水下超音速气体射流胀鼓和回击的关联性研究

阐述了水下超音速气体射流的实验研究结果. 用高速摄影仪实时记录了水下超音速气体射流喷射的状态, 清晰地演示了射流气体在上中游流域的演化过程. 具体分析了水下高速气体射流的动态不稳定性形貌, 并从实时记录的射流照片中统计测量出了胀鼓和回击随机频率.结果发现, 胀鼓频率越大, 回击频率越大; 胀鼓频率随着喷嘴的驻室压力与出口背压的比值增大而增大. 通过胀鼓与回击事件前后实验数据的对比分析表明其二者之间存在相关性: 胀鼓和回击均由射流内部压力振荡引发并且存在一定的随机性; 胀鼓是回击前的能量积聚一个前征和表现, 当胀鼓的振荡即能量积聚到一定程度后, 引发回击.      

水下爆炸中气泡射流壁压特性实验研究

水下爆炸气泡射流载荷是中近场水下爆炸壁压载荷的重要组成部分, 将水下爆炸气泡射流简化为一段高速水柱来研究水下爆炸气泡射流载荷特性是研究水下爆炸气泡射流载荷的主要手段。本文基于腔内爆炸提出了一种新的高速水射流实验方法，并给出了实验装置设计、实验方法以及实验系统。基于实验系统，开展了不同工况下高速水射流的实验研究，研究了腔口位置、腔深对水射流形态的影响，并对水射流的形态形成因素进行了分析。使用压电型壁压传感器测得了水射流冲击壁压，给出了水射流冲击壁压的特性及其特点。实验结果表明:腔口位置与腔深是影响水射流端面形态的重要因素；生成的高速水射流冲击壁压峰值满足水锤理论。基于腔内爆炸的高速水射流实验方法能够应用于包括水下爆炸气泡射流在内的高速水射流形态、壁压特性的研究。     

欠膨胀高速射流的压力均一化过程

发展了分析欠膨胀高速湍流射流近场特性的数值,计算了不同背压比条件下声速喷管出口附近膨胀区的激波胞格结构,揭示了压力一化过程的的机制。     

水下超声速气体射流回击现象的实验研究

对水下超声速气体射流的动力学行为进行了实验研究.通过流动可视化揭示了回击现象的演化过程,利用探针排获得了射流近场区的脉动压力分布,实验结果表明:在超声速喷管出口两倍直径处,射流形貌的变化导致气体中出现了大幅值压力脉冲.通过流场可视化与压力测量的同步校验,证实了喷口端面处回击事件与流场气相区中压力脉动之间相关性.     

含能气体射流与液体相互作用的实验研究

为了研究整装式液体发射药的燃烧稳定性的控制方法,设计了点火喷射模拟装置及4种多级渐扩型观察室,利用数字高速摄像系统,观察含能气体射流在液体模拟工质中的扩展过程,并对实验中出现的喷孔壅塞现象进行了分析.结果表明:射流在渐扩型结构中扩展稳定,喷射压力、喷孔直径和渐扩结构对射流扩展形态和气液掺混过程有显著影响,通过合理调整这些参数,可以实现对射流扩展过程的有效控制;喷孔壅塞时射流扩展形态非对称,影响气液掺混,不利于控制射流的稳定性.     

水下爆炸气泡射流载荷阵列测量技术探索

水下爆炸气泡射流载荷测量目前存在两个难点:（1）气泡射流载荷是非均匀的面载荷,但其作用半径仅为气泡最大半径的1/10,限于传感器尺寸及安装空间,敏感元密度较低,难以准确获取气泡射流载荷空间分布规律;（2）气泡射流载荷测量时传感器所处的力学环境非常复杂,传感器容易损坏,导致无法测得完整时程。因此现有测量手段难以获取气泡射流载荷的时空分布特性。鉴于此,设计了一种阵列传感器,在一张PVDF（聚偏氟乙烯）压电薄膜上采用特殊工艺加工多个小型敏感元,敏感元尺寸为5 mm×5 mm,呈8×8矩阵排列,敏感元密度≥1 cm?2,同时在揭示传感器损坏机理的基础上设计了传感器防护装置。在小型观测水槽内开展了小当量炸药水下爆炸试验,采用阵列传感器测量获取了气泡射流载荷的时空分布特性。研究结果表明:（1）设计的防护装置可保证传感器在气泡射流载荷测量过程中不损坏;（2）气泡射流载荷中心最大,向四周逐渐减小,中心处气泡射流载荷峰压约35.6 MPa,约为冲击波峰压的1.16倍。建立的阵列测量技术可为水下爆炸气泡射流的深入研究提供技术支撑。     

圆柱形充液室中4股贴壁燃气射流扩展特性的实验研究

为了探索高温高压周向均布4股贴壁燃气射流在受限空间中的扩展特性,设计了贴壁燃气射流在圆柱形充液室内扩展的实验装置,借助数字高速录像系统,观察了4股贴壁燃气射流在充液室中的扩展过程,发现由Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性引起的表面不规则一直存在于整个射流扩展过程;通过处理拍摄记录的射流扩展序列图,获得不同时刻射流扩展的轴向和径向位移; 对比了不同破膜喷射压力和喷孔结构参数对4股贴壁燃气射流扩展过程的影响。实验结果表明:喷孔面积越大,贴壁射流初期轴向扩展速度越大,但由于径向扩展达到交汇的时间较早,湍流掺混和干涉强烈,衰减也越快;破膜喷射压力越高,射流径向扩展到达交汇的时间越短; 破膜喷射压力从12 MPa升高到20 MPa,射流轴向扩展速度大幅增加,气液湍流掺混效应增强。     

高压燃气射流在整装液体中扩展过程的实验和数值模拟

为研究高压燃气射流在整装液体中的扩展规律,探索提高射流稳定性的控制方法,设计了4级渐扩型圆柱观察室.采用高速录像系统,观察了燃气射流在液体模拟工质中扩展与掺混的过程,获得了射流扩展形态的序列照片,测量了Taylor空腔的扩展速度,对比了观察室内壁形状对射流扩展过程的影响.建立了二维轴对称气液两相湍流模型,模拟射流扩展过...     

自然超空泡与尾喷流相互作用的数值模拟

认识带尾喷流和自然超空泡的水下高速航行体流体动力特性并发展其预报与控制方法仍是水动力学领域极具挑战性的课题．本研究采用CFD方法对尾喷流和自然超空泡之间的相互作用进行了数值研究．针对发动机欠膨胀超音速喷流，采用现有实验结果验证了基于两方程湍流模型的二维轴对称流动数值模型的可靠性．尾喷流在空气和蒸汽环境中流动的数值计算结果表明，由于蒸汽环境中背压较低，欠膨胀尾喷流无法及时形成压缩波，使得蒸汽环境中尾喷流的过膨胀区和气相扩散区的体积比空气中大；尾喷流很难形成规则的激波格栅，波系结构相对简单．针对携尾喷流的平头航行体超空泡流状态的数值模拟结果表明，尾喷流注入超空泡后迅速充满航行体周围的空腔区域；尾喷流与超空泡尾迹区域形成的回射流相互作用最终导致超空泡断裂，断裂过程中伴随着燃气泡的下泄现象；受空泡壁面约束，尾喷流难以在狭窄的超空泡空腔内完全膨胀，尾喷流的激波波系结构有显著的变化：在喷嘴附近受到压缩，在远离喷嘴区域受到超空泡水汽掺混的破坏；空泡内压强基本维持在饱和蒸汽压附近，没有显著增加．     

环形喷管喷口气泡演化的实验研究

水下气泡的发展演化及气泡动力学行为是气液两相动力学的基础理论与水下射流应用的重要基础. 环形喷管/喷口形成的气泡及气体射流具有其不同于圆孔实心射流的特殊表现与规律机制,随着同心筒破水发射等特殊应用的出现,环形喷口气体射流/泡流的基础现象观测和机制分析成为迫切的需求. 基于环形喷管的设计和水下射流条件的分析,设计建立了一套环形喷管水箱实验系统,对水下环形喷管喷口气泡发展演化过程进行了初步的实验研究. 为观测研究气体通过环形喷管气泡生长发展过程,在较低压力、较低流速下,采用高速摄影仪记录气泡生长及发展演化过程. 结合对气泡发展演化过程的图像处理与分析,研究分析了环形喷口气泡形成区制、气泡生长过程形态发展特点、以及气泡形成时间及气泡体积变化特点. 研究表明:在本实验气体流量范围内(50.8~237.3 dm3/min),环形喷口气泡发展演化过程呈现较为明显的三周期区制,前泡尾流影响是环形气泡呈三周期区制的主要原因;不同周期内的气泡形成时间具有较稳定规律,并受到流量影响;气泡生长过程中有较为明显的下沉、回升特征;气泡表面张力、液体惯性与流动的共同作用,造成了典型的气泡顶部坍塌现象.      

An experimental investigation of underexpanded jets from oval sonic nozzles

 Underexpanded jets from oval sonic nozzles were experimentally studied for various pressure ratios up to 20.3. The results revealed that the barrel type of shock structure was present only in the major axis plane except at low aspect ratios. The results also revealed that the jet spreading rate in the minor axis plane of the nozzle was much higher compared to that in the major axis plane, resulting in axis switching of jets. The cross sectional area of these jets were considerably higher compared to the axisymmetric jets indicating higher interface area for viscous mixing in the near field region and increased mixing in the far field region clear of shock structure. Received: 7 January 1997 / Accepted: 7 August 1997     

Influence of nozzle geometry on the near-field structure of a highly underexpanded sonic jet

Detailed near-field structures of highly underexpanded sonic free jets have been investigated with the help of computational fluid dynamics. Two-dimensional, axisymmetric Euler equations have been chosen to predict the underexpanded jets, and the third-order total variation diminishing finite-difference scheme has been applied to solve the system of governing equations numerically. Several different nozzles have been employed to investigate the influence of the nozzle geometry on the near-field structures of highly underexpanded sonic free jets. The results obtained show that the distance from the nozzle exit to the Mach disk is an increasing function of the jet–pressure ratio, which also significantly influences the shape of the jet boundary. The diameter of the Mach disk increases with the jet–pressure ratio, and it is further significantly influenced by the nozzle geometry, unlike the distance of the Mach disk from the nozzle exit. However, such a dependence on the nozzle geometry is no longer found when an effective-diameter concept is taken into account for the flow from a sharp-edged orifice. A good correlation in the diameters of the Mach disk is obtained, so that the near-field structure of highly underexpanded sonic free jets is a unique function of the pressure ratio, regardless of the nozzle geometry.     

Flow and Heat Transfer in Underexpanded Air Jets Issuing from the Sonic Nozzle of a Plasma Generator

We present the results of an experimental investigation and numerical simulation of the gasdynamic structure of underexpanded dissociated-air jets and the heat transfer in these strongly nonequilibrium flows under the test conditions realized in the 100-kW electrodeless VGU-4 plasma generator of the Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS). The flow and heat transfer analysis is carried out on the basis of measurements of the static pressure in the plenum chamber, at the sonic nozzle exit, and on the low-pressure chamber wall, the stagnation pressure on the jet axis using a Pitot tube, and the heat transfer at the stagnation points of water-cooled models placed along the jet axis. The numerical simulation, based on complete Navier-Stokes equations, includes the calculation of (1) equilibrium air plasma flows in the discharge channel of the VGU-4 plasma generator; (2) underexpanded nonequilibrium dissociated-air jet outflow into the ambient space; and (3) axisymmetric jet flow past cylindrical models.     

Flows of Supersonic Underexpanded Jets on the Range of Moderate Reynolds Numbers

The results of an experimental investigation of the gasdynamic structure of supersonic underexpanded air jets flowing out of a sonic nozzle into a low-pressure medium are presented. This setting of the experimentmakes it possible to achieve high values of the nozzle-to-ambient pressure ratio at moderate outflow Reynolds numbers characteristic of underexpanded jets issuing from micronozzles. The data on the supersonic core length, the laminar-turbulent transition location, and the jet flow characteristics are obtained. The results are compared with those obtained in microjets flowing out of sonic nozzles. Emphasis is placed on the earlier discovered effect of inverse transition of a turbulent jet into the laminar flow regime with increase in the Reynolds number.     

Density and compressibility effects in turbulent subsonic jets part 1: mean velocity field

The behavior of compressible jets originated from initially turbulent pipe flows issuing in still air has been investigated at three different subsonic Mach numbers, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9. Helium, nitrogen and krypton gases were used to generate the jet flows and investigate the additional effects of density on the flow structure. Particle image velocimetry, high-frequency response pressure transducers and thermocouples were used to obtain velocity, Mach number and total temperature measurements inside the flow field. The jets were formed at the exit of an adiabatic compressible frictional turbulent pipe flow, which was developing toward its corresponding sonic conditions inside the pipe, and continued to expand within the first four diameters distance after it exited the pipe. Theoretical considerations based on flow self-similarity were used to obtain the decay of Mach number along the centerline of the jets for the first time. It was found that this decay depends on two contributions, one from the velocity field which is inversely proportional to the distance from the exit and one from the thermal field which is proportional to this distance. As a result, a small non-linearity in the variation of the inverse Mach number with downstream distance was found. The decay of the Mach number at the centerline of the axisymmetric jets increases by increasing the initial Mach number at the exit of the flow for all jets. The decay of mean velocity at the centerline of the jets is also higher at higher exit Mach numbers. However, the velocity non-dimensionalized by the exit velocity seems to decrease faster at low exit Mach numbers, suggesting a reduced mixing with increasing exit flow Mach numbers. Helium jets were found to have the largest spreading rate among the three different gas jets used in the present investigation, while krypton jets had the lowest spreading rate. The spreading rate of each gas decreases with increasing its kinetic energy relatively to its internal energy.     

Experimental study on hydrodynamic behaviors of high-speed gas jets in still water

The present paper describes experimental investigation on the flow pattern and hydrodynamic effect of underwater gas jets from supersonic and sonic nozzles operated in correct- and imperfect expansion conditions. The flow visualizations show that jetting is the flow regime for the submerged gas injection at a high speed in the parameter range under consideration. The obtained results indicate that high-speed gas jets in still water induce large pressure pulsations upstream of the nozzle exit and the presence of shock-cell structure in the over- and under-expanded jets leads to an increase in the intensity of the jet-induced hydrodynamic pressure.     

Investigation of the propagation of a two-dimensional wall jet over a step

The propagation of an underexpanded sonic jet over a flat end face has been experimentally investigated. As distinct from previous studies, the object of investigation is not a free jet, but a jet flowing from a nozzle along a horizontal surface. The total separation of the jet from the surface and its attachment to the end wall are related to the propagation characteristics of underexpanded wall jets. The effect of the total pressure in the jet and the height of the step on the separation of the jet and its attachment to the wall and, moreover, on the principal characteristics of the flow — the pressure in the base region, the extent of the circulation zone, the jet trajectory — is examined. The associated hysteresis effects are studied.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 61–66, July–August, 1991.     

Experimental Studies on Co-flowing Subsonic and Sonic Jets

Effect of an annular co-flow jet on the center jet at subsonic, correctly expanded and underexpanded sonic conditions was studied experimentally. It is found that the co-flow retards the mixing of the primary jet, leading to potential core elongation. The characteristic decay of the jet is also retarded in the presence of co-flow. With co-flow core length elongation of 40% and 80% were achieved for correctly expanded and underexpanded (NPR 7) sonic jets, respectively. Shadowgraph pictures show that the co-flow is effective in preserving the shock-cell structures of the inner jet, making the jet to propagate to a greater axial distance which otherwise would have decayed faster.     

Shock wave configurations and flow structures in non-axisymmetric underexpanded sonic jets

An experimental and numerical study of underexpanded free sonic jet flows issuing from rectangular, elliptical and slot nozzles has been undertaken. Aspect ratios (AR) of 1, 2, and 4 are described at pressure ratios (exit plane pressure to ambient pressure), of 2 and 3. There is good qualitative agreement between the experimental observations and the numerical predictions. In the case of rectangular jets, a complex system of shock waves forming the incident shock system is identified. This shock wave system originates at the corners of the nozzle exits, and proceeds downstream. Mach reflections are found to occur on the incident shock wave surface as well as the presence of a Mach disk terminating the first jet cell. This Mach disk has the shape of a square, a hexagon, or an octagon depending on the nozzle shape. For slot and elliptical jets, the formation of the incident shock wave was not observed along the minor axis plane of the nozzle for AR > 2. The incident shock wave was observed to originate downstream of the nozzle exit in the major axis plane. This wave system undergoes a transition to Mach reflection as it propagates downstream of the nozzle exit. In all cases tested, the shape of the jet boundary is significantly distorted. In rectangular jets, the narrowing of the jet boundary along the diagonal axis of the nozzle exit is observed, and in the case of the elliptical and slot jets axis switching is noted.