郑哲敏先生逝世周年纪念专刊序

2022 年 8 月 25 日是我刊原主编郑哲敏先生逝世一周年. 郑哲敏先生 (图 1) 是我国著名力学家, 中国科学院院士、中国工程院院士、美国国家工程院外籍院士, 2012 年度国家最高科学技术奖获得者. 他创立了爆炸力学学科及相关的研究领域; 领导了材料力学、非线性力学、海洋工程力学等学科的研究; 倡导了计算力学、流固耦合、非常规能源、人工智能等领域的研究, 为我国现代力学的发展做出了重大贡献. 为继承和发扬郑哲敏先生的学术思想和科学精神, 缅怀其治学风范, 追忆其科学贡献, 《力学学报》组织纪念活动并策划出版《郑哲敏先生逝世周年纪念专刊》. 该特刊包括研究综述、研究论文和研究方法探讨等不同体裁, 涵盖了爆炸力学、非线性力学、材料力学性能、海洋工程力学、非常规能源、流固耦合及人工智能等不同领域, 共计 19 篇文章. 希望以此推动相关领域的学术交流和进步.      

残余应力非破坏检测学术交流和研讨会召开

中国力学学会实验应力分析专业委员会和中国机械工程学会无损检测学会应力检测专业委员会,于1990年10月17日至20日在山东泰安联合召开了残余应力无损检测学术交流和研讨会,来自高等学校、中国科学院和各部委有关研究所及工厂的64名代表参加了研讨会、中国力学学会实验应力分析专业委员会主任委员付梦蘧先生亲自主持会议。会议共收到学术论文40篇,充分反应了我国在残余应力无损检测技术领域的发展状况和存在问题。至今在多数情况下人们还不能有效地控制残余应力,利用残余应力。与会代表一致认为研     

"祝贺郑哲敏先生八十华诞应用力学学术报告会"召开

2004年10月2日是郑哲敏先生八十华诞．中国科学院力学研究所于2004年9月29日举行了“祝贺郑哲敏先生八十华诞应用力学学术报告会”，向郑哲敏先生表示热烈祝贺，并通过报告会，弘扬郑哲敏先生倡导的学术思想和治学精神．包括美籍华人学朱家鲲先生在内的200余位中外学出席了会议．郑哲敏先生从事科学研究近60年，长期从事固体力学研究，开拓和发展了我国的爆炸力学事业．他擅长运用力学理论解决工程实际问题，提出了流体弹塑性体模型和理论，并在爆炸加工、岩土爆破、核爆炸效应、穿甲破甲、材料动态破坏、瓦斯突出等方面取得了重要成果．他倡导海洋工程力学、材料力学性能、环境灾害力学的研究，创建了中国科学院力学研究所非线性连续介质力学实验室，为推动我国力学事业的发展做出了贡献，先后当选为中科院院士、中国工程院院士和美国国家工程科学院外籍院士。     

生长对超弹性球壳变形和稳定性的影响

应用连续介质力学有限变形理论建立受内压作用不可压超弹性球壳大变形问题的力学模型, 且运用基于变形梯度张量极分解的弹性体积生长理论分析生长对不可压超弹性球壳变形和稳定性的影响. 通过对球壳变形与内压关系式的数值计算得到不同生长条件下球壳的变形曲线和应力分布曲线及由生长引起的残余变形和残余应力分布. 计算结果表明生长对球壳变形特性有明显的影响, 生长影响球壳可产生不稳定变形的临界壁厚和临界内压, 且在某些情况下可改变球壳的稳定性. 生长在球壳中可产生一定的残余变形和残余应力, 对球壳中的应力分布有一定的影响. 另外当生长的程度足够大时, 即便没有外力作用,球壳仅在生长引起的残余应力作用下也可产生不稳定变形.      

工程科学前沿的拓荒者——郑哲敏

郑哲敏先生是著名力学家, 我国爆炸力学的奠基人和开拓者, 2012年度国家最高科学技术奖获得者. 本文回顾了郑哲敏先生在过去60多年中非常丰富的科研活动, 特别是他在爆炸加工、地下核爆、爆炸排淤、穿破甲、煤与瓦斯突出、水合物开采、水弹性动力学、材料力学行为等方面的杰出学术贡献. 这些工作闪耀着鲜明的工程科学特点, 即着眼国家重大需求, 从错综复杂的问题中概括提炼关键物理因素, 创新理论, 进而指导实践. 郑哲敏先生的科学贡献和学术思想, 对于力学学科发展, 有着重要的现实意义和参考价值.     

“庆祝郑哲敏先生荣获国家最高科学技术奖暨力学学科发展研讨会”在京召开

2013年3月18日下午,由中国力学学会主办的"庆祝郑哲敏先生荣获国家最高科学技术奖暨力学学科发展研讨会"在北京友谊宾馆召开,近40位知名学者齐聚一堂,共同庆贺郑哲敏先生获得"2012年度国家最高科学技术奖",并围绕我国力学学科应如何更好地服务国家需求、推动原创性研究和高素质人才培养等问题展开了热烈讨论。     

郑哲敏对应用力学和技术科学的贡献

2004年10月2日是我们尊敬的郑哲敏先生八十华诞．是年9月29日,中国科学院力学研究所举办了隆重热烈的“祝贺郑哲敏先生八十华诞应用力学学术报告会”,来自全国各地和海外的200多名专家学参与了报告会．同时,科学出版社出了两本书．一本是《郑哲敏集》,另一本是《应用力学进展》,前是郑哲敏先生从事科技事业50余年的代表性论汇编,后是祝贺郑哲敏先生八十华诞应用力学学术报告论集。     

高温仪器化压入测试中热接触对位移测量漂移的影响

基于对室温压头和热试样接触后传热过程的分析, 重点研究热接触引起的压头基托热膨胀对高温仪器化压入测试中位移测量漂移的影响. 首先, 通过热传导理论分析, 获得热接触后基托内温度场分布的解析解, 进而研究基托热膨胀引起的位移测量漂移量; 然后, 建立有限元分析模型, 数值模拟高温仪器化压入过程, 验证理论模型的准确性. 研究发现, 压头与热试样接触面间的热传导性质显著影响基托内的温度场分布; 对于不同材料的试样, 接触面间传热性能不同, 基托的热膨胀量差异可以达到几个数量级. 研究结果有助于优化高温压入测试程序, 提高测试的可靠性.      

基于图形测量技术的煤岩力学三轴试验研究

为研究初始围压对煤岩力学特性的影响，以王庄煤矿9105工作面煤体为研究对象，通过HC-SPT-100型高压三轴试验机、HC-U7型非金属超声波探测仪、4K科研相机等仪器，利用数字图像测量技术开展不同初始围压下原煤试件加载试验，探究不同围压对煤体弹性模量、峰值应变、残余应力和破坏裂隙的影响规律，研究结果表明：弹性模量、峰值应变和残余应力随围压的增大而增大；随围压的增大各峰值应变增长速率不同，轴向峰值应变增长速率最快，体峰值应变增长速率次之，径向峰值应变增长速率最慢；不同围压加载破坏下煤体裂隙特征明显，主要以斜交裂隙为主；采用Jaeger法求得不同围压下煤岩体破坏临界强度值与试验值比较误差较小，符合Jaeger单结构面理论．     

30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢孔挤压强化残余应力场的模拟

利用有限元软件ANSYS建立了30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢孔挤压强化残余应力场的三维有限元模型,分别模拟分析了不同孔径、过盈量、厚度和孔边距比下30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢构件孔挤压强化的三维残余应力场分布.模拟结果表明,残余应力沿厚度在中层和出口处随着孔径的增大而增大,且残余拉应力的增加幅度也大;随着过盈量的增大,残余压应力增大,但达到一定程度后过盈量的增量所引起的有利残余压应力的增量减小;随着厚度的增加,残余压应力在入口表面的孔周处先减小后增大;孔边距的减小,对残余压应力影响较小,而对残余拉应力的影响很大.     

Residual-stress measurement using surface displacements around an indentation

An experimental method is described which can measure the direction and magnitude of residual and applied stress in metals. The method uses optical interference to measure the permanent surface deformation around a shallow spherical indentation in a polished area on the metal specimen. The deviation from circularly symmetrical surface deformations is measured at known values of applied stress in calibration specimens. This deviation from symmetry can then be used to determine the direction and magnitude of tensile residual stress in specimens of the same material. Determination of compressive residual stress is more limited. A model of the indentation process is offered which qualitatively describes experimental results in 4340 steel for both tensile and compressive stress. The model assumes that the deformation around an indentation os controlled by stresses analogous to those around a hole in an elastic plate. Various conditions are discussed which affect the indentation process and its use to measure stress, including (a) the rigidity of support of the indentor and specimen, (b) the size and depth of the indentation, (c) the uniaxial stress-strain behavior of the specimen material.     

Determining plastic properties of a material with residual stress by using conical indentation

Instrumented indentation is a popular method for determining mechanical properties in engineering materials. However, there are several shortcomings and challenges involved with correctly interpreting the test results. We propose here a unified method for evaluating instrumented indentation testing conducted on a material that exhibits both strain hardening under yielding and which is subjected to uniform, equi-biaxial residual stresses. The proposed method is based on extensive finite element simulations that relate the parameter-space spanned by Young’s modulus, yield strength, strain hardening and residual stress, to the response from the indentation test. Based on reverse analysis, the proposed method can be used to determine two unknown quantities, such as yield strength and strain hardening. The technique involves utilizing the concept of representative strain and plural indenter-shapes.     

Evaluation of the stress–strain curve of metallic materials by spherical indentation

A method for deducing the stress–strain uniaxial properties of metallic materials from instrumented spherical indentation is presented along with an experimental verification.An extensive finite element parametric analysis of the spherical indentation was performed in order to generate a database of load vs. depth of penetration curves for classes of materials selected in order to represent the metals commonly employed in structural applications. The stress–strain curves of the materials were represented with three parameters: the Young modulus for the elastic regime, the stress of proportionality limit and the strain-hardening coefficient for the elastic–plastic regime.The indentation curves simulated by the finite element analyses were fitted in order to obtain a continuous function which can produce accurate load vs. depth curves for any combination of the constitutive elastic–plastic parameters. On the basis of this continuous function, an optimization algorithm was then employed to deduce the material elastic–plastic parameters and the related stress–strain curve when the measured load vs. depth curve is available by an instrumented spherical indentation test.The proposed method was verified by comparing the predicted stress–strain curves with those directly measured for several metallic alloys having different mechanical properties.This result confirms the possibility to deduce the complete stress–strain curve of a metal alloy with good accuracy by a properly conducted instrumented spherical indentation test and a suitable interpretation technique of the measured quantities.     

发动机缸体铸铁件消应热处理工艺的评价

发动机缸体铸铁件生产过程中产生的铸造残余应力需要采取合适的热处理工艺消除，缸体热处理前后的残余应力变化情况可用于评价热处理工艺的有效性．文中首次采用压痕应变法与深孔法相结合，分别测量发动机缸体表面与内部残余应力分布规律，综合评价了发动机缸体铸铁件热处理前后的残余应力水平．两种不同型号缸体热处理前后残余应力测量结果表明，目前的热处理工艺并不能有效降低残余应力峰值，该热处理工艺需要进一步优化调整或考虑取消现有的热处理工艺方案．     

Stress measurement of SS400 steel beam using the continuous indentation technique

An analytical model is presented for determining surface residual stress using continuous indentation. The elastic residual stress is assumed to have no influence on contact area or hardness and to be uniform over a volume that is several times larger than the indentation mark. A step-by-step analysis for the residual-stress-induced load difference at a given depth is outlined here and such concepts as stress interaction, stress-sensitive contact morphology, and reversible contact recoveries during a stress relaxation are described. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the interpretation of the continuous indentation results obtained from an SS400 steel beam in which controlled bending stresses are generated. The stress estimated, however, showed a high scatter due to plastic pile-up deformation. When the optically measured contact area is used as an alternative of the contact area calculated from the unloading curve, the re-evaluated stress agrees well with the already known applied stress.     

Mechanics of indentation of plastically graded materials—I: Analysis

The introduction of controlled gradients in plastic properties is known to influence the resistance to damage and cracking at contact surfaces in many tribological applications. In order to assess potentially beneficial effects of plastic property gradients in tribological applications, it is essential first to develop a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the effects of yield strength and strain hardening exponent on contact deformation under the most fundamental contact condition: normal indentation. To date, however, systematic and quantitative studies of plasticity gradient effects on indentation response have not been completed. A comprehensive parametric study of the mechanics of normal indentation of plastically graded materials was therefore undertaken in this work by recourse to finite element method (FEM) computations. On the basis of a large number of computational simulations, a general methodology for assessing instrumented indentation response of plastically graded materials is formulated so that quantitative interpretations of depth-sensing indentation experiments could be performed. The specific case of linear variation in yield strength with depth below the indented surface is explored in detail. Universal dimensionless functions are extracted from FEM simulations so as to predict the indentation load versus depth of penetration curves for a wide variety of plastically graded engineering metals and alloys for interpretation of, and comparisons with, experimental results. Furthermore, the effect of plasticity gradient on the residual indentation pile-up profile is systematically studied. The computations reveal that pile-up of the graded alloy around the indenter, for indentation with increasing yield strength beneath the surface, is noticeably higher than that for the two homogeneous reference materials that constitute the bounding conditions for the graded material. Pile-up is also found to be an increasing function of yield strength gradient and a decreasing function of frictional coefficient. The stress and plastic strain distributions under the indenter tip with and without plasticity gradient are also examined to rationalize the predicted trends. In Part II of this paper, we compare the predictions of depth-sensing indentation and pile-up response with experiments on a specially made, graded model Ni-W alloy with controlled gradients in nanocrystalline grain size.     

Conical indentation of incompressible rubber-like materials

In the last decade, the indentation test has become a useful tool for probing mechanical properties of small material volumes. In this context, little has been done for rubber-like materials (elastomers), although there is pressing need to use instrumented indentation in biomechanics and tissue examination. The present work investigates the quasi-static normal instrumented indentation of incompressible rubber-like substrates by sharp rigid cones. A second-order elasticity analysis was performed in addition to finite element analysis and showed that the elastic modulus at infinitesimal strains correlates well with the indentation response that is the relation between the applied force and the resulting vertical displacement of the indentor’s tip. Three hyperelastic models were analyzed: the classic Mooney–Rivlin model, the simple Gent model and the one-term Ogden model. The effect of the angle of the cone was investigated, as well as the influence of surface friction. For blunt cones, the indentation response agrees remarkably well with the prediction of linear elasticity and confirms available experimental results of instrumented Vickers indentation.     

残余应力测定的围箍压痕法模拟

本文从同工量测方法得到启发，提出了一种新型的残余应力测试方法－围箍压痕法。采用轴对称弹塑性有限元计算模拟了围箍压痕法测量结构残余应力的力学过程，得到了围箍压痕时不同残余应力程度下材料的变形，塑性区和接触应力分布。     

固体跨尺度压痕标度律的研究与展望

压痕标度律是对通过压痕试验方法测定固体材料力学性能参量问题所给出的一般性结论, 具有重要的理论意义, 是探寻材料力学性能潜在规律的方法论研究. 本综述论文系统而简要地介绍如下主要内容: 采用传统理论对传统固体材料压痕标度律的研究回顾; 采用跨尺度力学理论对先进固体材料的跨尺度压痕标度律的研究回顾. 总结并得到了如下主要结论: 传统固体材料压痕标度律可由一空间曲面完整描绘, 若进一步已知某类无量纲独立参量的取值范围, 则该空间曲面可退化为系列平面曲线族; 先进固体材料(新材料)的跨尺度压痕标度律可由一个三维函数关系完整描绘, 若存在某类独立无量纲参量取值范围已知, 则该三维函数关系将退化为系列空间曲面族. 压痕标度律的未来研究发展仍将重点集中在建立新材料的跨尺度压痕标度律上, 以试图从根本上解决新材料力学性能标准规范难以建立的理论问题. 除此之外也将重点关注建立各类功能新材料的多尺度及跨尺度压痕标度律规律.      

Residual Stress Analysis on Thick Film Systems by the Incremental Hole-Drilling Method – Simulation and Experimental Results

The residual stress state in thick film systems, as for example thermal spray coatings, is crucial for many of the component’s properties and for the evaluation of the integrity of the coating under thermal and/or mechanical loading. Therefore it is necessary to be able to determine the local residual stress distribution in the coating, at the interface and in the substrate. The incremental hole-drilling method is a widely used method for measuring residual stress depth profiles, which was already applied for thermally sprayed coatings. But so far no reliable hole-drilling evaluation method exists for layered materials having a stress gradient in depth. The objective was to investigate, how far existing evaluation methods of the incremental hole-drilling method that are only valid for residual stress analysis of homogenous material states can be applied to thick film systems with coating thicknesses between 50 μm and 1000 μm and to point out the application limits for these already existing methods. A systematic Finite Element (FE) study was carried out for coating systems with an axisymmetric residual stress state σ₁?=?σ₂. It is shown that conventional evaluation methods developed for homogeneous, non-layered material states can be successfully applied for a stress evaluation in the substrate and the coating for small and for sufficiently large coating thicknesses, respectively, regardless of the type of evaluation algorithm used i.e. the differential or the integral method. The same accounts for material combinations that have a Young’s modulus ratio close to one, between 0.8 and 1.2. The studies indicated that outside the given ranges case specific calibration must be applied to calculate reliable results. Further, calibration data were determined case specifically for a selected model coating system. The accuracy of a residual stress determination using these case specific calibration data was examined and the sensitivity of the evaluation with respect to an accurate knowledge of the boundary conditions of the coating system i.e. the coating thickness and the Young modulus was studied systematically. Finally, the calibration data were applied on a thermally sprayed aluminium coating on a steel substrate analysis and the results for using the incremental hole drilling method were compared to results from X-ray stress analysis.