焊接节点半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子的权函数计算

本文采用一种改进的权函数法来计算焊接节点半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子ＫＩ值，并给出了相应的数值处理方法，就Ｔ型板节点进行了数值验算。     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS CONCENTRATION IN REVERSE K-JOINTS

逆K 型管节点广泛应用于海洋平台，其强度是平台结构安全评估的重要课题. 基于ANSYS 软件，应用分区域网格划分法，建立含焊缝的逆K 型管节点有限元模型，分别计算了在轴向载荷、平面内弯矩和平面外弯矩作用下焊缝周围热点应力的分布情况. 通过对105 组逆K 型管节点模型进行分析，获得了其在3 种基本载荷作用下沿焊缝的应力集中系数（stress concentration fctor，SCF），并对主管和支管的SCF 分别进行研究，得出了几何参数对主管和支管的SCF 及极值位置的影响规律.     

海洋平台K型管节点的疲劳裂纹扩展分析I:试验测试

对承受疲劳载荷的海洋平台K型管节点首先进行了静力测试,确定了沿着焊缝的热应力区的应力分布及热应力区最大应力点的位置,从而判断裂纹产生的位置;然后通过专用测试设备提供循环疲劳载荷,用ACPD(Alternating Current Potential Drop,即交流电流势能落差法)技术检测裂纹的产生和增长过程,得到裂纹最深点,用S-N曲线估算其疲劳寿命.对已有裂纹的K型管节点,用应力强度因子估计其剩余寿命.同时用测试的结果验证了S-N的准确性和可靠性.     

T型管节点光测贴片法的弹塑性分析

本文提出光测贴片法进行弹—塑性分析的应力计算方法和若干关键性的测试技术问题。对海洋工程T型管节点连接主、支管焊趾等处进行了弹—塑性应变和应力分析。给出了相应的应力分布和热点的应力及应变集中系数     

海洋平台K型管节点的疲劳裂纹扩展分析Ⅰ:试验测试

对承受疲劳载荷的海洋平台K型管节点首先进行了静力测试,确定了沿着焊缝的热应力区的应力分布及热应力区最大应力点的位置,从而判断裂纹产生的位置;然后通过专用测试设备提供循环疲劳载荷,用ACPD(Alternating Current Potential Drop,即交流电流势能落差法)技术检测裂纹的产生和增长过程,得到裂纹最深点,用S-N曲线估算其疲劳寿命。对已有裂纹的K型管节点,用应力强度因子估计其剩余寿命。同时用测试的结果验证了S-N的准确性和可靠性。     

T型管节点的拟协调元的计算

本文根据拟协调元原理,用多重子结构的计算方法,针对海洋平台管节点,编制了相应的计算程序,并对某种T型管节点进行了应力分折。计算与试验结果作了比较,得到了一些有益的启示。     

碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)加固含腐蚀缺陷的TT型管节点静力性能研究

对碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)加固含腐蚀TT型管节点进行支管轴向压力静力试验测试。为了研究加固后的效果,又对相同尺寸的未加固TT型管节点进行了试验测试。结果表明:采用CFRP对含腐蚀TT型管节点进行加固可以减小管节点相贯区域处的失效范围,缓解该处的应力集中现象,使主管表面的塑性变形和椭圆化程度得到改善;CFRP加固后管节点的极限承载力提升了22.7%,说明CFRP可有效地提高管节点的极限承载力。基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,分别对加固前后的TT型管节点进行了仿真模拟,验证了模型(TT-1和TT-1-C)的正确性。参照海洋平台结构中所使用的TT型管节点尺寸参数范围,选取了60个不同尺寸参数的TT型管节点。利用有限元分析法,建立了不同层数的CFRP加固不同尺寸参数(支管与主管的管径比β、主管的径厚比γ)管节点的有限元分析模型。研究结果表明:采用国产碳纤维对海洋平台结构中不同尺寸参数的TT型管节点进行加固,其加固效果十分明显;当TT型管节点尺寸参数一定的情况下,随着CFRP粘贴层数n的增加,管节点的极限承载力随之提升;当CFRP粘贴层数n≥3时,84%的TT型管节点极限承载力的提高率均能达到20%以上;在保持主管外径一定的情况下,当β=0.2～0.61时加固前后管节点的极限承载力与β呈正相关,当γ=12～21时加固前后管节点的极限承载力与γ呈负相关。     

带摩擦节点约束──罚函数滑移线算法

在分析有限元程序ＤＹＮＡ，有限差分程序ＨＥＭＰ［１］、ＴＯＯＤＹ［２］、ＴＥＮＳＯＲ［３］接触碰撞算法的基础上，为解决大位移、强冲击或爆炸作用问题，提出了带摩擦节点约束罚函数混合滑移线算法。此算法有利于克服计算中的数值噪声，简化计算工作量，提高计算速度。     

Free Vibration and Stbaility of Moderate-Thick Cantilever Plates

ＦＲＥＥＶＩＢＲＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＳＴＡＢＩＬＩＴＹＯＦＭＯＤＥＲＡＴＥ－ＴＨＩＣＫＣＡＮＴＩＬＥＶＥＲＰＬＡＴＥＳＺｈａｎｇＹｉｎ－ｙｉ（张音翼）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＭｅｃｈａｎｉ，ＮａｎｃｈａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎａ...     

海洋平台X型管节点应力集中系数计算

本文以海洋平台中X型管节点为例,以ABAQUS为分析工具,计算了管节点在主要加载方式下的应力分布,尤其关注几何学上的最危险地带——撑管和弦管交汇处的应力集中系数.根据有限元计算结果绘出应力集中系数曲线,并与其它学者所得到的结果进行了对比.结果表明,从一定的精度意义和应力分布趋势来看,本文所得结果具有可靠性.从X型接头可以推广至其他型式,为分析各种环境条件分别对平台管架结构应力集中的影响、推导各种载荷作用下的海洋平台导管架应力、弯矩参数方程奠定了基础.     

Prediction of the interfacial shear-stress in vertical annular flow

Many improvements of the Wallis correlation for the interfacial friction in annular flow have been proposed in the literature. These improvements give in general a better fit to data, however, their physical basis is not always justified. In this work, we present a physical approach to predict the interfacial shear-stress, based on the theory on roughness in single-phase turbulent pipe flows. Using measured interfacial shear-stress data and measured data on roll waves, which provide most of the contribution to the liquid film roughness, we show that the interfacial shear-stress in vertical annular flow is in very close agreement with the theory. We show that the sand-grain roughness of the liquid film is not equal to four times the mean film thickness, as it is assumed in the Wallis correlation. Instead, the sand-grain roughness is proportional to the wave height, and the proportionality constant can be predicted accurately using the roughness density (or solidity). Furthermore, we show that our annular flow, which is in similar conditions to others in the literature, is fully rough. Hence, the bulk Reynolds number should not appear in the prediction of the interfacial friction coefficient, as is often done in the improvements of the Wallis correlation proposed in the literature.     

Heat exchange between a gas bubble and a liquid

The nonlinear problem of thermal and dynamic interaction between a single gas bubble and surrounding liquid is considered. This problem is met in studies of gas-liquid mixture flows, in particular, in Shockwave propagation in such media. A numerical solution is presented for various modes of bubble surface radial motion. The modes correspond to bubble behavior directly beyond a shock-wave front, where the latter enters the bubble screen, and to the behavior of a bubble located in the depths of the bubble curtain, where the wave becomes diffuse. Analytic solutions of the linearized problem of thermal conductivity for free and constrained small harmonic oscillations of a gas bubble in a liquid were obtained in [1, 2]. Cooling of a hot gas bubble was considered in [3], that study, however, contains inaccuracies. In particular, it was assumed in the solution that the gas density in the bubble was homogeneous. The equation for heat flux in dimensionless variables was written inaccurately. However, in the examples considered in [3] these inaccuracies do not lead to significant errors in the numerical results.     

连通容器泄爆过程的影响因素

以甲烷/空气混合物为研究对象，开展了连通容器气体泄爆影响因素的实验研究。结果表明:连通容器泄爆片泄爆时，随着破膜压力和量纲一泄压比的减小，大、小球容器的最大泄爆压力均增大；在等量纲一泄压比条件下，随着连接管道长度的增加，传爆容器的最大泄爆压力增大。连通容器无膜泄爆时，大球点火条件下，无论管长如何，起爆容器和传爆容器均比单个容器最大泄爆压力大。小球点火条件下，当管道长度为0.45 m时，起爆容器和传爆容器的最大泄爆压力均小于单个容器。连通容器无膜泄爆且量纲一泄压比相同时，当管道长度为0.45 m时，大、小容器内的最大泄爆压力基本相等；当管道长度为2.45 m时，大容器点火时，传爆容器最大爆炸压力大于起爆容器，但小容器点火时，起爆容器最大泄爆压力大于传爆容器；当管道长度为4.45和6.45 m时，传爆容器最大泄爆压力均大于起爆容器。     

Damping characteristics of pipes vibrating in flexure and filled with various materials

Tanks and pipes vibrating in flexure and filled with various materials have been a problem in power plants, factories, airplanes and tankers. The present experimental investigation was carried out on a pipe vibrating in flexure and filled with various materials, both liquid and solid. The tests showed that, in general, filling a pipe in flexure with any material, liquid or solid, increases its damping characteristics. An increase in the kinematic viscosity of the filling liquid, or a decrease in the size of the particles of the filling solid, will result in a corresponding increase in the equivalent damping factor of the system.     

Water hammer and propagation of perturbations in elastic fluid-filled pipes

A Korteweg—de Vries (KV) approximation is constructed in this paper for the perturbations being propagated in elastic pipes filled with fluid. On the basis of the approximation constructed and the equation obtained for the perturbations of a finite-amplitude velocity, the water-hammer phenomenon is analyzed in the Zhukovskii formulation, and the water hammer in systems with preliminary longitudinal tension is considered separately. Special attention in the study of the perturbations is paid to the signal structure and evolution in the hydraulic line. Taking account of the inertial properties of the pipe in the approximation mentioned permitted the indication of new effects, in principle, which are essential for applied problems of the propagation of perturbations in elastic hydraulic lines. In particular, it is shown that the initial signal can be doubled in such lines by redistributing its intensity over the frequencies. It is established that the origination of an oscillating forerunner is possible in hydraulic lines with preliminary tension. Starting with [1], the water-hammer phenomenon was investigated in many papers, in [2], for example. The main attention in these papers was paid to the propagation velocity of the water hammer and its intensity. After simplification, the initial system of Zhukovskii equations contains no mechanism hindering the twisting of the wave profile, and, therefore, there is no possibility of stationary shock formation within the framework of this theory. Moreover, the Zhukovskii theory of the water hammer and of propagation of perturbations in elastic pipes results in the conclusion that the wave structure, velocity, and amplitude depend essentially on the characteristics of the initial perturbation and can differ significantly from the water hammer predicted by theories for powerful signals in sufficiently long pipes.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 3–8, July–August, 1976.     

Prefacein：in dedication to Professors Yong Jin and Zhiqing Yu

This special issue of China PARTICUOLOGY is dedicated to Professors Yong Jin and Zhiqing Yu of Tsinghua University, China, to celebrate over five decades of their careers in chemical engineering research and education. Prof. Jin graduated in 1959 from Ural Polytechnic College in Svivdelovsk in the former USSR and then completed his post-graduate studies in Tianjin University in China in 1960. Thereafter, he taught at the Chinese University of Science and Technology for 13 years before joining Tsinghua University in 1973. Prof. Yu graduated in 1956 from Tianjin University in China and joined Tsinghua University thereafter. Between 1957 and 1959, Prof. Yu undertook more studies in Moscow Mendeleev Institute of Chemical Technology in the former USSR. During the 1970s, Professors Jin and Yu jointly created the Reaction Engineering Program in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Tsinghua University, which later became one of the largest fluidization research groups in the world, known as FLOTU - Fluidization Laboratory of Tsinghua University.     

Relationship Between the Microstructure/Pore Structure of Oil-Well Cement and Hydrostatic Pressure

In cementing operations, hydrostatic pressure reduction in cement slurries is a serious threat to operation safety and cementing quality. This study combines X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and nano-computed tomography to investigate the mechanism of hydrostatic pressure reduction in cement slurries. The experimental results reveal that hydrostatic pressure transmission in a fresh cement slurry follows Pascal’s law. However, in the slurry, some cement particles undergo sedimentation with an increase in the hydration time, which reduces a part of the hydrostatic pressure. Further, another part of the hydrostatic pressure, which is maintained by the free water in the slurry pores, is reduced during the hardening stage. When the hydration reaction of the slurry is accelerated, the pore water in the slurry is supersaturated and hydration products start to rapidly nucleate and grow between the cement particles. These hydration products are porous gel structures and can change the pore structure of the cement slurry; a macro-pore is divided into many micropores, such as capillary pores and gel pores. Because these pores are filled by water in the slurry, during this process, free water in the macro-pores is changed to capillary water and gel water. However, gel water and capillary water cannot transmit hydrostatic pressure in the cement slurry. Meanwhile, in the fresh cement slurry, many pores containing free water are connected and some hydration products rapidly grow in the macro-pores and fill them, which may reduce the column height of the free water in the pores and lead to hydrostatic pressure reduction in the slurry.     

具有弱夹层的封闭油藏中的瞬态渗流

多层油藏分为层间无窜流的油藏和层间有窜流的油藏。本文研究了层间有弱渗透夹层的两层油藏中两种情形的瞬态渗流,包括单层打开的瞬态渗流和一层注入、一层采出的两层油藏的瞬态渗流。用面积平均方法求出了弱渗透夹层封闭油藏中瞬态渗流的平均压降。分析表明:在渗流前期,层间窜流量逐渐增大,在后期层间窜流量趋于稳定;在单层开采的情况下:初期两层压降不同,非打开层的压降有滞后现象,并且隔层渗透率越小,油井工作强度越弱,滞后时间越长;后期两层压降趋于一致,可以作为一层油藏处理。在一注一采的油藏中,当注采量相同时,两层压降在后期趋于不同的稳定值;当注采量不同时,两层压降在后期趋于一致,但不能达到稳定。     

Experimental investigation of converging shocks in water with various confinement materials

Fluid-solid coupling typically plays a negligible role in confined converging shocks in gases because of the rigidity of the surrounding material and large acoustic impedance mismatch of wave propagation between it and the gas. However, this is not true for converging shocks in a liquid. In the latter case, the coupling can not be ignored and properties of the surrounding material have a direct influence on wave propagation. In shock focusing in water confined in a solid convergent geometry, the shock in the liquid transmits to the solid and both transverse and longitudinal waves propagate in the solid. Shock focusing in water for three types of confinement materials has been studied experimentally with schlieren and photoelasticity optical techniques. A projectile from a gas gun impacts a liquid contained in a solid convergent geometry. The impact produces a shock wave in water that develops even higher pressure when focused in the vicinity of the apex. Depending on the confining material, the shock speed in the water can be slower, faster, or in between wave speeds in the solid. For solid materials with higher wave speeds than the shock in water, regions in the water is put in tension and cavitation occurs. Materials with slower wave speeds will deform easily.     

岩石隧道围岩变形时空效应分析

岩石隧道围岩变形具有时空效应特征。根据围岩变形速率,岩石隧道围岩变形一般可划分为3个阶段,即急剧变形阶段、稳定变形阶段和流变阶段。通过总结分析围岩变形3阶段的特点,结合中梁山隧道D-5H量测剖面的实测数据,对围岩变形的空间效应和时间效应进行了分析。空间效应集中发生在急剧变形段,空间效应段主要靠围岩自身以及初次支护克服围岩发生破坏变形,时间效应则主要体现在流变段。以华蓥山隧道等76个隧道实例为统计样本,分别对围岩变形时空效应与围岩类别和塌方事故的关系进行了相关性分析。结果表明:80％以上的塌方发生于急剧变形段,13％发生在稳定变形段,只有7％左右的塌方发生在流变段。其中Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类围岩在3个阶段都可能发生塌方,Ⅲ类围岩则很少在流变段发生塌方。Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类围岩则基本不会发生较大规模的塌方。对深入了解隧道围岩的变形规律,为隧道灾害防治、选择恰当的支护时机和支护方式很有意义。