基于分形统计强度理论的煤颗粒冲击破碎概率研究

基于分形统计强度理论对煤颗粒的冲击破碎概率进行研究。以Hertz接触假设为基础,得到煤颗粒冲击破碎概率与最大接触压应力之间的函数关系,并结合碰撞动力学理论,建立了冲击破碎概率的分形模型。对不同矿区工作面的煤颗粒进行冲击破碎试验,统计分析表明：分形模型可以对煤颗粒的冲击破碎概率进行很好的描述,冲击破碎概率与冲击速度在对数坐标中为线性关系。通过试验确定分形模型的分形维数和破碎常数,可以得到不同冲击速度下煤颗粒的冲击破碎概率以及煤颗粒全部破碎需要的冲击速度,为冲击破碎效果评价以及冲击速度的确定提供了理论指导。     

颗粒材料破碎演化路径细观热力学机制

颗粒材料在高应力环境下会发生颗粒破碎现象,颗粒破碎不仅影响颗粒材料的力学特性,同时与大量工程问题密切相关.目前的相关研究主要集中在唯象地描述颗粒破碎的演化以及破碎对力学特性的影响层面,对颗粒破碎演化路径的物理机制研究较少.本文基于热力学框架,采用细观力学中细观-宏观的均匀化方法推导了颗粒体系弹性能和破碎能量耗散,并在最大能量耗散的假设下,在热力学框架内,建立了理想化的无摩擦球体颗粒等向压缩过程的弹性-破碎模型,阐述了颗粒材料破碎演化路径细观热力学机制.由于模型的推导不依赖任何唯象的经验公式,因此模型中包含的参数均有明确的物理意义.模型预测与前人试验结果对比表明,材料的初始级配对弹性压缩模量和破碎应力的影响并不相同:不同分形维数级配对应的弹性体变模量存在极大值,而破碎应力却随着分形维数的增大单调递增;颗粒破碎的演化符合最大能量耗散原理,且颗粒材料的压缩曲线可以分为弹性-破碎-拟弹性3个机制不同的阶段.      

爆炸载荷下脆性颗粒体系破碎特性的数值研究

试验发现,以球形TNT为中心爆源,球形玻璃珠构成的颗粒和球壳中发生破碎的颗粒体积分数随当量比(颗粒球壳的质量与TNT炸药的质量比)的增加呈现指数衰减规律。采用有限元与离散元耦合的连续非连续数值方法,揭示了中心炸药起爆后颗粒环壳内爆炸波的传播衰减和在环壳外界面反射后的稀疏卸载过程。由于爆炸波的短脉冲特性,颗粒内部应力场始终处于应力非均衡状态,采用应力均衡状态下颗粒破碎强度的Weibull分布会得到远高于试验测得的破碎颗粒体积分数。因此采用破坏波传播特征时间内的平均诱导应力而非瞬时诱导应力作为颗粒破碎强度的应力指标,并通过试验结果确定破坏波传播特征时间。考虑了应力传播的非均匀性对于颗粒破碎的影响,得到了平均诱导应力峰值的概率分布随比例距离的变化规律,结合修正后的颗粒破碎强度Weibull分布建立了破碎颗粒体积分数随比例距离的变化模型。     

不同应变率下煤岩破坏特征及其本构模型

利用直径50 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆,对煤岩展开20～100 s?1动态应变率下的单轴冲击压缩试验,结合高速摄影分析其变形破坏特征,并建立基于Weibull统计分布和Drucker-Prager破坏准则的煤岩动态强度型统计损伤本构模型。试验结果表明:（1）煤岩动态应力-应变曲线存在明显的非线性特征,随应变率升高,动态抗压强度与弹性模量均呈线性增长且增幅显著,破坏形态由低应变率下的轴向劈裂破坏向高应变率下的压碎破坏过渡;（2）在动态应变率20～100 s?1下,煤岩破坏后碎块具有明显的分形特性,破碎块度分维值为1.9～2.2,且随着应变率的升高,煤岩破碎程度增大,碎块块度减小;（3）基于Weibull分布参数F₀、m和应变率的关系,修正煤岩的本构模型,并与试验结果进行对比,验证该模型的合理性。     

岩石破碎程度的分形度量

本文用分形几何方法对破碎岩石块度分布进行了统计分析，结果表明，分形维数Ｄ是反映岩石破碎程度恰当的统计特征量，同时指出，分形维数是岩石细观结构、破坏方式及试样形状尺寸等因素的综合反映．     

动静组合加载作用下花岗岩破碎的分形特征

在分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置上进行了花岗岩破坏的动静组合加载实验.通过对受载后岩样破碎块度进行筛分统计,得到了该加载条件下岩石破碎的粒度分布.在此基础上,通过理论计算公式,进一步得到了相应的破碎分形维数,分别探讨了静载荷和冲击载荷对分维数的影响.结果表明,动静组合加载作用下花岗岩破碎分维值在2.0～2.8之间;相同静载不同动载下,花岗岩的破碎分维值与试样的应变率有关,随应变率增大而增大;而在相同冲击动载下,静载荷变化对分形维数的影响不大.     

岩石爆破分形损伤模型研究

在Ｋｕｓ和Ｔｈｏｒｎｅ等人研究基础上，利用分形理论及应用成果提出了一种新的岩石爆破损伤模型。新模型将岩体中各种结构弱面视为初始损伤，并将其分形维数作为岩石性质的主要参量，用损伤能量耗散率及与分形维数的关系表征爆破过程中的岩石损伤演化规律，从而弥补了现有模型未考虑初始损伤影响和将损伤演化归结为体积应变函数的不足。还通过模拟试验等手段验证了新模型的如上观点。     

颗粒材料破碎演化路径细观热力学机制

颗粒材料在高应力环境下会发生颗粒破碎现象,颗粒破碎不仅影响颗粒材料的力学特性,同时与大量工程问题密切相关.目前的相关研究主要集中在唯象地描述颗粒破碎的演化以及破碎对力学特性的影响层面,对颗粒破碎演化路径的物理机制研究较少.本文基于热力学框架,采用细观力学中细观–宏观的均匀化方法推导了颗粒体系弹性能和破碎能量耗散,并在最大能量耗散的假设下,在热力学框架内,建立了理想化的无摩擦球体颗粒等向压缩过程的弹性–破碎模型,阐述了颗粒材料破碎演化路径细观热力学机制.由于模型的推导不依赖任何唯象的经验公式,因此模型中包含的参数均有明确的物理意义.模型预测与前人试验结果对比表明,材料的初始级配对弹性压缩模量和破碎应力的影响并不相同:不同分形维数级配对应的弹性体变模量存在极大值,而破碎应力却随着分形维数的增大单调递增;颗粒破碎的演化符合最大能量耗散原理,且颗粒材料的压缩曲线可以分为弹性–破碎–拟弹性3个机制不同的阶段.     

综放顶煤爆破能量的分形研究

基于综放开采预爆破弱化坚硬顶工艺,利用分形理论建立岩石断耗能量与块度分维值之间的理论关系,推导出岩石爆破块度分数维与炸药单耗之间关系,进行了室内相似材料模型爆破实验,验证了上述理论关系,利用爆破岩石表面裂隙分布的分形维数值作了衡量指标,优化爆破孔网参数。     

岩石化学腐蚀-围压细观损伤本构模型与离散元模拟研究

基于Lemaitre应变等价性假设理论,假定受水化学-力耦合损伤的岩石微元强度服从Weibull分布,考虑化学腐蚀与围压耦合作用对岩石力学参数的影响,通过核磁共振技术与损伤力学理论,引入细观化学损伤变量与力损伤变量,并认为微元破坏符合SMP准则,建立岩石化学腐蚀-力耦合损伤本构模型,并采用理论推导的方法得出所需的模型参数。同时基于颗粒离散元方法,引入参数半径乘子来改变颗粒间的黏结接触尺寸,从而模拟水化学损伤,采用平直节理模型对水化学作用后的岩石进行三轴压缩模拟,得到了水化学作用和不同围压下的岩石三轴应力-应变模拟曲线。通过对比所构建的岩石化学腐蚀-力耦合损伤本构模型理论曲线、离散元模拟曲线和试验曲线,结果表明三者吻合度较好,能够很好地反映岩石在化学腐蚀和围压耦合作用下的力学特性与破坏特征,并通过离散元方法得到了岩石在三轴压缩过程中裂纹的产生与分布情况。     

Explanation of scaling phenomenon based on fractal fragmentation

A significant ‘size effect' is observed in tensile strength of solid particles, such as ice, rock, ceramics and concrete: the tensile strength is not independent of the fragment size, but decreases with increasing size. The Weibull statistical theory was universally used to calculate the size effect observed in solid particles. Recent developments in fractal theory suggest that fractals may provide a more realistic representation of solid particles. In this paper, the scaling phenomenon of ice mechanics is explained using the fractal model for ice particle fragmentation. The Weibull statistics is modified using the fractal crushing of ice, and is compared with the conventional one. Goodness-of-fit statistics show that the modified Weibull statistics fits the experimental data of ice much better than the conventional one. The modified Weibull statistics has only one parameter, the fractal dimension of the fragment size distribution, which has a general value of 2.50 for the ice fragmentations.     

Discrete element simulation of effects of multicontact loading on single particle crushing

Particle crushing commonly occurs in granular materials and affects their structures and mechanical properties. Unlike idealized particles in experimental single particle crushing tests with two loading points, natural particles are crushed under multicontact loading. To date, the criteria and patterns of particle crushing under multicontact conditions are not fully understood. By using the three-dimensional discrete element method, this report explores the effect of multicontact loading on the crushing criterion of a single particle, the crushing pattern, and the relationship between the particle crushing strength and loading distribution. The particles are modelled as aggregates of glued Voronoi polyhedra. The numerical results indicate that the logarithm of the mean principal stress has a good linear correlation with the coordination number. For a specific coordination number, the number of child particles presents a significant normal distribution. For a specific number of child particles, the volumes of child particles can be statistically described as normal or gamma distribution. Three typical models are proposed to qualitatively analyse the relationship between the loading distribution and crushing strength. The relevant conclusions can be helpful in engineering practice and in further studies on crushable granular materials via the discrete element method.     

枪械射击残留物分布密度的分形研究

为了推测发射枪械类别、弹种、枪械射击距离,利用X光摄影记录六种枪械发射子弹射击残留物的金属微粒密度与射击距离之间的关系,关系曲线表明二者是非线性的且具有分形特征;应用分形理论和线性回归原理,对射击残留物中的金属微粒分布密度进行计算和分析。结果表明,同种子弹由不同种枪发射时,其分形维数相应不同但相差较少;而不同种子弹由不同种枪发射时,其分形维数不同且相差较大。因此分形维数可以用来描述枪械发射子弹时射击残留物中的金属微粒密度分布情况。     

Incorporating truncated fractal distribution into Maxwell model to quantify thermal conductivity and its uncertainty in heterogeneous multiparticle systems

An approach is developed to examine the mean and uncertainty of thermal conductivity of a heterogeneous multiparticle system, where the particle concentration or void fraction is treated as a truncated fractal distribution. The truncated fractal distribution is then integrated into the Maxwell model, which is equivalent to a cell model in which the multiparticle system is conceptualized as a spherical fluid cell that envelopes a solid particle. The developed mean thermal conductivity is compared with four experimental data sets of liquid-saturated media from the literature. The effect of fractal characteristics is quantified and discussed. Incorporating particle concentration or void fraction truncated fractal distribution can better capture scatters in the experimental results. The thermal conductivity and its standard deviation decrease with increasing fractal dimensions. When the void fraction is truncated fractal, the uncertainty increases mostly in the low mean void fraction range and drops more quickly with the increasing mean void fraction compared to the case where the particle concentration is truncated fractal. In a typical case of multiparticle system when the solid particles are more conductive than the fluid, the faster increase rate of standard deviation with the ratio of solid over fluid conductivities occurs when the mean void fraction is smaller.     

虎跳峡龙蟠右岸土石混合体粒度分形特征研究

应用分维理论对虎跳峡龙蟠右岸分布的土石混合体粒度分布的分维规律进行了研究分析,建立了平均粒径与相应的分维数之间的定量关系模型。通过研究表明,土石混合体具有良好的统计自相似性,由于其本身为级配不良土,在分维曲线上表现为双重分形分布,这种特殊的分维分布与土石混合体的成因及形成过程有关。     

Crushing of particles in idealised granular assemblies

Four idealised assemblies of equally sized spherical particles are subjected to a range of macroscopic compressive principal stresses and the contact forces on individual particles are determined. For each set of contact forces the stress fields within individual particles are studied. A failure criterion for brittle materials is imposed and indicates that crushing (or rupture) occurs when the maximum contact force reaches a threshold particle strength value, irrespective of the presence and magnitude of other lesser contact forces acting on the particle and the material properties of the particle. Combining the crushing mechanism with an assembly instability mechanism enables failure surfaces to be drawn in the three-dimensional stress space. A simple spatial averaging technique has been applied to the failure surfaces to remove the effects of assembly anisotropies. Sections of the failure surfaces on π planes have similarities to those commonly used in sand modelling.     

冲击载荷作用下颗粒材料动态力学响应的近场动力学模拟

颗粒材料在冲击载荷作用下的动态力学行为是学术界关注的热点问题. 新近问世的近场动力学(peridynamics)理论将材料视为由大量有限体积和有限质量的物质点组成,基于非连续性和非局部作用假定建模,建立空间积分形式的运动方程,自然适应于颗粒材料动态力学行为的描述与分析. 发展了描述颗粒间接触作用的物质点尺度的排斥力模型,考虑近场动力学方法中非局部长程力特征,改进了近场动力学中的初始微观弹脆性(prototype microelastic brittle, PMB) 模型的本构力函数,并消除了原PMB 模型中存在的“边界效应” 问题. 计算分析了冲击载荷作用下碳化钨陶瓷颗粒体系的动态力学响应,得到了不同冲击速度下颗粒体系的冲击波速,PD计算结果与试验结果高度一致;通过颗粒物质点尺度作用描述单颗粒尺度的接触作用,很好地再现了颗粒的转动与平动、颗粒挤压变形以及颗粒破碎等现象;刚性冲击板附近同时存在严重的颗粒破碎与轻微的颗粒损伤,远离冲击板的部分颗粒出现破损,且颗粒破碎主要是由颗粒间挤压、碰撞以及相对滑动剪切作用造成的. 研究结果表明,所发展的计算模型和分析方法能很好地反映颗粒材料动态力学行为,具有广泛的应用价值.      

Relationship between single and bulk mechanical properties for zeolite ZSM5 spray-dried particles

In this work typical mechanical properties for a catalyst support material, ZSM5 （a spray-dried granular zeolite）, have been measured in order to relate the bulk behaviour of the powder material to the single particle mechanical properties. Particle shape and size distribution of the powders, determined by laser diffraction and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, confirmed the spherical shape of the spray-dried particles. The excellent flowability of the material was assessed by typical methods such as the Hausner ratio and the Cart index, This was confirmed by bulk measurements of the particle-particle internal friction parameter and flow function using a Schulze shear cell, which also illustrated the low compressibility of the material. Single particle compression was used to characterize single particle mechanical properties such as reduced elastic modulus and strength from Hertz contact mechanics theory. Comparison with surface properties obtained from nanoindentation suggests heterogeneity, the surface being harder than the core. In order to evaluate the relationship between single particle mechanical properties and bulk compression behaviour, uniaxial confined compression was carried out. It was determined that the Adams model was suitable for describing the bulk compression and furthermore that the Adams model parameter, apparent strength of single particles, was in good agreement with the single particle strength determined from single particle compression test.