流体粘度对涡轮流量计性能影响的研究

本文运用粘性流体力学原理对现有涡轮流量计理论模型进行了改进。根据新模型计算的流量计特性曲线与变粘度实验结果更为吻合,从而为工业生产中涡轮流量计测量结果的粘度修正问题提供了实用解决的方法。利用本文的研究结果还可预测仪表几何参数与来流速度分布对涡轮流量计性能的影响,作为改进仪表设计的理论依据。     

Influence of velocity profile on calibration function of Lorentz force flowmeter

A Lorentz force flowmeter is a noncontact electromagnetic flow-measuring device based on exposing a flowing electrically conducting liquid to a magnetic field and measuring the force acting on the magnet system. The measured Lorentz force is proportional to the flow rate via a calibration coefficient which depends on the velocity distribution and magnetic field in liquid. In this paper, the influence of different velocity profiles on the calibration coefficient is investigated by using numerical simulations. The Lorentz forces are computed for laminar flows in closed and open rectangular channels, and the results are compared with the simplified case of a solid conductor moving at a constant velocity. The numerical computations demonstrate that calibration coefficients for solid bodies are always higher than for liquid metals. Moreover, it can be found that for some parameters the solid-body calibration coefficient is almost twice as high as for a liquid metal. These differences are explained by analyzing the patterns of the induced eddy currents and the spatial distributions of the Lorentz force density. The result provides a first step for evaluating the influence of the laminar velocity profiles on the calibration function of a Lorentz force flowmeter.     

Investigation of the specific mass flow rate distribution in pipes supplied with a pulsating flow

A pulsating flow is typical of inlet and exhaust pipes of internal combustion engines and piston compressors. Unsteady flow phenomena are especially important in the case of turbocharged engines, because dynamic effects occurring in the exhaust pipe can affect turbine operation conditions and performance.One of the basic parameters describing the unsteady flow is a transient mass flow rate related to the instantaneous flow velocity, which is usually measured by means of hot-wire anemometers. For the flowing gas, it is more appropriate to analyze the specific mass flow rate φ_m = ρv, which takes into account also variations in the gas density. In order to minimize the volume occupied by measuring devices in the control section, special double-wire sensors for the specific mass flow rate (CTA) and temperature (CCT) measurement were applied. The article describes procedures of their calibration and measurement. Different forms of calibration curves are analyzed as well in order to match the approximation function to calibration points. Special attention is paid to dynamic phenomena related to the resonance occurring in a pipe for characteristic frequencies depending on the pipe length. One of these phenomena is a reverse flow, which makes it difficult to interpret properly the recorded CTA signal. Procedures of signal correction are described in detail. To verify the measurements, a flow field investigation was carried out by displacing probes radially and determining the profiles of the specific mass flow rate under the conditions of a steady and pulsating flow. The presence and general features of a reverse flow, which was identified experimentally, were confirmed by 1-D unsteady flow calculations.     

Optimal design of spiral casing tongue and wicket gate angle by decomposition method

A method of optimal design of Francis turbine tongue and wicket gate angle for given spiral casing is proposed. The potential flow in the doubly connected domain is decomposed into basic and circulation flows. The intensity of circulation is then calculated by the least-squares method minimizing the error function equal to the sum of squares of differences between given and calculated circumferential velocities in the outflow boundary nodes. It is shown that the error function has a sharp minimum, which qualifies the proposed method as well defined. For given numerical example, the variations in the outflow velocity angles are much smaller for optimal than for already used non-optimal design. A finite element method is used, with originally developed pre- and post-processor and frontal solver suited for personal computers.     

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow around a Rushton turbine

 The principles of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV), including distortion compensation, were applied to the turbulent flow in a vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine. An angular offset configuration was used and tilt-axis lens mounts were incorporated in order to satisfy the Scheimpflug condition, significantly reducing the ordinarily large depth of field requirements of such configurations. A distortion compensation procedure, or in situ calibration, was utilized in place of the ray tracing, or mechanical registration, used in previous studies. The calibration procedure was validated using two tests, one a rigid translation of a speckle target, the other the viscous flow between two concentric cylinders. The results of the tests suggest the success with which the distortion compensation procedure may be applied to real fluid flows. Phase-locked instantaneous data were ensemble averaged and interpolated in order to obtain mean 3-D velocity fields on a cylindrical shell enclosing the turbine blade. From these fields, the tip vortex pairs and the radial jet documented in previous studies of mixer flows were easily identified. Received: 5 February 1999/Accepted: 1 December 1999     

Measurements of two-phase mass flow rate: A comparison of different techniques

The development of practical and accurate methods to measure two-phase mass flow rates is of prime interest to applied nuclear reactor safety research. This article summarizes a comparison and evaluation of four commonly used mass flow rate devices. The particular systems investigated include (a) the true mass flow meter (TMFM), (b) the radionuclide technique, (c) the combination of a free field drag disk-turbine meter-transducer (DTT) and a gamma densitometer, and (d) the combination of a venturi nozzle and a full flow turbine meter. The experiments were performed under similar conditions in steady-state steam-water flow. The flow direction upstream of the instruments was horizontal except for the last method. The pressures varied between 3 and 9 MPa, and the highest values of the mass flow rate, the quality were 5 kg/s and 90 per cent respectively. The test matrix included wave-, slug- and annular flow. The measuring techniques are described briefly and a classification is proposed, which is based on the different ways of mass flow rate evaluation. The experimental results show that the accuracy of some methods is distinctively dependent on phase distribution (flow regime). Simple calibration correlations were developed to account for these effects.     

Spurious counts in gas volume flow measurements by means of turbine meters

Acoustical oscillations can induce a rotation of a turbine flow meter in the absence of main flow, which leads to spurious counts. A simplified model is presented which explains the occurrence of spurious counts in the limit of very thin turbine blades and high Strouhal numbers. The predicted threshold for the occurrence of spurious counts is compared to experimentally obtained data at various gas pressures in the range from 1 to 8 bar. The simplified model provides a reasonable prediction of the occurrence of spurious counts and can be used as an useful engineering tool in the prediction of the occurrence of spurious counts.     

Calibration of a four-hole pyramid probe and area traverse measurements in a short-duration transonic turbine cascade tunnel

A four-hole pyramid probe has been calibrated for use in a short-duration transonic turbine cascade tunnel. The probe is used to create area traverse maps of total and static pressure, and pitch and yaw angles of the flow downstream of a transonic annular cascade. This data is unusual in that it was acquired in a short-duration (5 s of run time) annular cascade blowdown tunnel. A four-hole pyramid probe was used which has a 2.5 mm section head, and has the side faces inclined at 60° to the flow to improve transonic performance. The probe was calibrated in an ejector driven, perforated wall transonic tunnel over the Mach number range 0.5–1.2, with pitch angles from -20° to + 20° and yaw angles from-23° to +23°. A computer driven automatic traversing mechanism and data collection system was used to acquire a large probe calibration matrix (～ 10,000 readings) of non dimensional pitch, yaw, Mach number, and total pressure calibration coefficients. A novel method was used to transform the probe calibration matrix of the raw coefficients into a probe application matrix of the physical flow variables (pitch, yaw, Mach number etc.). The probe application matrix is then used as a fast look-up table to process probe results. With negligible loss of accuracy, this method is faster by two orders of magnitude than the alternative of global interpolation on the raw probe calibration matrix. The blowdown tunnel (mean nozzle guide vane blade ring diameter 1.1 m) creates engine representative Reynolds numbers, transonic Mach numbers and high levels (≈ 13%) of inlet turbulence intensity. Contours of experimental measurements at three different engine relevant conditions and two axial positions have been obtained. An analysis of the data is presented which includes a necessary correction for the finite velocity of the probe. Such a correction is non trivial for the case of fast moving probes in compressible flow.     

Measurement of residual-stress distribution by the incremental hole-drilling method

The hole-drilling method is widely used to measure residual stresses in mechanical components. Recent developments have shown that strains measured on the surface during an incremental drilling can be related to residual-stress distribution. Researchers throughout the world have proposed different calibration methods which lead to more or less accurate results.The present paper discusses different approaches used. A new calibration method is proposed. We also show how finite-element analysis can be used to determine the correlation coefficients. The variation of the strains measured on the surface for each increment is due to, first, the residual stresses in the layer and, second, the change of the hole geometry. Most authors do not consider the latter aspect. Our results show that this causes a significant error in the experimental data. The finite-element method has been used to compute the coefficients for all types of strain-gage rosettes when the hole diameter is predetermined.Another problem of the hole-drilling method is the selection of the drilling tool. Two systems have been studied: ultra-high-speed air turbine and conventional milling machine. The method has been applied on both shot-peened and water-quenched test specimens. The results are successfully compared with the bending-deflection and the X-ray method.     

七孔探针可压缩流场测量研究

介绍了七孔探针用于亚音速可压缩流的标定方法。作为一种可以同时获得流动速度大小、流动偏角、总压和静压的气动测量装置,七孔探针被广泛应用于各种流动测量,包括可压缩流动。但是它的校准过程周期很长,代价昂贵,影响了探针的推广。本文以数值计算为手段,对七孔探针进行亚音速可压缩流校准与测量的研究。结果表明,其校准拟合精度流动角为2%,内外区的总静压相对标准偏差都没有超过3%,高于相同状态下的实验校准精度。在实际应用中,本方法用于指导传统实验标定方法,可以节约大量的标定时间和成本,使七孔探针在亚音速可压缩流的测量变得简单可行。     

Velocity gradients in a turbulent jet flow

We present a selection of results from experiments on an air turbulent jet flow, which included measurements of all the three velocity components and their nine gradients with the emphasis on the properties of invariant quantities related to velocity gradients (enstrophy, dissipation, enstrophy generation, etc.). This has been achieved by a 21 hot wire probe (5 arrays x 4 wires and a cold wire), appropriate calibration unit and a 3-D calibration procedure [1]. A more detailed account on the results will be published elsewhere.     

THE SIMULATION OF CORIOLIS METER RESPONSE TO PULSATING FLOW USING A GENERAL PURPOSE F.E. CODE

The publication of a theoretical analysis of the response of a simple straight-tube Coriolis meter to flow pulsations raised the question of the extent to which the results of that analysis are generic over the wide range of geometric configurations used in commercially available meters. A procedure for using a general purpose finite element (FE) code to investigate this question is presented. The dual time scales, which are an essential feature of pulsating flow through a Coriolis meter, are used to minimize the amount of computation required to simulate the meter response. The FE model is developed in a full 3-D form with shear deflection and axial forces, and the computation of the simulated response for the geometrically most complex meter currently available shows that this level of representation is necessary to reveal the full details of the response. The response derived from the FE simulation for straight-tube meters, is compared with the published theoretical response and to experimental data. Over a range of different meters, the characteristics of the sensor signals in the presence of flow pulsations are shown to be generally similar. In all cases, the simulated sensor signals contain components corresponding to beating between the pulsation frequency and the meter drive frequency, in addition to the main component at the drive frequency. Spectra are computed from the simulated meter responses and these are used to show that the relationship between the mass flow rate and the phase difference between the component of the sensor signals at the drive frequency, is not significantly affected by the pulsations. Thus, the work suggests that the reports of changes in meter calibration due to certain frequencies of flow pulsation represent errors in signal processing rather than fundamental changes in the meter characteristics.     

Testing of a hot- and cold-wire probe to measure simultaneously the speed and temperature in supercritical CO2 flow

The use of hot-wire anemometry in carbon dioxide flow under supercritical conditions has been analyzed and implemented for the first time. A two-sensor probe to simultaneously measure streamwise velocity and temperature in this flow has been designed and constructed. A calibration and test flow loop that can provide supercritical state conditions above the critical point has been also designed, fabricated and tested. The temperature and velocity flow fields of the flow loop can be varied at constant pressure. It has been found that, above the pseudo-critical temperature, the velocity sensor response fits King’s cooling law with a high correlation coefficient. The dependence of the King’s law parameters on temperature can be accurately presented with second or higher order polynomial or exponential fits, depending on the extent of the temperature range. Below the pseudocritical temperature the data is scattered, and the variation with temperature of the King’s law parameters, determined from calibration, is irregular. The influence on this data scatter of the strong variation of the fluid properties near the critical point is analyzed, and a possibility to reduce it is proposed. The temperature sensor response both above and below the pseudocritical temperature is similar to the response under normal conditions. It is linear with a very high correlation coefficient between the calibration data and the fitted curve. It is also shown that the temperature response is not affected by variation of the flow’s speed.     

Internal hydraulic analysis of impeller rounding in centrifugal pumps as turbines

The use of pumps as turbines in different applications has been gaining importance in the recent years, but the subject of hydraulic optimization still remains an open research problem. One of these optimization techniques that include rounding of the sharp edges at the impeller periphery (or turbine inlet) has shown tendencies of performance enhancement.In order to understand the effect of this hydraulic optimization, the paper introduces an analytical model in the pump as turbine control volume and brings out the functionalities of the internal variables classified under control variables consisting of the system loss coefficient and exit relative flow direction and under dependent variables consisting of net tangential flow velocity, net head and efficiency.The paper studies the effects of impeller rounding on a combination of radial flow and mixed flow pumps as turbines using experimental data. The impeller rounding is seen to have positive impact on the overall efficiency in different operating regions with an improvement in the range of 1-3%. The behaviour of the two control variables have been elaborately studied in which it is found that the system loss coefficient has reduced drastically due to rounding effects, while the extent of changes to the exit relative flow direction seems to be limited in comparison. The reasons for changes to these control variables have been physically interpreted and attributed to the behaviour of the wake zone at the turbine inlet and circulation within the impeller control volume.The larger picture of impeller rounding has been discussed in comparison with performance prediction models in pumps as turbines. The possible limitations of the analytical model as well as the test setup are also presented. The paper concludes that the impeller rounding technique is very important for performance optimization and recommends its application on all pump as turbine projects. It also recommends the standardization of the rounding effects over wide range of pump shapes including axial pumps.     

水平油水两相流流型对阻抗式含水率计的影响研究

实验研究了水平条件下20mm管径油水两相流的流动特性对阻抗式含水率计测量的影响.首先利用阻抗式含水率计测量不同含水率和流量条件下的混合物电阻率,并使用高速摄像记录对应的流型特征,进而分析流型对测量值的影响.通过对低、高流量分别采用电学和流体动力学模型分析后发现:低流量下混合物电阻率的主要影响因素是油水两相之间的速度滑脱,采用双流体动力学模型能有效地反映其变化规律.而高流量下(水包油分散流时)速度滑脱很小可以忽略,油水两相的空间结构对混合物电阻率的影响是问题的关键.近似绝缘的油滴分散在导电的水中形成的含孔导体电阻率高于实心导体,适用的电学模型是Maxwell电阻率模型.     

In situ calibration of hot wires close to highly heat-conducting walls

A calibration procedure has been derived that permits reliable hot-wire measurements close to walls. When hot wires are calibrated in a free flow and subsequently used for near-wall velocity measurements, erroneous velocity information results because of additional heat losses to the wall. On the other hand, laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements of local time mean velocities are very little affected by the presence of the wall and this readily suggests in situ calibration of hot wires located just behind the LDA measuring volume and at the same distance from the wall. Calibrations of this kind are described for highly heat-conducting walls and the results show good agreement with corresponding data obtained through numerical investigations. The present investigations permit a generally applicable correction curve to be suggested for hot-wire velocity measurements close to walls of high thermal conductivity. Received: 3 May 2000/Accepted: 24 November 2000     

应用单色光的三维激光测速系统

本文发展了一种采用单色激光器的三维激光测速系统。四束入射光布置成等腰直角三角形,用一个前透镜聚焦。这种光学布置光能利用率高,并能适用于近壁处流速测量。当实验模型具有多层不同性质介面时,入射光仍能保持相交。为了分离三维速度分量,采用了频率分离和偏振分离技术。特别考虑了光轴分量的测量精度,提出了提高测量精度的一些方法。应用此系统测量了斜切尾钝体后部的三维平均速度和湍流度分布。     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of flows in bifurcate channel at rotating inflow boundary conditions and resulted different outflow fluxes

The Lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) is used to simulate the flow field in a bifurcate channel which is a simplified model of the draft tube of hydraulic turbine machine.According to the simulation results,some qualitative conclusions can be deduced.The reason of uneven flux in different branches of draft tube is given.Not only the vortex rope itself,but also the attenuation of the rotation strength is important in bringing on the uneven flux.The later leads to adverse pressure gradient,and changes the velocity profile.If the outlet contains more than one exit,the one that contains the vortex rope will lose flux because of this adverse pressure gradient.Several possible methods can be used to minimize the adverse pressure gradient domain in order to improve the efficiency of turbine machine.