双参考光全息—散斑干涉术的原理和实验

本文用统计光学方法对双参考光全息——散斑干涉术进行了详尽的理论分析,给出了全息和散斑干涉场区域平均光强分布与光学系统主要参数及三维变形场各分量之间关系的解析表达式,进而讨论了离面位移和面内位移测量的上、下限,最后还给出了有关的实验结果。     

第四讲 全息和散斑法在断裂力学中的应用

文中概述了全息干涉和散斑相关法的基本原理,并给出定量计算的基本公式.较详细地介绍利用全息或散斑干涉法在断裂力学中基本参量的测量;裂纹尖端三维变形场的测量;裂纹尖端塑性区的发展;内外表面裂纹应力强度因子的测量;裂纹尖端小区损伤变形测量;界面裂纹变形场以及动态裂纹扩展断裂参数及变场测量的原理,并给出若干实例,     

数字全息计量技术及其在微小位移测量中的应用

数字全息是用数字的方式记录和处理全息图像，避免了传统全息照相的化学处理，既简化了处理过程，更便于用数字图像处理的方式来改进图像质量和提取信息。数字全息干涉计量技术是一种全场、非接触的光学测量方法，该方法测量精度高，光路简单，对防振要求低，实验条件容易满足，特别适合微小物体的微小位移或变形的精确测量。本文运用数字全息干涉计量法测定了两端固支梁的微小离面位移；经实验验证数字全息计量术能精确测量物体0．01微米量级位移或变形；而且该方法可靠性好、成本低；是非接触的无损测量。数字全息计量技术的这些特点使得该技术在小物体的微小变形测量上具有特别的优越性，因而在MEMS结构及MEMS材料参数(如弹性模量、泊松比、热变形系数等)的测定中有广阔的应用前景。     

电子散斑干涉和Video全息干涉

本文综述了有关电子散斑干涉法(ESPI)和Vidco全息干涉技术的一些近期成果.主要包括:有机玻璃模型中主应力和的测量,二维气体温度场和轴对称气体温度场的测量,三维物体表面形状和三维位移场的测量.条纹图均用数字图象处理系统处理.文中介绍了各种测量光路和操作技术,分析了可能出现的误差,提供了部分实验结果.     

数字全息粒子图像测速技术(DHPIV)研究进展

全息粒子图像测速技术(DHPIV)是当前非常具有发展潜力的非定常三维流场测量技 术,是一种具有点空间分辨力的三维空间三维速度场和时间历程的实验观 测方法和技术. 本文介绍了该项技术(数字全息DH和粒子图像测速PIV) 的发展背景和近20年来的研究进展,并介绍了已测得的非定常复杂流动的初步结果. 详 细论述了DHPIV技术所面临的关键性问题和应用基础问题以及相应的进展:粒子空间场的重建与再现的空间分辨 率问题、粒子定位或位移精度问题、信噪比和数字再现的光学与快速算法以及测量空间的扩 展等问题.同时讨论了数字离轴全息等有关技术的潜力, 介绍了进一步的研究发展方向.     

激光全息条纹三维读数仪法在人体头颅骨受力形变研究上的应用

1.前言激光全息干涉术由于具有非接触式全场测量,灵敏度、精确度极高,能适应多种工作条件,不受物体的材料、形状、表面状况的限制等等优点,在实验力学中日益占有重要的地位。目前,全息干涉术正向着仪器化、自动化的方向发展,以提高测量精度和方便操作使用。近年来,国内有关单位研制了在国内外独具特色的全息条纹三维读数仪。读数仪的结构、性能,文献[1]作了介绍,它所采用的基本原理和计算方法,文献[1、2]也已详细阐述。     

《实验力学》第3卷(1988)分类索引

综述实验力学发展前景1,1现代技术中的高级实验力学3,乳7恶劣环境中应变测量的国内外发展综述4,329电阻应变计测盘技术全息千涉术散斑计盆焦散线法声洲坦光弹塑性法有杆抽油泵井下抽油示功图计算机诊断系统2,97非稳态热应力测试及屈服后应力峰值的确定2,130动静态应变测量的采集系统2,173用双电流源的应变测量差值法原理及其联机2,177用数理统计方法评定电田应变计灵敏系数的精度等级4,349夹层全息千论法的残余应力测试1,24用夹层全息干涉法研究物体应变2,190微机计算机对全息位移与应变分析的冲击4,338激光散斑位移测量的可测范围研究1,68…     

测量小区域三维位移场的显微全息干涉与散斑干涉

1.引言 Solid、Gilbert、Sciammarella、Satour Toyooka以及Jerome等人提出的各种测量三维位移场的全息干涉方法.在试验技术和定量分析方面都比较复杂.(?)的工作虽是一种很好的测定三维位移场的简单方法,但失去非接触式测量的优点.本文利用象平面全息干涉与散斑干涉同轴结合的方法,在一张底板上同时记录了面     

含裂纹平板的电子散斑振动测量与识别

使用激光全息测量出平板试件振动的振型和模态频率,根据试件在没有裂纹和有裂纹时模态频率和振型的变化规律来定性识别裂纹的存在和裂纹出现的大致区域.该方法实现简单、避免传统识别方法中使用的复杂的数值计算,充分发挥了全息纪录方式和振动故障诊断的优势.     

用散斑和全息干涉法测量汽车前桥的位移

本文分别用散斑和全息干涉法测量了汽车前桥模型的面内和离面位移.实验表明,所用方法简便可行、且精度较高.     

Optimization of multiplane μPIV for wall shear stress and wall topography characterization

Multiplane μPIV can be utilized to determine the wall shear stress and wall topology from the measured flow over a structured surface. A theoretical model was developed to predict the measurement error for the surface topography and shear stress, based on a theoretical analysis of the precision in PIV measurements. The main parameters that affect the accuracy of the measurement are identified. The effect of different parameter settings is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations, and the results are compared with an experimental test case. The results are used to determine the recommended parameter settings for this measurement approach.     

考虑不确定因素的结构损伤定位方法

将应变模态作为实测资料应用概率方法进行结构损伤定位.采用的模态误差考虑了建模误差和测量误差等不确定因素,避免了测量自由度与模型自由度不匹配的问题.研究了损伤状态搜索策略,并对应变模态和位移模态分别作为实测资料的定位结果进行了比较,表明采用应变模态具有更高的定位精度.     

基于视觉的桥梁挠度测量方法与研究进展

挠度是评估桥梁承载能力和健康状态最直观的指标。近20年来,基于计算机视觉的桥梁挠度测量方法凭借其非接触式、快速简易安装等优点,被逐步应用于实际测量中。本文从测量原理、测量方式和影响因素3个方面出发,介绍了当前基于视觉的桥梁挠度测量方法与研究进展。在测量原理方面,从相机标定、三维立体视觉、摄影测量、特征检测与匹配4个方面进行了介绍。在测量方式方面,介绍了单相机二维测量、双相机三维测量、基于摄影测量的准静态测量和位移传递串联相机网络多点动态测量。在影响因素方面,介绍了相机自身因素、标定因素、算法因素和环境因素4个方面对测量结果的影响,并总结了目前国内外的研究成果。最后对基于视觉的桥梁挠度测量技术的未来发展趋势做出了展望。     

Validation of Mechanical Strain Relaxation Methods for Stress Measurement

Most validation studies of mechanical strain relaxation (MSR) methods for residual stress measurement rely on using the saw-tooth residual stress distribution resulting from four point bending and elastic–plastic deformation. Validation studies using simple applied stress profiles in rectangular steel beams are used in this work, together with beams subjected to elastic–plastic bending. Two MSR methods are explored, deep-hole drilling (DHD) and incremental centre hole drilling (ICHD). As well as a series of experiments, finite element analyses are conducted to determine the accuracy in the inversion of measured deformation to reconstruct stress. The validation tests demonstrated that apart from the applied stresses, the initial residual stresses also contribute even when samples are expected to be stress free. The uncertainty in measurement for the two MSR methods is determined, with the uncertainty in near surface measurement found to be significantly larger than uncertainty for interior measurement. In simple loading cases (and simple stress profiles) the uncertainty in measurement and hence the degree of validation is shown to be within about ±50 MPa for steel for “known” stress up to about 140 MPa. However, if the residual stress distribution is more complex there arises increased uncertainty in the predicted residual stress and lack of confidence between measurements methods.     

The accuracy of residual stress measurement by the hole-drilling method

This paper describes the verification of the accuracy of residual stress measurement by the hole-drilling method. The strain measurement is simulated by the use of the indirect fictitious-boundary integral method. As an example, a finite rectangular plate subjected to initial stress is treated, and a simulated measurement of the residual stress is made using the strain relieved during hole drilling. The accuracy of residual stress measurement is estimated by comparing the simulated measured residual stress with the actual residual stress, i.e., the given initial stress. The results are shown for various distances and angles of strain gages. Also, the influences of the eccentricity of the hole from the center of the strain gages and the effect of a boundary near the hole are examined.     

基于单探测器的X射线脉冲星深空导航算法

提出一种基于单探测器的X射线脉冲星深空导航算法.该算法利用单个X射线探测器在不同时刻的观测数据来构建观测模型,因此航天器不必搭载多个X射线探测器,大幅降低了X射线脉冲星深空导航系统的质量和功耗.针对不同的观测方案,利用线性化可观性分析方法对导航系统进行了可观性分析.分析结果表明,航天器应当分时段观测不同的脉冲星来提高导航性能.最后,给出了相应的仿真算例.仿真结果表明利用该算法能获得与传统算法相近的导航精度.      

一种双导航系统组合定位数据概率圆半径的评定

对于由双导航系设备(系统)进行组合后的定位输出数据，所获得的船位由于其各自的不确定度不同，将其融合后所得的船位应为双导航设备给出船位的加权平均，融合后的定位概率圆半径也应由不确定度进行新的重新评定。文中给出了基于不确定度的双导航设备组合后的定位输出数据融合评定，并给出了新的定位概率圆半径计算方法，使由双导航设备组成的组合导航系统的导航参数输出具有更好的可信度。其结论可推广至多导航设备(系统)的组合导航输出导航参数的评定。     

Computed tomographic X-ray velocimetry for simultaneous 3D measurement of velocity and geometry in opaque vessels

Computed tomographic X-ray velocimetry has been developed for simultaneous three-dimensional measurement of flow and vessel geometry. The technique uses cross-correlation functions calculated from X-ray projection image pairs acquired at multiple viewing angles to tomographically reconstruct the flow through opaque objects with high resolution. The reconstruction is performed using an iterative, least squares approach. The simultaneous measurement of the object’s structure is performed with a limited projection tomography method. An extensive parametric study using Monte Carlo simulation reveals accurate measurements with as few as 3 projection angles, and a minimum required scan angle of only 30°. When using a single/source detector system, the technique is limited to measurement of periodic or steady flow fields; however, with the use of a multiple source/detector system, instantaneous measurement will be possible. Synchrotron experiments are conducted to demonstrate the simultaneous measurement of structure and flow in a complex geometry with strong three-dimensionality. The technique will find applications in biological flow measurement, and also in engineering applications where optical access is limited, such as in mineral processing.     

基于图像相关分析的狗骨式钢框架子结构试验节点区变形场测量

为研究狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域在循环荷载作用下的损伤演化规律,采用图像相关技术对3榀、3层、单跨1/3缩尺的狗骨式钢框架子结构底层节点区域的应变场及变形进行了监测,重点分析了不同循环加载方式作用下狗骨式节点区域的应变场、节点域剪切变形的历程,并与传统测试方法所记录结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,加载方式对狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域的变形、应变及其损伤程度均有显著影响;图像相关技术可获得节点区域的变形及应变场,较传统测试方法更具优势;测点峰值应变及变形同传统方法测试结果吻合良好。     

Gas–liquid two phase flow measurement method based on combination instrument of turbine flowmeter and conductance sensor

In order to solve the flowrate measurement problem of gas–liquid two phase flow widely existing in gas wells of Daqing oil field in China, a new method has been developed, which is based on the combination instrument of turbine flowmeter and conductance sensor with petal type concentrating flow diverter. The turbine and conductance signals under 104 different flow conditions have been acquired through oil–gas–water three phase flow loop experimental facility. To determine the flow pattern in measurement channel, attractor morphologic characteristics are extracted from the conductance signals. For the total flowrate measurement, based on the turbine fluctuant signals of gas–liquid two phase flow, a statistical model with the average error of 7.9% is set up. With regard to the water cut measurement, the characteristics in time and frequency domains are extracted from the fluctuant conductance signals, and then employing the Support Vector Machine (SVM) soft measurement model used in high-dimension data fitting, the water cut prediction is realized with the average error of 0.038. The results show that the combination instrument of turbine flowmeter and conductance sensor with petal type concentrating flow diverter would be useful in measuring the total flowrate and water cut of gas–liquid two phase flow in gas production wells.