闭孔泡沫铝的多轴唯象受压本构参数

基于显微计算机断层扫描影像信息, 逆向重建闭孔泡沫铝试件的三维细观有限元模型, 定量研究闭孔泡沫铝在多轴压缩载荷作用下的大变形力学行为. 讨论了泡沫金属唯象弹塑性本构参数的确定方法, 根据计算结果确定了3 个有代表性的泡沫材料本构模型的本构参数, 并验证了这些本构模型在描述多轴压缩应力状态下的精度. 研究表明, 对于单轴压缩, 3 个本构模型的屈服面均有很好的精度;对于静水压缩, 有限元软件"ABAQUS"的可压缩泡沫本构模型屈服面会发生严重偏离, 陈-卢本构模型"屈服面" 略微低估静水压缩的屈服应力, 而体积强化本构模型的屈服面有很好的精度.     

泡沫铝材料准静态本构关系的理论和实验研究

应用Chen和Lu提出的适用于可压缩弹塑性固体的唯象本构模型框架，建立了泡沫铝的准静态本构模型，推导了三维等比例加载和环向受约束轴向加载下的宏观应力-应变曲线. 对两种泡沫铝材料(开孔和闭孔)进行了4类准静态试验，即单轴压缩、三维静水压缩、三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩实验. 利用单轴压缩和三维静水压缩的实验结果得到了泡沫铝材料的本构参数曲线，并由此预测它在三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩情况下的响应. 理论预测与相应实验结果相比较，三维等比例压缩的结果比较吻合，但与侧向受约束轴向压缩的结果却相差很大. 分析表明，理论预测与侧向受约束轴向压缩实验结果的偏差是由于泡沫铝试件与约束筒之间的摩擦造成的. 研究结果说明, Chen-Lu模型能够很好地描述泡沫铝材料在压缩占主导的应力状态下的响应.     

闭孔泡沫铝泊松比及三轴压缩变形模式

在闭孔泡沫铝的唯象本构模型中, 泊松比是一个非常关键的参数, 为了探究闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律研究结果存在分歧的原因, 认识闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律中特征点的物理意义, 采用数值模拟方法, 建立了闭孔泡沫铝的3D-Voronoi模型及2D-Voronoi模型, 对模型进行侧面位移耦合单轴压缩边界条件下的仿真分析; 基于闭孔泡沫铝本构模型的唯象特性, 对闭孔泡沫铝变形模式的研究同样十分重要, 为明确其三轴压缩下的变形模式, 对闭孔泡沫铝的3D-Voronoi模型进行侧面位移受限轴向压缩边界条件下的仿真分析. 研究结果表明, 常规壳单元接触中的厚度减薄特性是闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律的研究结论存在分歧的原因, 但厚度减薄不影响泡沫铝模型致密前胞孔结构的变形模式; 闭孔泡沫铝泊松比的准确变化规律为“增高?降低?再增高”的“S”型曲线, 并且, 曲线极大值对应闭孔泡沫铝吸能效率的增速下降点; 等比压缩应力状态下, 闭孔泡沫铝存在四种侧面变形模式, 分别为“(短期)压缩变形→膨胀变形”、“压缩变形→膨胀变形→压缩变形→膨胀变形”、“压缩变形→(短期)膨胀变形”及“压缩变形”.      

橡胶粘结颗粒材料粘弹性性能的试验研究与离散元模拟

制备了颗粒规则四方排列和六方排列的橡胶粘接颗粒材料试样,实验测试了所制备试样在单向拉伸载荷下的应力松弛曲线和不同应变率时的应力应变曲线.基于所测试的应力松弛曲线,采用曲线拟合方法得到了所测试材料的宏观Burger’s粘弹性本构模型参数.采用离散元模型中单元间连结模型代表颗粒间橡胶粘接剂的作用,并基于试样的宏观Burger’s模型参数与离散元模型中细观Burger’s连结模型参数间的关系,建立了橡胶粘接颗粒材料的无厚度胶结离散元分析模型.最后采用所建立的离散元模型计算了所测试试样的松弛和拉伸力学性能.离散元预测结果与实验结果的对比表明,采用无厚度胶结离散元模型能较好的计算颗粒规则排列的橡胶粘接颗粒材料松弛和拉伸力学性能,但基于应力松弛实验拟合而来参数不能准确反应橡胶粘接剂在高应变率条件下其力学性能的应变率相关性.     

多晶金属材料的三维组集式弹塑性本构模型

本文从分析多晶金属材料的细观组织在弹塑性变形中的贮能和耗能机制入手,提出一个三维组集式弹塑性本构模型。该模型将材料单元抽象成沿三维空间各方向均匀分布组件的集合体,方向组件反映材料的细观性态并在宏观上协调变形,所有方向组件的内力总效应构成宏观应力。文中导出了显式的弹塑性本构关系,并与Budiansky的复杂加载试验结果及其它塑性模型进行了对比。     

泡沫杆撞击刚性壁的动态压溃模型

针对泡沫杆撞击刚性壁的情形建立了2类动态压溃模型:一维冲击波模型和三维细观有限元模 型。以连续介质框架下的应力波理论为基础,并假定了刚性-非线性塑性硬化的加载和刚性卸载的本构关系, 建立了一维冲击波模型,给出了冲击波波后应变与冲击时间的隐式表达式。利用随机Voronoi技术构建了闭 孔泡沫金属结构的三维细观有限元模型,使用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件模拟了泡沫材料的动态压溃过 程,并基于最小二乘法计算局部变形梯度和局部应变得到了三维泡沫结构的应变场。通过理论解和数值解的 比较,发现该理论模型能够较好地预测泡沫金属杆撞击刚性壁的力学行为,得到了较为精确的结果。     

基于三维细观力学模型的开孔泡沫弹性性能预测

泡沫材料的宏观力学性能主要取决于基体材料的力学特性及其微细观结构特征,基于细观力学模型的分析方法是泡沫材料力学性能研究的重要途径.文中构建了描述中等孔隙率开孔弹性泡沫材料微结构特征的三维随机分布球形泡孔模型,并采用有限元方法对弹性泡沫压缩变形进行了模拟,并计算给出了不同孔隙率弹性泡沫材料弹性模量、剪切模量、体积模量以及泊松比的分布,建立了相应的唯象表达式.研究表明,泡孔分布的随机性导致泡沫材料微结构刚度分布不均匀,泡沫压缩变形过程中不断发生局部泡孔坍塌现象直至密实,使得泡沫材料的宏观压缩应力应变曲线没有明显的平台段.泡沫材料弹性参数唯象模型的研究显示,该模型预测结果与理论模型一致,且与测试结果吻合,论文建立的唯象表达式能够很好地预测泡沫材料的弹性力学性能.     

循环受压砼全过程声发射实验及其本构关系

本文根据在ＭＴＳ电液伺服试验系统上完成的不同应变控制加载工况的循环受压砼应力—应变全过程试验及相应声发射检测结果分析了受压砼全过程的声发射特性，然后利用损伤力学的等效应变假定建立了考虑不可逆效应的循环受压砼本构关系，该模型兼容理想弹性损伤本构模型和一般弹塑性本构模型。经比较，本文所建模型与实验结果吻合较好。     

闭孔泡沫铝的塑性泊松比

闭孔泡沫铝的塑性泊松比在常见的唯象可压缩本构关系中是一个重要的参数,然而由于实验测试离散性比较大,长期以来并未受到足够重视.论文采用Kelvin十四面体模型构建出不同相对密度的闭孔泡沫铝三维细观模型并进行单轴压缩数值计算.结果表明,随着轴向应变的增加,泡沫铝塑性泊松比—轴向应变曲线呈倒S形,存在峰值和极小值;泡沫铝塑性泊松比曲线的极小值对应的轴向应变为泡沫铝的密实应变;随着相对密度的提高,泡沫铝的平均塑性泊松比增大.当闭孔泡沫铝的相对密度低于0.1时,其平均塑性泊松比接近于零;当闭孔泡沫铝相对密度大于0.1时,其平均塑性泊松比随相对密度的增加而呈线性从0.17增加到0.5.     

考虑微观结构特征长度演化的内变量黏塑性本构模型

在金属晶体材料高应变率大应变变形过程中，存在强烈的位错胞尺寸等微观结构特征长度细化现象，势必对材料加工硬化、宏观塑性流动应力产生重要影响。基于宏观塑性流动应力与位错胞尺寸成反比关系，提出了一种新型的BCJ本构模型。利用位错胞尺寸参数，修正了BCJ模型的流动法则、内变量演化方程，引入了考虑应变率和温度相关性的位错胞尺寸演化方程，建立了综合考虑微观结构特征长度演化、位错累积与湮灭的内变量黏塑性本构模型。应用本文模型，对OFHC铜应变率在10-4~103 s-1、温度在298~542 K、应变在0~1的实验应力-应变数据进行了预测。结果表明:在较宽应变率、温度和应变范围内，本文模型的预测数据与实验吻合很好；与BCJ模型相比，对不同加载条件下实验数据的预测精度均有较大程度的提高，最大平均相对误差从9.939%减小为5.525%。     

低密度开孔泡沫蠕变松弛特性分析

利用三维Voronoi模型和有限元方法分析了胞壁材料具有粘弹特性的低密度开孔泡沫的蠕变和应力松弛行为.采用了三参量标准线性固体模型来描述胞壁材料的粘弹特性.所得结果表明.低密度开孔泡沫具有与其胞壁材料相同的松弛时间,当相对密度较低时(低于1%)开孔泡沫的松弛模量与胞壁材料的松弛模量和泡沫相对密度平方成正比.此外,计算结果还表明,低密度开孔泡沫在较小的初始应力条件下具有与其胞壁材料相同的延迟时间.其蠕变柔度与胞壁材料的蠕变柔度和泡沫相对密度平方倒数基本成正比.但随着初始应力值的增大,泡沫的延迟时间将会显著增加.     

STOCHASTIC ELASTO-PLASTIC FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM FOAMS

Model I quasi-static nonlinear fracture of aluminum foams is analyzed by considering the effect of microscopic heterogeneity. Firstly, a continuum constitutive model is adopted to account for the plastic compressibility of the metallic foams. The yield strain modeled by a two- parameter Weibull-type function is adopted in the constitutive model. Then, a modified cohesive zone model is established to characterize the fracture behavior of aluminum foams with a cohesive zone ahead of the initial crack. The tensile traction versus local crack opening displacement relation is employed to describe the softening characteristics of the material. And a Weibull statistical model for peak bridging stress within the fracture process zone is used for considering microscopic heterogeneity of aluminum foams. Lastly, the influence of stochastic parameters on the curve of stress-strain is given. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the numerical model presented in this paper and the effects of Weibull parameters and material properties on J-integral are discussed.     

A plasticity model for cellular materials with open-celled structure

Based on a rigid-plastic material model that obeys the von Mises yield criterion, the plastic behavior of foams with an open-celled structure is studied in this paper using a single unit cell. An approximate continuum plasticity model is developed within the framework of the upper bound theorem of plasticity to describe the yield behavior of foams. The microscopic velocity fields are derived for the unit cell, which satisfy the incompressibility and the kinematic boundary conditions, and expressed in macroscopic rate of deformation. From the microscopic velocity fields, a macroscopic yield function is developed for foams under multi-axial stresses and includes the effects of the hydrostatic stress due to the void presence and growth. The dependency of the derived yield surfaces of foams on their relative densities is studied. The plastic behavior of foams is also studied numerically using the finite element method. The newly developed plasticity model is compared with the finite element analysis results and other available foam models and then correlated with the finite element results.     

空心颗粒填充复合材料的建模与弹塑性仿真计算

空心玻璃微珠（hollow glass microballon，简称HGM）填充复合材料称为复合泡沫材料，近来已被广泛应用在工业中。利用RSA(Random Sequential Adsorption)方法生成了含不同体积比的HGMs填充代表体元模型，然后用有限元方法计算得出了材料的应力-应变关系，将材料属性简化为双线性随动强化模型，分析了HGM填充比、壁厚对材料的有效弹性常数、屈服极限的影响，并分析了材料内部细观应力场和塑性应变分布情况。结果发现，HGM壁厚比对材料有效弹性模量和屈服极限的增减起着决定性作用，而对于任意填充模式来说，其比模量和比强度总是大于纯树脂，这一点体现了该材料轻质的优良特性。材料基体的应力集中部位分布以及塑性应变区域的分布也取决于HGM的壁厚比。     

宽γ辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫本构模型研究

基于实验和理论建模研究了白炭黑增强硅泡沫材料在γ辐照剂量范围为0~1000kGy作用后的单轴压缩力学行为。实验结果表明辐照导致硅泡沫出现明显硬化现象,初始杨氏模量和固定应变下应力幅值均随γ辐照剂量近似线性增加。辐照后硅泡沫泡孔结构完整,硅橡胶基体中高分子交联反应占主导,且交联密度随辐照剂量线性增大。基于实验分析结果,实现了Ogden Hyperfoam超弹本构模型参数与辐照剂量的关联。结果表明初始剪切模量参数与辐照剂量成线性关系,硬化指数和泊松比参数与辐照剂量无关。基于应力应变实验数据拟合得到模型参数,并与未参与拟合的实验数据对比,验证了模型的准确性,表明该模型能够表征宽辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫的压缩力学行为。     

Indentation into polymeric foams

The effects of the nose shape of rigid indenters on the indentation behaviour of polymethacrylimide (PMI) and polyetherimide (PEI) foams with different densities are investigated. Experimental results show that indentation resistance depends on the geometry of the indenter and the density of the foam. Analytical models based on the deformation mechanisms observed in experiments are developed to predict the indentation resistance. It shows that the analytical predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements for a range of polymeric foams. This study presents a complete and systematic experimental data on the indentation behaviours of a range of polymeric foams and demonstrates the capability of the analytical model to predict the indentation behaviours of PMI and PEI foams.     

宽γ辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫本构模型研究

基于实验和理论建模研究了白炭黑增强硅泡沫材料在γ辐照剂量范围为0~1000kGy作用后的单轴压缩力学行为。实验结果表明辐照导致硅泡沫出现明显硬化现象，初始杨氏模量和固定应变下应力幅值均随γ辐照剂量近似线性增加。辐照后硅泡沫泡孔结构完整，硅橡胶基体中高分子交联反应占主导，且交联密度随辐照剂量线性增大。基于实验分析结果，实现了Ogden Hyperfoam超弹本构模型参数与辐照剂量的关联。结果表明初始剪切模量参数与辐照剂量成线性关系，硬化指数和泊松比参数与辐照剂量无关。基于应力应变实验数据拟合得到模型参数，并与未参与拟合的实验数据对比，验证了模型的准确性，表明该模型能够表征宽辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫的压缩力学行为。     

Multiaxial yield surface of transversely isotropic foams: Part I—Modeling

A new yield criterion is proposed for transversely isotropic solid foams. Its derivation is based on the hypothesis that the yielding in foams is driven by the total strain energy density, rather than a completely phenomenological approach. This allows defining the yield surface with minimal number of parameters and does not require complex experiments. The general framework used leads to the introduction of new scalar measures of stress and strain (characteristic stress and strain) for transversely isotropic foams. Furthermore, the central hypothesis that the total strain energy density drives yielding in foams ascribes to the characteristic stress an analogous role of von Mises stress in metal plasticity. Unlike the overwhelming majority of yield models in literature the proposed model recognizes the tension–compression difference in yield behavior of foams through a linear mean stress term. Predictions of the proposed yield model are in excellent agreement with the results of uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial FE analyses implemented on both isotropic and transversely isotropic Kelvin foam models.     

Effects of microstructure on uniaxial strength asymmetry of open-cell foams

Based on the elongated Kelvin model, the effect of microstructure on the uniaxial strength asymmetry of open-cell foams is investigated. The results indicate that this asymmetry depends on the relative density, the solid material, the cell morphology, and the strut geometry of open-cell foams. Even though the solid material has the same tensile and compressive strength, the tensile and compressive strength of open-cell foams with asymmetrical sectional struts are still different. In addition, with the increasing degree of anisotropy, the uniaxial strength as well as the strength asymmetry increases in the rise direction but reduces in the transverse direction. Moreover, the plastic collapse ratio between two directions is verified to depend mainly on the cell morphology. The predicted results are compared with Gibson and Ashby''s theoretical results as well as the experimental data reported in the literature, which validates that the elongated Kelvin model is accurate in explaining the strength asymmetry presented in realistic open-cell foams.     

A micromechanical model for predicting the fracture toughness of functionally graded foams

In this paper, finite element method based micromechanical analysis is used to understand the fracture behavior of functionally graded foams. The finite element analysis uses a micro-mechanical model in conjunction with a macro-mechanical model in order to relate the stress intensity factor to the stresses in the struts of the foam. The stress intensity factor at the crack tip of the macro-mechanical model can be evaluated using either the J-contour integral or the stresses in the singularity-dominated zone. The fracture toughness is evaluated for various crack positions and length within the functionally graded foam. Then the relationship between the fracture toughness of the graded foam and the local density at the crack tip is studied. Convergence tests for both macro-mechanical and micro-mechanical model analysis were conducted in order to maintain adequate accuracy with reasonable computational time. Fracture toughness of homogenous foams and functionally graded foams for various cases are presented as a function of relative density. This study indicates that the fracture toughness of functionally graded foams mainly depends on the relative density at the crack-tip.