裂纹损伤对塔壳结构动态特性的影响研究

基于数值方法研究裂纹损伤对塔式壳体结构动态特性的影响。建立了等截面直立塔壳结构有限元模型,采用刚度下降法模拟不同程度受损单元,计算了无损和不同损伤工况下(耳式支座与塔体角焊缝处环向裂纹损伤),结构的固有振动特性和脉动风载荷作用下结构的动态响应。结果表明:结构振动信号可以反映塔壳结构局部不同程度损伤的影响,裂纹损伤对固有频率影响较小,最大20%损伤对固有频率的减小约为7%~8%;对模态振型影响较大,尤其在高阶(如15阶频率)上可能出现新的振型;对位移响应、动应力影响最为明显。     

曲率模态及其在桁架桥梁损伤识别中应用

当前桥梁的安全性问题日益引起人们的广泛关注，对桥梁结构进行状态监测和安全评估成为众多学者的研究课题。在目前所采用的各种方法中，模态分析法的应用最为广泛，通过监测桥梁的模态参数即可获得其状态信息。通常在模态分析中所采用的参数如：固有频率、振型等参数，反映的都是结构的整体特性，难以用来确定故障位置，只有利用能够表征结构局部特性信息的模态参数曲率模态的变化，才能完成桥梁状态监测工作。本文以1：10钢桁架桥梁模型为研究对象，用有限元模型及实验模型进行局部损伤的识别，实验采用锤击法及变时基(VTB)技术对桥梁模型进行了模态分析。识别表明，通过曲率模态的变化可明显识别结构的损伤部位，取得了很好的识别效果。为今后桥梁结构损伤识别提供了一种可行的研究方法。     

基于近场动力学的梁结构振动特性分析方法研究

基于欧拉梁理论推导了两自由度梁的常规态型近场动力学（Peridynamics,PD）模型,并提出一种新的自由边界条件施加方法,对不同边界条件的PD梁进行了模态分析,与局部梁的有限元结果进行了对比,验证了模型的收敛性,分析了PD非局部参数对固有频率的影响。结果表明,当近场作用域内物质点密度较小时,PD梁模型非局部性较弱,与局部梁的有限元结果接近,随着物质点密度逐渐增大,非局部作用增强,PD梁的固有频率逐渐降低;当尺度参数趋于零时,PD梁的固有频率收敛到局部梁的有限元解,PD梁退化为局部梁。研究表明,本文提出的PD梁模型和自由边界施加方法适用于分析梁的振动特性,为采用PD方法分析梁结构的动力特性提供了参考。     

弹性连接旋转柔性梁动力学分析

采用Chebyshev 谱方法对考虑根部连接弹性的平面内旋转柔性梁动力学特性进行研究. 基于Gauss-Lobatto 节点与Chebyshev 多项式方法对柔性梁变形场进行离散,通过投影矩阵法施加固定及弹性连接边界条件. 利用Chebyshev 谱方法获得了系统固有频率和模态振型数值解,通过与有限元方法及加权残余法的比较,验证了方法的有效性. 分析了弹性连接刚度、角速度比率、系统径长比及梁的长细比等参数对系统固有频率及模态振型的影响. 研究发现:由于系统弯曲模态、拉伸模态的频率随各参数的变化规律不一致,将出现频率转向与振型转换现象;随着弹性连接刚度、角速度比率及系统径长比的增大,低阶弯曲模态频率增大并超过高阶拉伸模态频率,随着梁的长细比的增大,低阶拉伸模态频率增大并超过高阶弯曲模态频率.      

基于连续抗弯刚度模型的裂纹梁动力指纹损伤识别

基于断裂力学的应变能概念,建立裂纹简支梁连续抗弯刚度模型,提出基于连续抗弯刚度模型的裂纹梁动力指纹损伤识别方法。借助有限差分方法、Mathematica软件编程求解裂纹梁动力指纹(固有频率、振型、振型曲率),通过与铰接法及FEM法对不同裂纹工况下裂纹梁固有频率的数值计算比较及误差分析,成功验证了方法的有效性,并探讨了裂纹参数对动力指纹的影响。算例分析表明:连续抗弯刚度模型对裂纹参数变化敏感,裂纹梁抗弯刚度在裂纹处呈现最小值,邻近区域抗弯刚度受裂纹影响明显;裂纹简支梁的动力指纹随裂纹参数的变化呈跨中对称变化;裂纹梁结构的固有频率与振型曲率耦合的识别方法可以较好地识别出梁结构裂纹参数,识别误差为2.23%,证实了基于动力指纹检测裂纹损伤的可行性。本文结果为梁结构裂纹的检测提供了重要的理论依据,有广泛的实用与理论研究前景。     

含45°斜裂纹圆柱薄壳动态特性试验研究

测量了含45°斜裂纹圆柱薄壳的固有频率并拍摄了相应的激光全息振型图．实验表明斜裂纹比轴向和环向裂纹对壳体动态特性的影响更大,致使振型图发生了严重畸变而显得相当复杂,利用传统思路难以找到裂纹长度对壳体动态特性的影响规律．为此,把裂纹周围的振动看作为一种独立的局部振动,从而把含斜裂纹壳体的各种复杂振型划分为3类:纯局部振动振型、纯原振动振型、局部振动和原振动耦合振型．其中前两种振型的固有频率皆随裂纹的加长而降低,但对于耦合振型有时会出现“随裂纹加长频率反而升高的现象”, 这是由于把壳体原振动的频率和局部振动的频率相混淆而产生的错觉．     

开口裂纹梁振动特性参数分析

开展仿真分析探究梁边界条件、裂纹位置、裂纹程度、梁几何尺寸对开口裂纹矩形梁振动特性的影响．采用等效刚度模型建立裂纹梁结构振动方程，并与试验比较完成验证．预报梁在简支、悬臂、固支三种边界下，在不同位置发生不同程度裂纹损伤时的固有频率．研究发现，裂纹梁固有频率特性与完好无损梁曲率模态相关．裂纹可使固有频率降低，且降低程度随损伤程度增加而愈显著．裂纹位置接近完好梁某阶曲率模态零点（无效位置）/极点时，该阶固有频率受到影响将会减弱/增强．开展悬臂裂纹梁在不同几何尺寸下曲率模态分析．研究发现，曲率模态在裂纹处发生尖角突变现象，且尖角峰值随着损伤程度的增加而增大．裂纹位置接近某阶曲率模态极点/零点时，该阶模态受裂纹影响更显著/不明显．在裂纹相对位置和损伤程度相同时，增加梁长度使裂纹处尖角峰值减小，改变梁宽度不影响曲率模态，增加梁高度可使尖角峰值增加．研究成果可为试验提供基础，为扩建数据库，探索一种在线检测方法，基于实时大数据和人工智能技术开展各项振动参数综合分析，为实现梁裂纹智能识别与定位提供依据．     

基于自适应最稀疏时频分析的钢筋混凝土梁非线性振动识别研究

研究了基于自适应最稀疏时频分析方法的弱非线性系统识别方法,并用于识别钢筋混凝土梁的非线性振动参数进而识别损伤。通过自适应最稀疏时频分析方法得到非线性系统自由振动响应的瞬时振幅和瞬时频率,进而识别其派生系统固有频率、阻尼系数、非线性系数。对一根钢筋混凝土简支梁进行分级加载破坏和不同损伤状态下的锤击激励测试,运用自适应最稀疏时频分析方法分解其加速度响应,识别梁的非线性振动参数。通过实验发现:钢筋混凝土梁的派生系统固有频率随着损伤的增大而减小,不受初始振幅大小的影响且离散性小,能够较好地识别损伤;阻尼系数和非线性系数仅在小损伤情况下随着损伤的增大而增大,可以识别小损伤。     

含45度斜裂纹圆柱薄壳动态特性试验研究

测量了含45度斜裂纹圆柱薄壳的固有频率并拍摄了相应的激光全息振型图. 实验 表明斜裂纹比轴向和环向裂纹对壳体动态特性的影响更大，致使振型图发生了严重 畸变而显得相当复杂，利用传统思路难以找到裂纹长度对壳体动态特性的影响规律. 为此， 把裂纹周围的振动看作为一种独立的局部振动，从而把含斜裂纹壳体的各种复杂振型划 分为3类：纯局部振动振型、纯原振动振型、局部振动和原振动耦合振型. 其中前两种振型 的固有频率皆随裂纹的加长而降低，但对于耦合振型有时会出现``随裂纹加长频率反而升高 的现象'，这是由于把壳体原振动的频率和局部振动的频率相混淆而产生的错觉.     

局部裂纹损伤简支梁的曲率模态特性

将裂缝损伤简化成矩形凹槽,采用delta函数表示简支梁的裂纹损伤位置,得到了全梁范围内截面转动惯量和单位长度质量的表达式,建立了局部裂缝损伤简支梁的横向自由振动方程.利用摄动方法给出了裂纹摄动项的一般表达式,根据摄动项和完整梁都同时满足边界条件的特点,将一阶和二阶摄动项都表示成完整梁模态的线性组合,结合delta函数的性质,最终获得了受损简支梁的特征值和模态振型的解析表达式.最后,通过数值计算得到结构模态参数,对比了一阶摄动和二阶摄动对计算结果的影响,分析了不同阶固有频率和模态曲率的变动量,为简支梁的损伤监控和检测提供了理论依据.     

局部损伤复合材料层合板的振动分析

本文采用了一种改进方法对局部损伤复合材料层合板进行了振动分析,将复合材料板中的损伤模拟为局部刚度的削减,并取三个损伤因子来刻画损伤的特性．利用高阶摄动法对其自由振动方程进行求解,主要计算了损伤板的自然振动频率和振动模态．相较于一阶摄动展开法,该方法在计算局部较大损伤问题中具有更高的准确度和敏感度．最后对损伤问题进行了参数研究,分析了不同的损伤因子（包括局部损伤程度、方向、面积大小）对板自由振动频率的影响．该方法为二维板局部损伤检测提供了有效精确的理论依据,并为损伤的定量评价提供了一种思路．     

Higher-order free vibrations of sandwich beams with a locally damaged core

The dynamical equations describing the free vibration of sandwich beams with a locally damaged core are derived using the higher-order theory approach. The nonlinear acceleration fields in the core are accounted for in the derivations, which is essential for the vibration analysis of the locally damaged sandwich beams. A local damage in the core, arbitrarily located along the length of the sandwich beam, is assumed to preclude the transition of stresses through the core between the undamaged parts of the beam. The damage is assumed to exist before the vibration starts and not to grow during oscillations. The numerical analysis based on the derived equations has been verified with the aid of the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. The numerical simulations reveal that a small local damage causes significant changes in the natural frequencies and corresponding vibration modes of the sandwich beams. An important practical consequence of the present work is that the vibration measurements can be successfully used as a nondestructive damage tool to assess local damages in sandwich beams.     

Identification of orthotropic damages within a thin uniform plate

The line crack-like damage generated within a small material volume may change the material behavior of the material volume from initially isotropic to effectively orthotropic, depending on damage orientation. Thus, the change in material behavior can be used to identify the orientation of line crack-like damage with respect to the reference coordinates. Motivated from this observation, first the equation of motion is derived for the thin uniform plate with line crack-like local damages. The locations and severities of damages are characterized by using a damage distribution function, and a damaged small material volume is represented by the effective orthotropic elastic stiffnesses, which are derived in terms of damage orientation and size. Next, a new damage identification theory is developed to identify the orientations of local damages, in addition to their locations and severities, by using the frequency response functions measured from the damaged plate. Finally, the effects of damage orientation on the vibration responses of a plate are numerically investigated, and the numerically simulated damage identification tests are conducted to verify the present damage identification theory.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Plate Natural Frequencies and Vibration Mode Shapes Using ESPI

The natural frequencies and vibration mode shapes of flat plates are simultaneously measured using ESPI. The method involves measuring the surface shape of a vibrating plate at high frame rate using a modified Michelson interferometer and high-speed camera. The vibration is excited here by impact; white (random) noise could alternatively be used. Fourier analysis of the acquired data gives the natural frequencies and associated mode shapes. The analytical procedure used has the advantage that it simultaneously identifies full-field quantitative images of all vibration modes with frequencies up to half the sampling frequency. In comparison, the ESPI time-averaging and the traditional Chladni methods both require that the plate be excited at each natural frequency to allow separate qualitative measurements of the associated mode shapes. The Instrumented Hammer method and Laser Doppler Vibrometry give quantitative measurements but require sequential sampling of individual points on the test surface to provide full-field results. Example ESPI measurements are presented to illustrate the use and capabilities of the proposed plate natural frequency and mode shape measurement method.     

Analysis of Coupled Vibration Characteristics of Wind Turbine Blade Based on Green's Functions

This paper presents the analysis of dynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbine blade, where the mode coupling among axial extension, flap vibration(out-of-plane bending), lead/lag vibration(in-plane bending) and torsion is emphasized. By using the Bernoulli-Euler beam to describe the slender blade which is mounted on rigid hub and subjected to unsteady aerodynamic force, the governing equation and characteristic equation of the coupled vibration of the blade are obtained. Due to the combined influences of mode coupling, centrifugal effect, and the non-uniform distribution of mass and stiffness, the explicit solution of characteristic equation is impossible to obtain. An equivalent transformation based on Green's functions is taken for the characteristic equation, and then a system of integrodifferential equations is derived. The numerical difference methods are adopted to solve the integrodifferential equations to get natural frequencies and mode shapes. The influences of mode coupling, centrifugal effect, and rotational speed on natural frequencies and mode shapes are analyzed. Results show that:(1) the influence of bending-torsion coupling on natural frequency is tiny;(2) rotation has dramatic influence on bending frequency but little influence on torsion frequency;(3) the influence of bending-bending coupling on dynamic characteristics is notable at high rotational speed;(4) the effect of rotational speed on bending mode is tiny.     

加速度功率谱密度在钢桥损伤检测中的应用

利用振动特性变化对结构进行无损检测,是近期损伤检测领域的热门研究课题.振动特性能够反映结构的状态,损伤的产生会导致桥梁某些振动参数的变化.为了研究应用加速度反应功率谱密度这一振动特性进行钢桥损伤识别方法,本文采用废止铁路线钢桥为试件,并人工预置6种工况损伤.利用正弦扫频波激振钢桥,分析其损伤前后加速度反应功率谱密度的变化.实验结果表明,利用加速度反应功率谱密度变化能够准确识别并定位钢桥损伤的位置.     

Damage precursor detection for structures subjected to rotational base vibration

This paper presents a nonlinear dynamic methodology for monitoring precursors of fatigue damage in metallic structures under variable rotational base excitation. The methodology accounts for important nonlinearities due to the complex loading generated by variable rotation and structural degradation. The sources of the nonlinearities include: structural stiffening due to gyroscopic motion and high-response amplitude at the fundamental mode, softening due to inertial forces and gyroscopic loads, and localized microscopic material damage and micro-plasticity. The loading intensity and number of vibration cycles increase the influence of these effects. The change in the dynamic response due to fatigue damage accumulation is experimentally investigated by exciting a cantilever beam at variable rotational base motions. The observed fatigue evolution in the material microstructure at regions of large stresses (and the resulting progressive structural softening) is tracked by quantifying the growth in the tip response, the change in the fundamental natural frequency of the beam and the skewedness of the stepped-sine response curve. Previous understanding of the structural dynamic behavior is necessary to ascertain the damage precursor location and evolution. Nanoindentation studies near the beam clamped boundary are conducted to confirm the gradual progression in the local mechanical properties as a function of loading cycles, and microstructural studies are conducted to obtain qualitative preliminary insights into the microstructure evolution. This study demonstrates that careful monitoring of the nonlinearities in the structural dynamic response can be a sensitive parameter for detection of damage precursors.     

损伤效应对悬索2:1内共振响应影响分析

损伤是结构振动测试和运营维护中不可避免的问题，损伤效应会导致结构振动特性发生改变．本文以受损悬索为例，探究该非线性系统同时发生主共振和2:1内共振时，损伤效应对其面内耦合共振响应影响．首先基于哈密顿变分原理，引入与损伤程度、范围和位置相关的三个无量纲参数，建立受损悬索面内动力学模型，并推导其无穷维非线性运动微分方程．以2:1耦合共振为例，采用Galerkin法和多尺度法得到系统直角坐标形式的调谐方程．数值算例表明：损伤会导致悬索固有频率降低，使得频率间公倍关系发生改变，影响系统耦合共振响应；损伤会引发系统振动特性发生明显定量和定性改变，尤其是共振响应幅值及弹簧特性；损伤对直接激励模态响应幅值的影响比对内共振激发对响应幅值的影响要明显；损伤会导致霍普夫、鞍节点、叉形和倍周期分岔的位置发生偏移，从而影响分岔点附近系统的动力学行为；系统动态解和周期运动与损伤密切相关，损伤会导致系统展现出完全不同类型的吸引子．     

固有模态函数振动传递率损伤识别实验研究

针对风荷载、地震荷载等存在但难以精确量测的问题,提出一种无需量测外荷载的新的损伤识别方法。将经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)应用于结构损伤识别,通过求振动响应信号固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)的振动传递率,构建了一种新的结构损伤识别参数。对预置不同程度开胶损伤的玻璃幕墙试件进行动态测试,得到不同损伤程度下玻璃幕墙的固有模态函数振动传递率,与无损伤条件下的固有模态函数振动传递率进行比较来识别和评估玻璃幕墙开胶损伤程度。研究表明:此方法无需量测外荷载也能识别结构损伤,损伤参数值能反映损伤大小。     

基于位移响应协方差参数的数值仿真和实测损伤识别研究

本文使用结构位移响应协方差参数进行结构损伤识别，首先推导和建立位移响应协方差参数的解析公式，它是结构频率、振型和阻尼等模态参数的函数，结构物理参数的改变会导致该协方差参数的改变；对一个七层框架结构进行数值模拟分析来演示该方法的有效性，通过比较结构不同状态下各单元位移响应协方差参数CoD的分布曲线，研究各单元CoD与损伤程度的关系曲线，发现损伤位置处的CoD改变最大，其次是对称和附近单元，通过单损伤和多损伤工况研究分析，表明基于结构损伤前后CoD的改变，能成功判定损伤发生和识别出损伤位置，最后把该方法应用于一个实验室简支钢梁的损伤识别，通过对锤击振动下的加速度响应进行二次积分得到位移响应，并比较钢梁损伤前后的CoD，得到损伤概率向量，成功识别出损伤位置。该方法具有较好的噪声鲁棒性，无需结构分析模型，计算简便，具有较好的工程应用性。