基于二维不同尺寸旋转刚性单元的负泊松比研究

负泊松比材料(也称拉胀材料)是一种具有特殊力学性能的新型功能材料,有着良好的应用前景.对于该类材料的变形机理研究,基于旋转刚性单元模型,提出一类新型多尺寸刚性矩形单元组合模型.该模型中不同尺寸的刚性矩形单元通过旋转铰链方式连接,在材料受单向外力作用下展现出宏观的负泊松比效应.在模型中通过对周期循环胞体的分析,得到了材料的泊松比随刚体单元之间夹角θ变化的解析表达式.结果表明,该模型的泊松比在夹角θ趋近90°时取极值,通过调整刚性单元的几何尺寸可以改变模型的泊松比的大小.这些结果对二维多胞拉胀材料的微结构设计具有参考价值.     

多组贯穿闭合裂隙岩体变形模型研究

根据等效岩体理论,并考虑闭合裂隙面摩擦效应,建立了含多组贯穿闭合裂隙岩体的数学模型,给出了岩体轴向应变、等效弹性模量与等效泊松比的表达式,系统地研究了岩块性质和裂隙参数对等效弹性模量与等效泊松比的影响。结果表明:岩块弹性模量对等效弹性模量与等效泊松比的影响随弹性模量增大而逐渐减弱,等效泊松比与岩块泊松比近似呈正比例关系;当裂隙角度小于50°时,裂隙几何参数对等效弹性模量影响较大,对等效泊松比影响较小,随着角度增大,影响逐渐减弱;岩体变形受裂隙组数影响较大,由于闭合裂隙面的摩擦效应及多组裂隙间的制约作用,含两组及三组裂隙时岩体变形较小,只含一组裂隙时岩体变形最大,无裂隙岩体变形几乎可以忽略。     

一维周期性梁结构等效性能计算方法讨论

具有轴向周期微结构的复合梁结构,通常在宏观上简化为一维欧拉-伯努利梁。由于缺乏基于严格数学理论、同时考虑降维及均匀化的等效性能计算方法,已有研究或采用基于平截面假定的弯曲能量近似方法,或采用基于三维周期性介质等效性质的方法。本文首先介绍了基于一维周期性梁的渐近均匀化理论求解新方法,并在此基础上与上述两种方法进行比较。结果表明,基于平截面假定的近似方法忽视了这类梁结构内的三维应力状态,过高地估计了梁的等效性质。     

可重构力学超材料的设计与波动特性研究

力学超材料中的弯曲梁双稳态结构由于其主动调控性强且调控精度高等优点近年来受到广泛关注. 文章利用中心受压弯曲梁的不稳定性设计了六角型双稳态结构, 首先建立了等效弯曲梁模型, 基于梁变形微分方程及能量最低原理探明了结构双稳态特性的产生基理, 之后利用有限元数值计算研究了结构几何参数对其整体力学性能的影响, 分别得到了具备自恢复及双稳态性能的结构几何参数范围, 绘制了几何参数与力学性能之间的相图. 同时, 可重构结构的可控变形能力有助于调整整体的色散特性, 利用数值仿真研究了具备双稳态特性的结构在拉伸和压缩两种构型下的色散关系, 对比分析了不同结构几何参数及构型转变对结构产生的带隙位置及范围的影响, 之后对由不同构型单胞组成的周期性结构进行了频响分析来验证带隙计算的准确性. 通过六角型可重构结构的力学特性、色散特性研究及频响分析表明可以通过结构几何参数的设计实现对结构整体性能的主动调控, 为可逆向设计的弹性波超材料结构研究分析提供了一条可靠路径.      

一种由圆柱体试件的侧向压缩力-位移关系同时测量材料弹性模量和泊松比的新方法

材料的弹性模量和泊松比是材料表征的重要力学参数,传统的压缩试验需要同时测量荷载、压缩和横向变形,才能实现对弹性模量和泊松比的同时测量。本文从Hertz接触理论出发,推导出弹性圆柱体在侧向压缩下的位移-力关系公式,在该关系式中位移与力的关系除与试件的几何尺寸相关外,还取决于材料的弹性模量和泊松比。因此,可以通过对侧向压缩试验测得的力-位移关系进行非线性拟合,得到材料的弹性模量和泊松比。本文通过对硅胶材料开展轴向与侧向压缩试验,对比两种试验测量得到的弹性模量和泊松比,结果较为一致,验证了本文提出方法的可行性。对于模量较小的软物质,因加载过程的荷载常常较小,系统测量的位移可代表试件的变形位移,故本文提出的新测量方法特别适合应用于该类型材料的相关性能测量。     

零泊松比手风琴蜂窝等效模量

柔性蒙皮是变形机翼和风力机叶片的关键组成部分。一维变形的柔性蒙皮不仅要求其支撑结构具有良好的面内变形和面外承载能力,还需要具有零泊松比特性。手风琴蜂窝具有零泊松比特性,可用作一维变形柔性蒙皮支撑。为全面分析其面内外弹性变形特性,综合考虑结构的内力弯矩、轴力和剪力,通过卡氏第二定理对其x向等效弹性模量和x-y面内等效剪切模量进行了推导;利用最小余能原理和最小势能原理确定了x-z面内的等效剪切模量;此外还推导了其y和z向的等效弹性模量以及y-z面内的等效剪切模量;然后通过ANSYS有限元仿真对等效模量理论公式进行了验证;最后将本文理论模型与现有模型进行了比较。结果表明,理论公式和有限元仿真吻合较好,在结构设计时采用较大的斜梁高度系数h和斜梁间距系数g,较小的厚度系数t以及较大的竖直梁厚度系数η,有望获得具有较小面内刚度和较大面外刚度的手风琴蜂窝结构。该结果可用于手风琴蜂窝面内外等效模量的快速预测,为一维变形柔性蒙皮的结构设计提供相应的参考。此外,本文理论模型相比传统模型更为精确且具有更加广泛的应用范围。     

变形-损伤耦合的起塑性恒压轴对称充模胀形的有限元模拟

采用大变形刚粘塑性有限元法模拟超塑性恒压轴对称充模胀形过程、分析了模具几何参数及材料参数对胀形过程中材料的流变行为、胀形制许厚度分布和成形时间的影响规律。给出了质点的流动轨迹、不同时刻制件的剖面形状及应力、应变分布；基于修正的Gurson粘塑性势推导了内部空洞体积分数累积增大模型并据此进行了变形-损伤耦合计算．     

基于手性特征可调力学参数结构设计方法研究

针对航天航空及生物医学等领域对可变力学参数材料结构的需求,通过细观结构设计研究了实现材料宏观力学参数可调的方法。首先对可实现多种变形形式的四阶与反四阶手性负泊松比二维结构进行了不同组合;再基于能量原理理论研究了组成结构的平面弹性响应,得到理论表达式并分析了基元微结构构型变化及宏观力学响应的变化规律,进而探索变力学参数材料结构的设计方法。结果表明:手性特征的引入是实现力学参数可调的有效方法,通过改变表征手性特征的微结构参数,可以实现结构宏观力学参数的主动调控。在此基础上,通过对不同基元进行随机组合,得到了可以满足刚度动态可调的结构。本文提出的变刚度结构设计理论及方法可为变力学参数结构设计提供相应的理论依据及设计参考,对航空航天及生物医学等领域的各种变力学参数元器件的设计及应用具有一定的指导意义。     

一种基于平均场理论的格栅材料均匀化方法

将颗粒材料中发展的一种基于平均场理论的解析均匀化方法应用于二维周期格栅材料;依据尺度分离原理和统计均匀表征元概念构建了格栅材料的两尺度均匀化模型,包括细观杆件单元的本构关系、细观位移-宏观应变关系式以及应力的细观力学表达式;推导了两种二维周期格栅材料等效弹性参数包括弹性模量、泊松比和剪切弹性模量的细观力学表达式。结果表明:等边三角形结构等效为各向同性连续体时,弹性参数表达式与文献中其他方法所得结果一致;正方形结构均匀化为正交各向异性连续体时,主平面内弹性模量等于杆件单元轴向刚度,泊松比和剪切弹性模量分别由杆件单元的泊松比和剪切刚度决定,符合正方形格栅材料的力学特性;对于非主平面内的正方形本构矩阵,选取坐标轴与材料主轴夹角为45°的方向为例进行推导,本文方法与坐标变换方法所得结果一致。以上结果均验证了本文所发展方法的有效性。     

变形—损伤耦合的超塑性恒压轴对称充模胀形的有限元模拟

采用大变形刚粘塑性有限元法模拟超塑性恒压轴对称充模胀形过程，分析了模具几何参数及材料参数对胀形过程中材料的流变行为、胀形制件厚度分布和成形时间的影响规律，给出了质点的流动轨迹，不同时刻制件的剖面形状及应力、应变分布；基于修正的Ｇｕｒｓｏｎ粘塑性势推导了内部空洞体积分数累积增大模型并据此进行了变形－损伤耦合计算。     

Hierarchical honeycombs with tailorable properties

We investigated the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional hierarchical honeycomb structures using analytical, numerical and experimental methods. Hierarchical honeycombs were constructed by replacing every three-edge vertex of a regular hexagonal lattice with a smaller hexagon. Repeating this process builds a fractal-appearing structure. The resulting isotropic in-plane elastic properties (effective elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio) of this structure are controlled by the dimension ratios for different hierarchical orders. Hierarchical honeycombs of first and second order can be up to 2.0 and 3.5 times stiffer than regular honeycomb at the same mass (i.e., same overall average density). The Poisson’s ratio varies from nearly 1.0 (when planar ‘bulk’ modulus is considerably greater than Young’s modulus, so the structure acts ‘incompressible’ for most loadings) to 0.28, depending on the dimension ratios. The work provides insight into the role of structural organization and hierarchy in regulating the mechanical behavior of materials, and new opportunities for developing low-weight cellular structures with tailorable properties.     

The effects of hierarchy on the in-plane elastic properties of honeycombs

Introducing hierarchy into structures has been credited with improving elastic properties and damage tolerance. Specifically, adding hierarchical sub-structures to honeycombs, which themselves have good-density specific elastic and energy-absorbing properties, has been proposed in the literature. An investigation of the elastic properties and structural hierarchy in honeycombs was undertaken, exploring the effects of adding hierarchy into a range of honeycombs, with hexagonal, triangular or square geometry super and sub-structure cells, via simulation using finite elements. Key parameters describing these geometries included the relative lengths of the sub- and super-structures, the fraction of mass shared between the sub- and super-structures, the co-ordination number of the honeycomb cells, the form and extent of functional grading, and the Poisson’s ratio of the sub-structure. The introduction of a hierarchical sub-structure into a honeycomb, in most cases, has a deleterious effect upon the in-plane density specific elastic modulus, typically a reduction of 40 to 50% vs a conventional non-hierarchical version. More complex sub-structures, e.g. graded density, can recover values of density specific elastic modulus. With careful design of functionally graded unit cells it is possible to exceed, by up to 75%, the density specific modulus of conventional versions. A negative Poisson’s ratio sub-structure also engenders substantial increases to the density modulus versus conventional honeycombs.     

星型负泊松比超材料防护结构抗爆抗冲击性能研究

采用数值方法对星型宏观负泊松比效应夹芯结构的抗冲击响应过程以及抗水下爆炸过程中的破坏形式进行了研究:探讨了星型负泊松比结构胞元壁厚、层数和胞元泊松比等参数对弹体侵彻及水下爆炸防护性能的影响。研究结果表明:对于高速或超高速弹体侵彻问题，单纯依靠结构性的被动防御无法应对；负泊松比效应蜂窝夹芯防护结构相较常规防护结构具有良好的水下抗爆性能；等质量条件下，泊松比的变化对抗爆性能影响明显，层数3层、泊松比为?1.63的星型夹芯结构的抗爆性能相对更优；等壁厚条件下，其水下抗爆性能随蜂窝胞元层数减小而增强。     

星型负泊松比多孔材料力学性能及应用研究

论文推导了星型负泊松比多孔材料的泊松比$弹性模量及相对密度的解析表达式"并通过有限元分 析验证了解析表达式的准确性:星型负泊松比多孔材料具有优异的吸能与隔振性能"论文设计了一种船用星型多 孔材料隔振基座:建立了不同层数$壁厚$泊松比的星型多孔材料隔振基座对应的数值有限元模型"探究了星型多 孔材料薄壁结构泊松比$层数以及壁厚对多孔材料隔振基座强度与减振性能的影响:研究表明"减少多孔材料薄壁 结构的层数和壁厚"选用胞元泊松比?%:$的星型多孔材料"可以获得低频隔振效果好$强度高的多孔材料隔振 基。     

Effective elastic properties of flexible chiral honeycomb cores including geometrically nonlinear effects

Flexible chiral honeycomb cores generally exhibit nonlinear elastic properties in response to large geometric deformation, which are suited for the design of morphing aerospace structures. However, owing to their complex structure, it is standard to replace the actual core structure with a homogenized core material presenting reasonably equivalent elastic properties in an effort to increase the speed and efficiency of analyzing the mechanical properties of chiral honeycomb sandwich structures. As such, a convenient and efficient method is required to evaluate the effective elastic properties of flexible chiral honeycomb cores under conditions of large deformation. The present work develops an analytical expression for the effective elastic modulus based on a deformable cantilever beam under large deformation. Firstly, Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and micropolar theory are used to analyze the deformation characteristics of chiral honeycombs, and to calculate the effective elastic modulus under small deformation. On that basis, the expression for the effective elastic modulus is improved by including the stretching deformation of the chiral honeycomb structure for a unit cell under conditions of large deformation. The effective elastic moduli calculated by the respective analytical expressions are compared with the results of finite element analysis. The results indicate that the analytical expression obtained under consideration of the geometric nonlinearity is more suitable than the linear expressions for flexible chiral honeycomb cores under conditions of high strain and low elastic modulus.     

Normal and shear behaviours of the auxetic metamaterials: homogenisation and experimental approaches

Meccanica - The auxetic metamaterials exhibit attractive mechanical properties, including negative Poisson’s ratio and compressional resistance. Although auxetic metamaterials have been...     

Elastic properties of chiral,anti-chiral,and hierarchical honeycombs:A simple energy-based approach

The effects of two geometric refinement strategies widespread in natural structures, chirality and self-similar hierarchy, on the in-plane elastic response of two-dimensional honeycombs were studied systematically. Simple closed-form expressions were derived for the elastic moduli of several chiral, antichiral, and hierarchical honeycombs with hexagon and square based networks. Finite element analysis was employed to validate the analytical estimates of the elastic moduli. The results were also compared with the numerical and experimental data available in the literature. We found that introducing a hierarchical refinement increases the Young's modulus of hexagon based honeycombs while decreases their shear modulus. For square based honeycombs, hierarchy increases the shear modulus while decreasing their Young's modulus. Introducing chirality was shown to always decrease the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the structure. However, chirality remains the only route to auxeticity. In particular, we found that anti-tetra-chiral structures were capable of simultaneously exhibiting anisotropy, auxeticity,and remarkably low shear modulus as the magnitude of the chirality of the unit cell increases.     

Auxetic mechanics of crystalline materials

In the present paper, we analyze uniaxial deformation of crystals of different systems with negative Poisson’s ratios, known as auxetics. The behavior of auxetic crystals is studied on the basis of extensive knowledge on the experimental values of elastic constants of different crystals, gathered in the well-known Landolt-Börnstein tables. The competition between the anisotropy of crystal structures and the orientation of deformable samples results in the dependence of the elastic characteristics of deformation, such as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, on the orientation angles. In the special case of a single angle, a large number of auxetics were found among crystals of cubic, hexagonal, rhombohedral, tetragonal, and orthorhombic systems and the character of variations in their response due to changes in orientation was determined.     

Auxetic frameworks inspired by cubic crystals

In this work we show that a structure consisting of a network of bending beams can exhibit a negative Poisson’s ratio. We have shown that the negative Poisson’s ratio behaviour is driven by the (bcc analogous) type III beams, the type II (fcc like) beams result in a structure with a Poisson’s ratio of around zero and type I (simple cubic configuration) beams result in a Poisson’s ratio of nearly +1. The tensile and shear strengths of the type III beams are augmented by addition of type II and type III beams. By tailoring the relative stiffness of the component beams within the structure it is possible to design an auxetic truss structure with specific Poisson’s ratio, tensile and shear moduli.This validates the hypothesis that crystal structures can provide inspiration for macro structures with tailored mechanical properties where the mechanism for negative Poisson’s ratio (auxetic) behaviour at the atomic scale in cubic crystals is replicated by bending beams.     

Static and Modal Analysis of Low Porosity Thin Metallic Auxetic Structures Using Speckle Interferometry and Digital Image Correlation

This study presents an evaluation of the static and dynamic mechanical behavior of low porosity, ductile two-dimensional auxetic metamaterials. The full in-plane displacement fields and the eigenmodes of different geometric structures were investigated and compared with finite element simulations using speckle interferometry and digital image correlation. The results showed strong agreement, validating the theoretical approach used and establishing a method for testing and quantitatively assessing the performance of negative Poisson ratio structures, and metamaterials in general, for different purposes and fields. The findings of this study also increase our knowledge of elastic instabilities in metallic auxetic structures, with further applications in several engineering fields that can benefit from combining the qualities of ductile materials with additional features typical of these smart structures.