摩擦热对Ti6A14V合金摩擦磨损性能的影响

在高速销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上考察了Ti6A14V销与GCr15钢盘摩擦副的干滑动摩擦磨损行为，并在线测量了销试样的摩擦接触温度，利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及透射电子显微镜分别对Ti6A14V摩擦表面和次表层的微观形貌、组织成分、相结构进行研究．结果表明：Ti6A14V的卢相变点温度接近其摩擦系数和磨损率的转折温度；随着摩擦表面温度升高，在Ti6A14V表面依次形成TiO、TiO2和V2O3；温度骤变促使Ti6A14V表层析出纳米颗粒，高的摩擦温度使空气中的氮渗入表层而形成VN．上述结果共同对Ti6A14V／GCr15摩擦副的摩擦磨损行为产生影响．     

钛合金表面Ti-Al合金扩散层的摩擦性能研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,以纯铝作为源极,氩气为工作气体,利用不等电位空心阴极效应在钛合金(Ti6Al4V)表面渗铝,形成均匀致密的钛铝合金扩散层,采用WTM-1型球-盘摩擦磨损试验机对钛合金表面钛铝合金扩散层的摩擦性能进行研究,用显微硬度仪测量渗层的显微硬度,并用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪观察分析钛铝合金扩散层的截面形貌和相结构.结果表明:在Ti6Al4V合金基材表面形成厚20 μm的钛铝合金扩散层,其表面显微硬度达810HV;钛铝合金扩散层主要由金属间化合物Ti3Al和TiAl组成;钛铝合金扩散层可以显著提高钛合金表面的摩擦性能,摩擦系数从0.35左右降至0.15,抗磨损性能大幅提高.     

Ti-6Al-4V微弧氧化陶瓷膜的微观结构及摩擦磨损性能研究

在NaAlO2和Na3PO4混合电解液中,利用微弧氧化技术在Ti-6Al-4V表面制备了氧化物陶瓷膜.用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及显微硬度仪分别对微弧氧化膜的微观结构、相组成及其断面硬度进行分析,并对氧化膜致密层的摩擦磨损性能进行研究.结果表明:氧化膜表面呈现出多孔结构,氧化膜疏松层与致密层无明显界限,氧化膜与基底以犬牙交错形式结合;氧化膜主要由TiAl2O5和TiO2相组成,还含有少量AlPO4相和Al2O3相,氧化膜疏松层中TiAl2O5相的含量明显高于致密层;氧化膜内距Ti-6Al-4V基底约21 μm处的硬度存在最大值,两侧硬度降低;微弧氧化膜与Si3N4球对摩时具有较高的摩擦系数,磨损率比Ti-6Al-4V降低2个数量级,说明氧化膜致密层具有良好的耐磨性能,其磨损机制为微区脆性断裂.     

摩擦热对Ti6Al4V合金摩擦磨损性能的影响

在高速销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上考察了Ti6Al4V销与GCr15钢盘摩擦副的干滑动摩擦磨损行为,并在线测量了销试样的摩擦接触温度,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及透射电子显微镜分别对Ti6Al4V摩擦表面和次表层的微观形貌、组织成分、相结构进行研究.结果表明:Ti6Al4V的β相变点温度接近其摩擦系数和磨损率的转折温度;随着摩擦表面温度升高,在Ti6Al4V表面依次形成TiO、TiO2和V2O3;温度骤变促使Ti6Al4V表层析出纳米颗粒,高的摩擦温度使空气中的氮渗入表层而形成VN.上述结果共同对Ti6Al4V/GCr15摩擦副的摩擦磨损行为产生影响.     

不同管径氧化钛纳米管层的微动磨损性能

利用阳极氧化法在纯钛表面制备了3组平均内径不同的TiO2纳米管层试样,用扫描电子显微镜、硬度仪和轮廓仪对试样表面形貌、显微硬度、纳米硬度和粗糙度进行测试.在大气环境里,以球/平面接触方式,对摩偶件为超高分子聚乙烯球,采用PLINT高精度液压伺服式微动磨损试验机,分别在4种法向载荷下,对试样进行微动磨损试验.结果表明:随法向载荷的增加,同一摩擦副的摩擦系数降低;TiO2纳米管层的存在降低了钛与UHMWPE之间的摩擦系数,在不同载荷下纳米管层表面的摩擦系数均随管径的增大而增大,但低于无纳米管层的对照组;与UHMWPE对摩,TiO2纳米管层有很好的承载、抗剥离和耐磨性能;摩擦副的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损、UHMWPE塑变导致的表层材料损失.     

脉冲直流等离子体增强化学气相沉积Ti—Si—N纳米薄膜的摩擦磨损特性

采用工业型脉冲等离子体增强化学气相沉积设备，通过调节氯化物混合比例控制薄膜成分，在高速钢基材表面于550℃下沉积由纳米晶TiN和纳米非晶Si3N4组成的Ti—Si—N复合薄膜；采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及X射线光电子能谱仪分析了薄膜的结构、组成和化学状态；采用球-盘高温摩擦磨损试验机考察了薄膜同GCrl5钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：薄膜的Si含量在0％～35％范围内变化，随着Si含量增大，薄膜沉积速率增大，但薄膜由致密形态向大颗粒疏松态过渡；薄膜的晶粒尺寸为7～50nm；Ti—Si—N薄膜的显微硬度高于TiN的硬度，最高可达60GPa；引入少量Si可以显著改善TiN薄膜的抗磨性能，但薄膜的摩擦系数较高(室温下约0．8、400℃下约0．7)；随着Si含量的增加，Ti—Si—N薄膜的耐磨性能有所降低，其原因在于引入导电性较差的Si元素使得薄膜的组织变得疏松．     

溶胶—凝胶法制备的ZrO2薄膜的摩擦学性能研究

在Si(100)基片上制备晶态ZrO2薄膜,考察了薄膜的摩擦学性能和摩擦磨损机制。结果表明：在低负荷（0．5N）下,ZrO2薄膜与GCr15钢球和Si3N4陶瓷球对摩时具有优良的抗磨减摩性能,在滑动5000次时的摩擦系数分别为0．14和0．13;但随着负荷和滑动速度的增大,薄膜的耐磨寿命降低,摩擦系数增大。采用扫描电子显微镜对薄膜磨痕表面形貌进行观察分析,发现在较低负荷和滑动速度条件下,ZrO2薄膜的磨损机制为轻微擦伤;而在相对较高的负荷和滑动速度条件下,其磨痕表面呈现塑性变形,严重擦伤和断裂剥落特征。     

Ti6Al4V表面双层辉光离子渗Mo及其摩擦学性能的研究

利用双层解光离子渗金属技术在Ti6A14V合金表面渗Mo，用球—盘磨损试验机对试样的摩擦性能进行了研究．结果表明：Ti6A14V合金表面渗Mo可以形成均匀的表面改性合金层，合金层由沉积层和扩散层构成；合金层的硬度和弹性模量分别为10．86GPa和278．84GPa，较Ti6A14V有较大提高；渗Mo后的试样在干摩擦小滑动距离下表现出一定的减摩作用，耐磨性明显增强；在油润滑条件下，渗Mo改性层具有优异的减摩和耐磨性能．     

电子束处理的渗硼45^#钢在硫化异丁烯润滑下的摩擦学性能研究

对渗硼45^#钢进行电子束辐照改性处理，采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了电子束辐照渗硼45^#钢在含硫化异丁烯的液体石蜡润滑下同GCrl5钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能，用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了试样剖面形貌，用X射线光电子能谱仪分析了电子束辐照渗硼45^#钢及其磨损表面主要元素的化学状态．结果表明：渗硼45^#钢经电子束照射后硬度和抗磨性能显著提高；在边界润滑条件下，添加剂可以通过摩擦化学反应而在试样磨损表面形成由硫化物和硫酸盐等组成的润滑和防护薄膜，从而进一步改善试样的摩擦磨损性能．     

纳米MoS2薄膜的浸涂—热解法制备和摩擦学性能研究

用浸涂 -热解法在玻璃基底表面制备了纳米 Mo S2 薄膜 ,利用 X射线光电子能谱仪、X射线粉末衍射仪、原子力显微镜、静 -动摩擦系数测量仪和扫描电子显微镜等仪器研究了薄膜的微观结构、表面形貌和摩擦学性能 ,初步探讨了薄膜的摩擦磨损机制 .结果表明 :浸涂 -热解法制备的 Mo S2 薄膜由近似非晶的纳米微晶组成 ,薄膜均匀、致密 ,表面粗糙度小 ;在室温干摩擦条件下 ,Mo S2 薄膜与 GCr15钢球对摩时显示出良好的抗磨减摩性能 ;当负荷为 1.0 N而滑动速度为 90 mm/ min时 ,其耐磨寿命大于 5 0 0 0次 ,摩擦系数最低可达 0 .12 .磨损表面形貌显微分析表明 :在低速和低负荷下薄膜的磨损机制主要是塑性变形和轻微粘着转移 ,而在较负荷和速度下的主要磨损机制为塑性变形和严重剥落     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.