测 ;利用超声波沿轴向传播的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系导出了应力同纵横波声时比值及温度的关系 ,考虑了受应力作用时温度对声速的影响 ,简化了测量及计算过程 .仪器采用了声时、声幅衰减及数字处理技术联合排除偶合错误及噪声干扰等方法 ,增加了仪器的稳定性 ;仪器采用了高精度测声时方法 ,提高了应力测量精度 ;计算机提供了数字及图形显示并提供了数据查询及图形还原等功能 ,极大地方便了用户操作及管理 .实验结果表明应力低于 2 5 0MPa ,夹紧距离大于 30mm时 ,应力超声测量的绝对误差小于± 8MPa .     

一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的III型断裂力学

研究了一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的Ⅲ型断裂力学问题。基于复变弹性理论和表面弹性理论获得了考虑表面效应时椭圆孔边裂纹的应力场、应力强度因子和能量释放率的解析表达；讨论了缺陷尺寸、裂纹/孔洞比、耦合系数和施加载荷对应力强度因子和能量释放率的影响。研究表明：考虑表面效应且缺陷的尺寸在纳米尺度时，声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子以及无量纲能量释放率具有明显的尺寸依赖；裂纹相对尺寸较小时，表面效应对声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子影响较小；纳米尺度时无量纲能量释放率随耦合系数的增加而增大；耦合系数一定时，无量纲能量释放率受到椭圆孔尺寸影响；随着声子场载荷的增大，无量纲能量释放率先减小后增加，最后趋于稳定；无量纲能量释放率随相位子场载荷的增大单调减小，非常小和非常大的声子场载荷(或相位子场载荷)屏蔽了相位子场载荷(或声子场载荷)的影响。     

Stress Level Measurement in Prestressed Steel Strands Using Acoustoelastic Effect

In-situ health monitoring of the tensioning components such as strands, tendons, bars, anchorage bolts, etc. used in civil engineering structures, namely bridges, dams, nuclear power plants, etc. is extremely important to ensure security of users and environment. This paper deals with a guided ultrasonic wave procedure for monitoring the stress levels in seven-wire steel strands (15.7 mm in diameter). For this purpose, simplified acoustoelastic formulations were derived from the acoustoelasticity theory and acoustoelastic measurements were performed. The results from acoustoelastic calibration tests and an anchorage block of seven-wire steel strands are presented and discussed. They show the potential and the suitability of the proposed guided wave method for evaluating the service stress levels in the prestressed seven-wire steel strands.     

Acoustoelastic determination of stress in slightly orthotropic materials

A method is proposed to determine stresses in acoustoelasticity by making use of orthotropic stress-acoustic relations and the equations of equilibrium. It is derived theoretically that shear stress is determined ny ultrasonic data ofB and ?, which denote a magnitude of acoustic birefringence and its principal direction, respectively. Other stress components are obtained by numerical integration of the equilibrium equation with the shear stress thus determined. Experiments were carried out to show the validity and usefulment of the method. This method was applied to the measurement of stress field on a plate with a circular hole subjected to axial tension. Ultrasonic measurements were made by a Y-cut quartz transducer with 5-MHz fundamental frequency. The specimen was cut out from 1100 aluminum plate of 4-mm thickness, which shows a slight orthotropy due to roll working. The values ofB and ? were measured in both stressed and unstressed state. Then, stress distributions were determined by the method proposed here, and are compared with the known theoretical distributions.     

Acoustoelasticity: Ultrasonic stress field reconstruction

Based on the theory of acoustoelasticity, a new ultrasonic stress reconstruction method—the generalized acoustic ratio (GAR) technique—is developed for locally plane structures and orthotropic materials. For given transit times of the three wave modes and the shear wave polarization angle, the local plane stress tensor is uniquely determined. The GAR technique yields accurate stress estimates with relatively small temperature sensitivity. Based on calibration constants from three uniaxial specimens, the entire stress field in a compact tension specimen is reconstructed. The results are in very good agreement with stress predictions from an elastoplastic finite element analysis. To further improve the measurements, a numerical technique, the stress field approximation (SFA) technique, is developed. The SFA technique uses a smooth local bicubic spline approximation and aims at improving the overall stress field estimate by enforcing the equilibrium equations, the stress boundary conditions and symmetry conditions. Numerical results show that both the average error and its spread are indeed reduced.     

Acoustoelasticity model of inhomogeneously deformed bodies

We consider a mathematical model of dynamics of small elastic perturbations in an inhomogeneously deformed rigid body, where for the determining parameters of a local state we take the tensor characteristics of a given actual (strained) configuration (the Cauchy stress tensor and the Hencky or Almansi or Figner strain measure). An iteration algorithm is developed to solve the Cauchy problem stated in the framework of this model for a system of hyperbolic equations with variable coefficients that describes the propagation of elastic pulses in an inhomogeneous deformed continuum. In the case of two-dimensional stress fields, we obtain acoustoelasticity integral relations between the probing pulse parameters and the initial strain (stress) distribution in the direction of pulse propagation in the strained body. We also consider an example of application of the obtained integral relations in the inverse acoustic tomography problem for residual strains in a strip.     

Nondestructive residual-stress measurement in a wide-flanged rolled beam by acoustoelasticity

X-ray stress analysis is a standard nondestructive stress-measurement technique, but its use is limited in the sense that only a surface layer is surveyed. Recently, acoustoelasticity has emerged as a technique for nondestructive stress analysis. Acoustoelasticity makes use of stress-induced acoustic-birefringent effects. It gives stress distributions averaged through the thickness of a specimen. This technique is attractive because it does not require a transparent plastic model as photoelasticity does. However, much should be done before this method is established as a standard nondestructive technique of stress analysis. The most important among them is to separate stress-induced birefringence from that introduced by texture structure. For special cases, such as axisymmetric stress distributions and when a stress-free region is knowna priori, residual-stress distributions can be evaluated nondestructively. In this paper, we measured residual-stress distribution in a wide-flanged rolled beam by using a recently developed T-type transducer. The results were compared to those obtained from conventional destructive methods.     

The Physical Fundamentals of the Ultrasonic Nondestructive Stress Analysis of Solids

Theoretical and experimental works on acoustoelasticity are briefly generalized. Studies conducted and scientific results obtained at the S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics and E. O. Paton Institute of Electric Welding of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are highlighted. Special features of these works and their difference from those of other authors are pointed out. The basic principles and laws governing the propagation of longitudinal, shear, and surface waves in bi- and triaxially stressed bodies are briefly stated with regard for the orthotropy and nonlinear properties of the material. The experimentally proven principles and laws for elastic waves propagating in initially stressed bodies are formulated. The physical fundamentals of the ultrasonic nondestructive technique for determining bi- and triaxial stresses in solids are described. The determination of bi- and triaxial residual stresses in specimens and structural members is demonstrated by examples. The basic principles of the related (dielectric and electromagnetic) methods for stress analysis of polymeric materials are stated. The application of the electromagnetic method to the stress analysis of some polymeric materials is considered     

Acoustoelastic effects on mode waves in a fluid-filled pressurized borehole in triaxially stressed formations

Based on the nonlinear theory of acoustoelasticity, considering the triaxial terrestrial stress, the fluid static pressure in the borehole and the fluid nonlinear effect jointly, the dispersion curves of the monopole Stoneley wave and dipole flexural wave propagating along the borehole axis in a homogeneous isotropic formation are investigated by using the perturbation method. The relation of the sensitivity coefficient and the velocity-stress coefficient to frequency are also analyzed. The results show that variations of the phase velocity dispersion curve are mainly affected by three sensitivity coefficients related to third-order elastic constant. The borehole stress concentration causes a split of the flexural waves and an intersection of the dispersion curves of the flexural waves polarized in directions parallel and normal to the uniaxial horizontal stress direction. The stress-induced formation anisotropy is only dependent on the horizontal deviatoric terrestrial stress and independent of the horizontal mean terrestrial stress, the superimposed stress and the fluid static pressure. The horizontal terrestrial stress ratio ranging from 0 to 1 reduces the stress-induced formation anisotropy. This makes the intersection of flexural wave dispersion curves not distinguishable. The effect of the fluid nonlinearity on the dispersion curve of the mode wave is small and can be ignored.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10272004) and The Special Science Foundation of the Doctoral Discipline of the Ministry of Education of China(20050001016) The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

Determination of uniaxial stresses in steel structures by the laser-ultrasonic method

This paper describes the experimental implementation of the laser-ultrasonic method for diagnosing mechanical compression and tensile stresses in steel structures, based on the acoustoelasticity effect. The special laser-ultrasonic transducer that provides the laser excitation and highly sensitive piezoelectric detection of head (longitudinal subsurface) ultrasonic waves is developed. It is shown on the example of R65 rail samples of various quality that, regardless of the structural phase state of the rail, there is one and the same linear relationship between the relative variation of the velocity of head ultrasonic waves and the absolute value of uniaxial compression and tensile stresses acting in the rail.