热致和磁致形状记忆合金循环变形和疲劳行为研究

形状记忆合金(包括热致和磁致形状记忆合金)由于其特有的超弹性和形状记忆效应,一直以来受到学者和工程界人士广泛关注,且已有诸多成功的工程应用案例.为了进一步拓展该类合金的工程应用范围,对其热–力和磁–力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的宏微观实验观察和理论模型研究成果进行了综述.总结了NiTi和NiTiX两类合金材料的温度诱发(即热致)的热–力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为研究的最新成果;对以NiMnGa合金为代表的磁场诱发(即磁致)的磁–力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的研究现状进行了评述;提出并预测了未来的研究方向及发展趋势.     

Study on cyclic deformation and fatigue of thermal and magnetic shape memory alloys

形状记忆合金(包括热致和磁致形状记忆合金)由于其特有的超弹性和形状记忆效应, 一直以来受到学者和工程界人士广泛关注, 且已有诸多成功的工程应用案例.为了进一步拓展该类合金的工程应用范围, 对其热--力和磁--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的宏微观实验观察和理论模型研究成果进行了综述. 总结了NiTi和NiTiX两类合金材料的温度诱发(即热致)的热--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为研究的最新成果; 对以NiMnGa合金为代表的磁场诱发(即磁致)的磁--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的研究现状进行了评述; 提出并预测了未来的研究方向及发展趋势.     

热致和磁致形状记忆合金循环变形和疲劳行为研究

形状记忆合金(包括热致和磁致形状记忆合金)由于其特有的超弹性和形状记忆效应, 一直以来受到学者和工程界人士广泛关注, 且已有诸多成功的工程应用案例.为了进一步拓展该类合金的工程应用范围, 对其热--力和磁--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的宏微观实验观察和理论模型研究成果进行了综述. 总结了NiTi和NiTiX两类合金材料的温度诱发(即热致)的热--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为研究的最新成果; 对以NiMnGa合金为代表的磁场诱发(即磁致)的磁--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的研究现状进行了评述; 提出并预测了未来的研究方向及发展趋势.      

基于LabVIEW平台的形状记忆合金温度循环加载控制装置研究

本文根据NiTi形状记忆合金热-力耦合循环变形实验的要求,针对传统加热方法变温速度慢、温度变化非线性、加热不均匀,且无法与其他装置配合使用等缺点,提出了一种新型形状记忆合金温度循环加载控制装置。该装置基于电流加热方法,使用测温仪表进行测温,采用直流电源与降温组件进行变温,同时利用PID等控制方法进行控制,达到精准控温的效果。通过测试及实验,可以看出,该装置具有良好的控温性能、快速的变温速度、自动的程序控制等优点。本装置的成功开发为形状记忆合金热-力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的实验研究提供了坚实的设备基础。     

超弹性形状记忆合金管单向拉伸试验的数值模拟

NiTi形状记忆合金具有很强的超弹性行为，这种超弹性行为是由于材料在应力作用下发生可逆的马氏体相变所引起。最近Sun和Lee^[4]在NiTi形状记忆合金管单向拉伸试验中观测到，应力诱导马氏体相变具有螺旋带状的形貌特征，本文对此作了数值模拟研究。采用包含应变软化效应的三线性本构关系，建立了NiTi形状记忆合金管的三维有限元模型。通过迭代计算，成功地再现了试验中所观察到的螺旋状相变带从形成到长大的全过程。数值计算结果表明，产生这一独特现象的力学机制，在于NiTi形状记忆合金管在拉伸状态下出现的局部变形失稳极其传播。     

计及相变微结构演化的形状记忆合金本构描述

基于对NiTi形状记忆合金的实验观察及有限元分析,考虑两相间的应变不协调关系,采用应变修正法建立了计及片层状微结构的本构模型,本模型考虑了两相间的相互约束,及其约束随微结构演化的变化规律.研究了NiTi形状记忆合金微圆管在拉伸和扭转下的响应特性.计算结果与实验结果的对比表明所建本构模型较好地描述了伪弹性响应尤其是较好地描述了拉伸实验过程中的应力跌落现象.     

显式方法精确模拟形状记忆合金循环荷载下的变形行为

本文提出全新的有限弹塑性J2流方程,用来显式、精确地模拟SMAs（形状记忆合金）材料在循环加载-卸载条件下从塑性逐渐转变为伪弹性的变形行为．首先,改进流动法,使得本构方程耦合屈服中心的移动和屈服面的增大,并改进背应力演化方程,使模型可以产生强烈的包辛格效应,从理论上具备模拟SMAs独特变形行为的能力;其次,构造全过程下的统一硬化函数显式表达式,代入本构方程后能得到符合要求的形函数;再次,利用选定的数据点构造统一光滑的上屈服函数,再利用上下屈服应力之间的一种线性关系,推导得到下屈服阶段的形函数;最后,只需要给定一个参数就可以得到单个循环结果,利用拉格朗日插值方法构建参数随循环次数变化的函数,就可以模拟任意循环荷载下的变形行为．通过模型结果和实验数据对比证明新方法的有效性．     

形状记忆合金力学行为与应用综述

本文对形状记忆合金的特性、本构模型及其在不同领域中的应用进行了综述。分析了形状记忆合金材料和力学特性及其在智能结构中的应用。介绍了现有微观、介观和宏观本构模型描述形状记忆合金热力学行为的方法和特点。详细阐述了形状记忆合金在不同领域的应用现状,特别总结了结构优化技术在提升智能结构性能方面的应用,分析了当前形状记忆合金研究中存在的问题,并对其在智能结构中的关键技术与未来发展方向进行了探讨。     

NiTi形状记忆合金裂纹尖端热力耦合行为研究

本文对NiTi形状记忆合金I型裂纹尖端热力耦合行为进行了数值仿真分析和实验验证。建立了包含相变和热力耦合的本构模型,通过有限元计算得到了裂纹尖端附近的纵向应变、马氏体体积分数和温度场分布,依据马氏体相变情况对裂纹尖端有效应力强度因子进行了修正,揭示了加载速率对形状记忆合金裂纹尖端有效应力强度影子的影响规律。参数研究表明,随着加载频率的增加,裂纹尖端附近温度逐渐升高,马氏体相变区域逐渐缩小,有效应力强度因子呈下降趋势,形状记忆合金表现出增韧效应,有助于减缓裂纹扩展。本研究结果对于揭示热力耦合作用下超弹性形状记忆合金疲劳裂纹扩展规律具有重要参考意义。     

应力作用下NiTi形状记忆合金微结构演化的相场模拟及其本征应变率敏感性

基于Ginzburg-Landau动力学控制方程建立了NiTi形状记忆合金非等温相场模型,实现了对NiTi合金内应力诱导马氏体相变的数值模拟。同时将晶界能密度引入系统局部自由能密度,从而考虑多晶系统中晶界的重要作用。数值计算了单晶和多晶NiTi形状记忆合金在单轴机械载荷作用下微结构的动态演化过程和宏观力学行为,并重点研究了晶粒尺寸为60 nm的NiTi纳米多晶在低应变率下（0.0005～15 s?1）力学行为的本征应变率敏感性。研究结果表明,单晶NiTi合金系统高温拉伸-卸载过程中马氏体相变均匀发生,未形成奥氏体-马氏体界面。而纳米多晶系统在加载阶段出现了马氏体带的形成-扩展现象,在卸载阶段出现了马氏体带的收缩-消失现象。相同外载作用过程中,NiTi单晶系统的宏观应力-应变曲线具有更大的滞回环面积,拥有更优的超弹性变形能力。计算结果显示,在中低应变率下纳米晶NiTi形状记忆合金应力-应变关系表现出较明显的应变率相关性,应变率升高导致材料相变应力提升。这一应变率相关性主要源于相场模型中外加载荷速率与马氏体空间演化速度的相互竞争关系。     

A macroscopic multi-mechanism based constitutive model for the thermo-mechanical cyclic degeneration of shape memory effect of NiTi shape memory alloy

A macroscopic based multi-mechanism constitutive model is constructed in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics to describe the degeneration of shape memory effect occurring in the thermo-mechanical cyclic deformation of NiTi shape memory alloys(SMAs). Three phases,austenite A, twinned martensite Mtand detwinned martensite M~d, as well as the phase transitions occurring between each pair of phases( A → M~t, M~t→ A, A → M~d,M~d→ A, and M~t→ M~d) are considered in the proposed model. Meanwhile, two kinds of inelastic deformation mechanisms, martensite transformation-induced plasticity and reorientation-induced plasticity, are used to explain the degeneration of shape memory effects of NiTi SMAs. The evolution equations of internal variables are proposed by attributing the degeneration of shape memory effect to the interaction between the three phases(A, M~t, and M~d) and plastic deformation. Finally, the capability of the proposed model is verified by comparing the predictions with the experimental results of NiTi SMAs. It is shown that the degeneration of shape memory effect and its dependence on the loading level can be reasonably described by the proposed model.     

A finite-deformation-based phenomenological theory for shape-memory alloys

In this work we develop a finite-deformation-based, thermo-mechanically-coupled and non-local phenomenological theory for polycrystalline shape-memory alloys (SMAs) capable of undergoing austenite ↔$\leftrightarrow$ martensite phase transformations. The constitutive model is developed in the isotropic plasticity setting using standard balance laws, thermodynamic laws and the theory of micro-force balance (Fried and Gurtin, 1994). The constitutive model is then implemented in the ABAQUS/Explicit (2009) finite-element program by writing a user-material subroutine. Material parameters in the constitutive model were fitted to a set of superelastic experiments conducted by Thamburaja and Anand (2001) on a polycrystalline rod Ti–Ni. With the material parameters calibrated, we show that the experimental stress-biased strain–temperature-cycling and shape-memory effect responses are qualitatively well-reproduced by the constitutive model and the numerical simulations. We also show the capability of our constitutive mode in studying the response of SMAs undergoing coupled thermo-mechanical loading and also multi-axial loading conditions by studying the deformation behavior of a stent unit cell.     

纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金超弹性的晶粒取向依赖性相场研究

本文基于Ginzburg-Landau理论,建立了一个反映纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金取向依赖性的二维多晶相场模型,研究了晶粒取向对其超弹性性能的影响。结果表明,纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金的超弹性行为依赖于晶粒取向分布,即：多晶模型中在所研究的参数变化范围内,晶粒取向分布范围越广、晶粒间取向差越大（无明显织构）,超弹性性能越差;而晶粒取向分布范围越窄、晶粒间取向差越小（织构越强）,超弹性性能越好。该晶粒取向依赖性可解释为：由于晶粒取向的不同,马氏体相变过程中相邻晶粒间的变形不匹配程度不同,因此,多晶模型中在所研究的参数变化范围内,晶粒间取向差异越大,晶界处的变形失配越严重,由此而产生的局部内应力将阻碍其附近马氏体相变的扩展,进而导致纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金超弹性性能下降。     

Thermomechanical modelling of a NiTi SMA sample submitted to displacement-controlled tensile test

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) undergo an austenite–martensite solid–solid phase transformation which confers its pseudo-elastic and shape memory behaviours. Phase transformation can be induced either by stress or temperature changes. That indicates a strong thermo-mechanical coupling. Tensile test is one of the most popular mechanical test, allowing an easy observation of this coupling: transformation bands appear and enlarge giving rise to a large amount of heat and strain localisation. We demonstrate that the number of transformation bands is strongly associated with the strain rate. Recent progress in full field measurement techniques have provided accurate observations and consequently a better understanding of strain and heat generation and diffusion in SMAs. These experiments bring us to suggest the creation of a new one-dimensional thermomechanical modelling of the pseudo-elastic behaviour. It is used to simulate the heat rise, strain localisation and thermal evolution of the NiTi SMA sample submitted to tensile loading.     

Study on the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy based on a new crystal plasticity constitutive model

In this paper, a crystal plasticity based constitutive model (Yu et al., 2013) is extended to describe the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy by considering the internal heat production. Two sources of internal heat productions are included in the proposed model, i.e., the mechanical dissipations of inelastic deformation and the transformation latent heat in the NiTi shape memory alloy. With an assumption of uniform temperature field in the alloy specimen, a simplified evolution law of temperature field is obtained by the first law of thermodynamics and the heat boundary conditions. An explicit scale-transition rule is adopted to extend the proposed single crystal model to the polycrystalline version. The capability of the extended polycrystalline model to describe the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy is verified by comparing the predictions with the corresponding experimental ones. The comparison demonstrates that the proposed constitutive model considering the internal heat production predicts the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy fairly well.     

ADVANCES IN TRANSFORMATION RATCHETING AND RATCHETING-FATIGUE INTERACTION OF NITI SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

The accumulation of inelastic deformation occurring in NiTi shape memory alloy under the stress-controlled cyclic loading condition is named transformation ratcheting, since it is mainly caused by the solid-solid transformation from austenite to martensite phase and vice versa. The transformation ratcheting and its effect on the fatigue life (i.e., transformation-fatigue interaction) are key issues that should be addressed in order to assess the fatigue of NiTi shape memory alloy more accurately. In this paper, the advances in the studies on the transformation ratcheting and ratcheting-fatigue interaction of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy in recent years are reviewed: First, experimental observation of the uniaxial transformation ratcheting and ratcheting-fatigue interaction of super-elastic NiTi alloy under the stress-controlled cyclic loading conditions is treated, and the detrimental effect of transformation ratcheting on the fatigue life is addressed; Secondly, two types of cyclic constitutive models (i.e., a macroscopic phenomenological model and a micromechanical one based on crystal plasticity) constructed to describe the transformation ratcheting of super-elastic NiTi alloy are discussed; Furthermore, an energy-based failure model is provided and dealt with by comparing its predicted fatigue lives with experimental ones; Finally, some suggestions about future work are made.     

A CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR TRANSFORMATION, REORIENTATION AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

A constitutive model is developed for the transformation, reorientation and plastic deformation of shape memory alloys (SMAs). It is based on the concept that an SMA is a mixture composed of austenite and martensite, the volume fraction of each phase is transformable with the change of applied thermal-mechanical loading, and the constitutive behavior of the SMA is the combination of the individual behavior of its two phases. The deformation of the martensite is separated into elastic, thermal, reorientation and plastic parts, and that of the austenite is separated into elastic, thermal and plastic parts. Making use of the Tanaka’s transformation rule modified by taking into account the effect of plastic deformation, the constitutive model of the SMA is obtained. The ferroelasticity, pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect of SMA Au-47.5 at.%Cd, and the pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect as well as plastic deformation and its effect of an NiTi SMA, are analyzed and compared with experimental results.