定常及振荡流下带网半浸没浮筒载荷特性研究

与网衣混合黏连的半浸没浮筒是重力式养殖网箱常见的结构形式,其水动力载荷计算的准确性直接决定了服役网箱的结构安全.为了有效地获取作用于带网衣半浸没浮筒的水动力载荷,并揭示网衣对浮筒水动力载荷的影响,文章开展了带网衣半浸没浮筒模型和无网衣半浸没浮筒模型在定常流与振荡流下的水动力载荷实验,获取了不同定常流速及不同振荡流场工况下的水动力载荷,并利用最小二乘法识别不同流场下的水动力系数.实验结果显示,网衣结构的存在会极大地放大半浸没浮筒的水动力载荷及载荷系数,网衣对半浸没浮筒水动力载荷的影响不可忽略.进一步地,本文探究了Re数、Fr数、KC数以及Stokes数等相关参数对带网半浸没浮筒水动力载荷系数影响.综合发现,浮筒水动力载荷系数与Fr数表现出一定的相关关系,尤其是附加质量系数对Fr数显示出强依赖性;另外,网衣对水动力载荷和系数的放大程度同样与Fr数相关.本工作表明以往采用纯浮筒载荷系数进行带网半浸没浮筒载荷计算,将对网箱设计安全造成极大的风险,实际工程中应考虑网衣对半浸没浮筒的影响.     

基于多孔介质模型的养殖网箱周围流场特性研究

为探讨鱼类养殖网箱对周围海域流场的影响,基于雷诺时均方程和Realizable k-ε湍流模型,耦合多孔介质模型,建立了研究鱼类养殖网箱周围流场的三维水动力模型.根据典型养殖场的实际数据,分别对仅网衣作用、仅鱼类作用及网衣和鱼类共同作用下网箱周围流场进行数值模拟.结果表明综合考虑网衣和鱼类的作用时,网箱下游流速衰减最大...     

圆形重力式网箱锚碇系统的受力研究

依据Stokes二阶波浪理论和莫里森(Morison)方法,对圆形重力式网箱的浮架结构分别与工程上常用的两种锚碇系统(折线形与直线形)相结合情况下,锚碇系统的受力进行了数值计算及相应的物理模型试验。结果表明相同波况下折线形锚碇系统承受张力较小,在相同波浪周期条件下,波高越大锚碇点受力越大;相同波高下,锚碇点最大受力随周期变化不显著。将计算结果与模型试验对比,结果显示计算数值与试验数据较接近,表明了此计算方法的可行性,为进一步模拟浮架结构的运动变形打下基础。     

载重子午线轮胎帘线受力的有限元分析

以10.00R20轮胎为原型,针对特定的断面轮廓形状和帘线结构形式建立了轮胎结构计算的有限元模型,着重研究了额定充气压力状态以及受静负荷作用时各部分帘线受力的基本特征。结果表明:(1)充气状态下胎冠部和胎圈部的帘线结构参数之间的相互影响很小,因而在分析设计中可以相对独立地考虑;(2)静负荷作用下帘线受力在接地面附近的分布情况较复杂,尤其是负荷较大时可能出现胎冠中部帘线张力不足甚至受压以及0°带束层边缘受拉力过大的情况,这些对轮胎使用性能不利的受力状况可以通过帘线结构的合理设计来克服。     

抗爆门结构考虑接触影响的动力有限元分析

抗爆门是一种特殊结构，为了真实反映其受力破坏过程并评价其安全标准，应该充分考虑动力效应，弹塑性变形以及与门框，门轴与轴承之间的接触的影响。本利用动力有限元软件LS－DYNA，对某系列抗爆门的破坏过程进行了动力仿真分析，并充分利用数值分析的优势，通过修改爆炸荷载的压力时程曲线，对各种不同工况下抗爆门的技术性能进行评估。     

爆炸荷载下网壳结构的动力响应及泄爆措施

以有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA为平台,建立了40m 跨度K8型单层球面网壳在中心TNT 爆 炸荷载作用下的精细化有限元数值分析模型。在网壳结构各组成部分的单元选取、钢材本构关系与参数确 定、网格尺寸选择与划分方式、结构对称性应用等方面进行了探索,保证了有限元动力分析的精度与可行性。 通过比较网壳结构的塑性应变及其发展程度、杆件应变与位移等结果获得了不同网壳矢跨比、炸点距离以及 屋面板厚度下的结构爆炸响应规律;以屋面板作为网壳结构的泄爆方式,研究了屋面板开洞率、开洞数量及洞 口分布、洞口位置对结构响应的影响。总结了中心爆炸荷载作用下大跨度单层网壳结构的动力响应结果、最 佳的屋面板泄爆布置方案,为网壳结构的合理抗爆及防御设计提供了理论依据。     

复模态理论在近海平台中的应用

运用复模态理论对考虑海洋平台结构与流体相互作用而引起的非经典阻尼问题进行了理论分析。水中耦合阻尼矩阵运用复模态解法，可以不必近似对角化。推导了随机波浪荷载作用下结构各种反应的能量谱密度函数及结构反应的统计特性，得到了结构反应的均方差和峰值的表达式。针对某典型平台在随机波浪荷载作用下动力反应用复模态法进行了计算并与运用实模态方法多重叠代方法的结果进行了比较。     

钢网壳模型的动力稳定性振动台试验研究

对两个钢扁网壳结构模型在地震荷载作用下的动力稳定性进行了振动台试验研究,观察了模型的局部动力失稳和整体动力失稳现象,通过对试验测量数据结果的处理,给出了模型中杆件的内力时程曲线和结点位移时程曲线,对这些时程曲线进行分析,总结了结构产生动力失稳时的特征和规律,同时也给出了部分理论分析的结果,并结合试验结果对理论研究中给出的动力失稳定义和判定准则以及其它结论分别进行了验证和说明．     

撞击荷载作用下单层椭圆抛物面网壳的动力稳定分析

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA 有限元程序,考虑几何非线性和材料非线性效应,开展单层椭圆抛物面网壳结构在撞击荷载作用下的动力稳定性研究.分析了该类网壳在以一定高度的自由落体撞击作用下的撞击力响应(撞击力、节点位移、杆件轴力和能量)及网壳失稳模态,进一步根据产生的动力响应对其在撞击作用下的弹塑性动力稳定问题进行了判定.结果表明:网壳结构在撞击作用下失稳时,撞击力时程曲线形状基本上呈陡峭的三角形脉冲荷载形式,其最大峰值和脉宽与撞击冲量及网壳所处变形阶段的刚度性能相关;特征节点的位移响应突然增大,失稳部位杆件的轴力大幅减小,结构的变形能和总能量也突然增大,整个结构变形形状发生突变;节点的残余位移、撞击力和持时等特征参数都产生一致性突变.     

基于风压分布特性的折叠网壳结构形状优化研究Folding reticulated shell structure shape optimization based on wind pressure distribution characteristics

针对风敏感结构折叠网壳存在抗风不利区域和风压梯度变化较大的力学行为,为优化其在风荷载作用下的表面风压分布,降低结构的风致响应,基于流体动力学基本原理和大气边界层基本理论,运用Fluent软件对折叠网壳结构风压分布进行数值模拟的基础性研究,对比风洞试验结果,确定复杂体型结构数值模拟的计算域尺寸、计算域离散和湍流模型等关键参数的选取。在此基础上对8种折叠网壳结构形状优化方案进行分析,得到其分区体型系数和体型系数的标准差,对比结构初始形态表面风压,最终得到具有良好抗风性能的最优方案,化解了结构的不利风压分布。结果表明,C FD数值分析技术能够有效地解决风敏感结构在风荷载作用下的形状优化问题,为结构体型优化和研发新型野营房屋提供了一个设计方法和理论依据。     

Experimental and numerical study of an aquaculture net cage with floater in waves and current

The mooring loads on an aquaculture net cage in current and waves are investigated by dedicated model tests and numerical simulations. The main purpose is to investigate which physical effects are dominant for mooring loads, and in this respect, to investigate the validity of different rational hydrodynamic load models. Also structural and numerical aspects are investigated. The model tests are performed to provide benchmark data, while the numerical model is used to study the effect and sensitivity of different load models and parameters.Compared to a realistic aquaculture plant, the total system is simplified to reduce the complexity. The system does, however, include all the four main components of an aquaculture plant: net cage, floater, sinker weights and moorings. The net cage is bottomless, flexible and circular. It is attached to a circular, elastic floater at the top and has 16 sinker weights at the bottom. The system is nearly linearly moored with four crow feet mooring lines.The loads are measured in the four mooring lines. A systematic variation of current only, wave only as well as combined current and wave conditions is carried out. The numerical simulation results are first benchmarked towards the experimental data. The mean loads in general dominate over the dynamic part of the loads in combined current and waves, and they significantly increase in long and steep waves, relative to current only. Next, a sensitivity study is carried out. A rigid floater significantly alters the loads in the mooring lines compared to a realistic, elastic floater. The theoretical model for the wave matters. The mooring loads are rather insensitive to a majority of the parameters and models, in particular: frequency dependent added mass of the floater and nonlinear restoring loads. It seems not to be necessary to represent the net cage with a very fine numerical mesh.     

Numerical modeling of current loads on a net cage considering fluid–structure interaction

In this paper we propose and discuss a numerical method to model the current loads on a net cage. In our numerical model, the fluid–structure interaction is taken into consideration. The net cage is modeled on the mass-spring model; the flow field is modeled by the finite volume method (FVM). A novel hybrid volume approach is used to add the resistance force of the net cage into the flow field for coupling the fluid and net. The net resistance to the flow is calculated directly by the net’s current load using Newton’s Third Law. The resistance force is discretized in the hybrid volume and represented in the source term of the Navier–Stokes equation. By using the hybrid volume method, the mesh grid is separated from the net shape, and sparse grid (0.1 m) can be used to calculate the flow field for computational efficiency. Based on the detailed flow field, we can predict the net’s current load more accurately. The final results are derived by the segregated iterative calculation of net shape and flow field. Current forces acting on both rigid and flexible net cages are simulated at water velocity from 0 to 1 m/s; the simulation results of proposed numerical method are compared with the existing experiments, good agreements are shown in both flow field and current force, the mean normalized absolute error of the current force between simulations and measurements is about 5%.     

Recent progresses in studies on wave-current loads on foundation structure with piles and slab

The foundation structure with piles and slab is widely used in offshore wind farm construction in shallow water. Experimental studies on the hydrodynamic loads acting on the piles and slab under irregular waves and currents are summarized with discussion on the effects of pile grouping on the wave forces and wave impact loads on the slab locating near the free surface. By applying the theoretical solution of the wave diffracted by the slab and using the Morison equation to evaluate the wave force on the piles, the effects of the slab on the wave forces acting on the piles are analyzed. Based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the volume of fluid (VOF) method, a numerical wave basin is developed to simulate the wave-structure interaction. The computed maximum wave force on the foundation structure with piles and slab agrees well with the measured data. The violent deformation, breaking, and run-up of the wave around the structure are presented and discussed. Further work on the turbulent flow structures and large deformation of the free surface due to interaction of the waves and foundation structures of offshore wind farms needs more efficient approaches for evaluating hydrodynamic loads under the effects of nonlinear waves and currents.     

Structural response of high solidity net cage models in uniform flow

Hydrodynamic loads acting on a fish farm may be affected by the growth of different biofouling organisms, mainly due to increased solidity of the nets. In this paper, the hydrodynamic loads acting on high solidity net cage models subjected to high uniform flow velocities and the corresponding deformation of the net cages are studied. Model tests of net cylinders with various solidities were performed in a flume tank with a simulated current. Standard Morison-type numerical analyses were performed based on the model tests, and their capability of simulating the occurring loads and the observed net cage deformations for different flow velocities was evaluated.Large deformations of the net cage models were observed, and at high velocities the deformations were close to what is physically possible. Net cage deformation appeared to be less dependent on solidity than on flow velocity and weights. Drag forces increased with increasing flow velocity and were dependent on both bottom weights and netting solidity. For the lowest solidity net, drag forces were close to proportional to flow velocity. For the three high solidity nets, the measured drag forces were of similar magnitude, and drag increased less with increasing flow velocity above approximately 0.5 m/s than at lower velocities.This study shows that a basic reduced velocity model is not sufficient to model the interaction between the fluid flow and net (hydroelasticity) for high solidity net cages subjected to high flow velocities.The standard numerical analysis was in general able to make good predictions of the net shape, and was capable of making an acceptable estimate of hydrodynamic loads acting on the lowest solidity net model (Sn=0.19). For high solidities and large deformations, numerical tools should account for changes in water flow and the global drag coefficient of the net.     

Dynamics of dual pontoon floating structure for cage aquaculture in a two-dimensional numerical wave tank

The trend of using floating structures with cage aquaculture is becoming more popular in the open sea. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic properties of a dual pontoon floating structure (DPFS) when attached to a fish net by using physical and numerical models. A two-dimensional (2-D) fully nonlinear numerical wave tank (NWT), based on the boundary element method (BEM), is developed to calculate the wave forces on the DPFS. The wave forces on a fish net system are then evaluated using a modified Morison equation. The comparisons of dynamic behaviors between numerical simulations and experimental measurements on the DPFS show good agreement. Results also display that a fish net system causes the resonant response of body motions and mooring forces to be slightly lower due to the net's damping effect. Finally, for designing the rearing space of cage aquaculture, the influences which net depth and net width have on the DPFS dynamic responses are also presented in this paper.     

Structural analysis of aquaculture net cages in current

A method for structural analysis of aquaculture net cages has been developed and verified for a netting solidity of 0.23, water current velocities from 0.1 to 0.5 m/s and relatively large deformations (volume reduction up to 70%) by comparing the numerical results to tests in a flume tank. Strength analysis was performed using commercial explicit finite element software to calculate distribution of loads in the net cage due to current, weights and gravity. The net cage was modelled using truss elements that represented several parallel twines. Sub-elements allowed the trusses to buckle in compression, and only negligible compressive forces were seen in the numerical results. Resulting drag loads and cage volume were shown to be dependent on the net cage size and weight system. Drag loads increased almost proportional to the current velocity for velocities in the range of 0.2–0.5 m/s, while the cage volume was reduced proportional to the current velocity. The calculated forces in ropes and netting of full-size net cages were well below the design capacity for current velocities up to 0.5 m/s. However, netting seams in the bottom panel of the net cage were identified as a potential problem area as the forces could reach the design capacity.     

Effects of fundamental structure parameters on dynamic responses of submerged floating tunnel under hydrodynamic loads

This paper investigates the effects of structure parameters on dynamic responses of submerged floating tunnel （SFT） under hydrodynamic loads. The structure parameters includes buoyancy-weight ratio （BWR）, stiffness coefficients of the cable systems, tunnel net buoyancy and tunnel length. First, the importance of structural damp in relation to the dynamic responses of SPT is demonstrated and the mechanism of structural damp effect is discussed. Thereafter, the fundamental structure parameters are investigated through the analysis of SFT dynamic responses under hydrodynamic loads. The results indicate that the BWR of SFT is a key structure parameter. When BWR is 1.2, there is a remarkable trend change in the vertical dynamic response of SFT under hydrodynamic loads. The results also indicate that the ratio of the tunnel net buoyancy to the cable stiffness coefficient is not a characteristic factor affecting the dynamic responses of SFT under hydrodynamic loads.     

Analysis of hydrodynamic behaviors of multiple net cages in combined wave–current flow

Numerical simulation is performed to analyze the hydrodynamic response of a net cage and submerged mooring grid system exposed to waves and current. A series of experiments are conducted to validate the numerical model of net cage and grid mooring system. The numerical results of this model correspond with those obtained from experimental observations. Then, the numerical simulation of a multi-cage and mooring system under the action of waves combined with current is conducted. The influence of waves and current directions and the length of grid lines on the cage responses are discussed. The twin mooring system and the orthogonal mooring system are compared. Results show that for the orthogonal mooring system, the maximum tension force on the anchor line of the four-cage system is less than four times of that of the single-cage system, when both waves and current travel along the x-axis. The minimum net cage volume holding coefficient of the single-cage system is smaller than that of the four-cage system. The amplitude of the mooring line tension force for the twin mooring system is larger than the orthogonal mooring system.     

旋转圆球入水空泡特性与流场结构的大涡模拟研究

圆球旋转入水过程对于基于先导物投放的新型入水降载方式具有重要研究价值. 采用大涡模拟方法结合均质多相流模型和VOF界面捕捉算法, 对低弗劳德数条件下疏水圆球高速旋转入水的自由运动过程进行了数值模拟, 研究了转速对入水空泡演化、流场结构和水动力特性的影响. 采用动网格与滑移网格技术实现圆球的自由运动, 并基于试验结果对比验证了数值模拟的可靠性与正确性. 旋转运动的升力效应导致圆球入水弹道发生偏转并从水面携带横向楔形射流侵入空泡内部. 采用入水砰击速度与转速进行归一化分析, 结果表明入水转速的增加显著改变了圆球的动力特性: 水平方向的速度和位移以及升力峰值都随入水转速的增加而变大, 但升力峰值受到入水速度的限制; 而垂直方向的速度和加速度以及空泡断裂深度几乎不受转速增加的影响, 并且空泡深闭合发生前圆球转速变化不大. 入水转速的增加也使液面飞溅环和空泡断裂的非对称性增强, 在较低转速时发生空泡表面闭合, 而在较高转速时则发生空泡深闭合. 对于空泡深闭合模式, 入水转速的增加带来更强的横向楔形射流, 并且抑制了空泡断裂产生的高压以及相应涡结构的生成, 致使圆球在入水砰击阶段承受更低的侧向压力.      

Experimental and numerical investigation on the damping effect of net cages in waves

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the damping effect of net cages in waves. The wave transmission coefficient of the net cage was investigated with different wave periods, wave heights, numbers of net cages, net solidities, measurement positions, geometrical shapes of the net cage and Reynolds numbers. The experimental results show that the net cage has noticeable influence on wave propagation and the damping effect of net cages has a close relationship with many parameters. For multiple net cages, the transmission coefficient tends to increase as the wave period increases. The transmission coefficient of net cages decreases with increasing wave height. As the number of net cages increases, the wave transmission coefficient will decrease gradually. The damping effect of net cages on wave propagation tends to increase with increasing net solidity. The measurement position has an effect on the value of wave transmission coefficient. For net cages with different geometrical shapes, the circular net cage has more noticeable damping effect than the square net cage. A numerical model is introduced to simulate the interaction between waves and net cages with the fishing net treated as the porous media fluid model. The wave transmission coefficient downstream from net cages shows good agreement between experimental and numerical results. The study will contribute to understanding of the damping effect of a large fish farm on wave propagation.